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Sasso A, Capaccio A, Rusciano G. Exploring Reliable and Efficient Plasmonic Nanopatterning for Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16164. [PMID: 38003354 PMCID: PMC10671507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is of growing interest for a wide range of applications, especially for biomedical analysis, thanks to its sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing capabilities. A crucial role for successful applications of SERS is played by the development of reproducible, efficient, and facile procedures for the fabrication of metal nanostructures (SERS substrates). Even more challenging is to extend the fabrication techniques of plasmonic nano-textures to atomic force microscope (AFM) probes to carry out tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) experiments, in which spatial resolution below the diffraction limit is added to the peculiarities of SERS. In this short review, we describe recent studies performed by our group during the last ten years in which novel nanofabrication techniques have been successfully applied to SERS and TERS experiments for studying bio-systems and molecular species of environmental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sasso
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Angela Capaccio
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.R.)
- Institute of Food Sciences, URT-CNR Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Rusciano
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.R.)
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Kozisek J, Slouf M, Sloufova I. Factor analysis of the time series of SERS spectra reveals water arrangement and surface plasmon changes in Ag nanoparticle systems. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 293:122454. [PMID: 36780740 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of Raman signals of molecules localized in the vicinity of plasmonic nanoparticles, known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect, is strongly influenced by the selected excitation wavelength. The optimal excitation wavelength in SERS measurements is given by the position of the surface plasmon extinction (SPE) band of the studied system. Even a small change of the SPE band intensity, position and/or shape during the measurement may influence the SERS signal significantly. In this work, we prepared several systems of Ag nanoparticles, which were used for the demonstration how the information about SPE changes can be obtained by multivariate statistical analysis (factor analysis; FA) from SERS spectral sets, and employed in more precise and more comprehensive interpretation of the results. In non-aggregated Ag colloidal systems measured at the excitation wavelength of 445 nm, SPE band changes could be monitored by the analysis of water stretching vibration together with the vibrations in the fingerprint region. The FA of the water stretching band region was shown to provide unique information on both arrangement and disarrangement of water molecules in the vicinity of Ag NPs during the time evolution of these SERS active systems. In addition, the FA of the fingerprint region helped to monitor a rapid metalation of meso-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphine in etched SERS systems with Ag+ ions released from the NPs surface. In aggregated Ag colloidal systems measured at the excitation wavelength of 785 nm, the FA of SERS spectral sets enabled us to reveal the contribution of the 2nd electromagnetic enhancement to the overall SERS signal. The reliability of our conclusions was verified by comparing the results obtained from FA of SERS spectral sets with the data obtained from the parallel SPE measurements of the studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kozisek
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Sloufova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Bawazeer S, Rauf A, Emran TB, Aljohani ASM, Alhumaydhi FA, Khan Z, Ahmad L, Hemeg HA, Muhammad N, Sharma R, Maalik A, Khan I. Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Rhazya stricta Extracts and Evaluation of Its Biological Activities. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2022; 2022:1-11. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7365931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhazya stricta is a well-known medicinal plant and source of numerous potential secondary metabolites including steroids, alkaloids, and tannins. R. stricta possesses multimedical applications and used for curing of various diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, sore throat, infectious, helminthiasis, arthritis, and cancer. The current investigation deals with synthesizing AgNPs using aqueous and ethanol extracts of R. stricta. The synthesized R. stricta-AgNPs were characterized through UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The UV-visible analysis exhibited a characteristic absorption
at 475 nm in R. stricta ethanol AgNPs while this peak was absent in R. stricta aqueous crude extract. The thermal stability of R. stricta-AgNPs demonstrated that by increasing the reduction time and temperature, the absorption of AgNPs also increased, leading to more stable NPs formation. The FTIR spectra showed a broad peak at 450-550 cm-1 that confirmed the occurrence of AgNPs of R. stricta. The AFM study of the synthesized AgNPs revealed the spherical shape and size ranging from 30 nm to 90 nm. In antioxidant and antibacterial study, the R. stricta-AgNPs exhibited good antioxidant activity (87.94% and 88.37%) than the ethanol crude extract (50.00% and 56.81%) at 100 μg/mL using DPPH assay. Maximum antibacterial activity was recorded against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), which was 15 and 0 mm, while against Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia) was found to be 16 and 14 mm, respectively, whereas against Bacillus subtills, a poor activity was recorded as 14 for extract and 0 mm for AgNPs, respectively. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the percent effect of extract (100 mg/kg) and AgNPs (15 mg/kg) was 79.98 and 83.23, respectively. The maximum muscle coordination effect of extracts in the inclined plan and traction test was 44% and 38% at higher doses. A mild sedative effect was also recorded against extract and AgNPs. The significant (
) effect of extract was noted at 100 mg/kg while AgNPs was more significant (
) at the tested dose of 15 mg/kg. These findings have concluded that R. stricta-AgNPs is an effective bioreductant of AgNPs synthesis and exhibit several applications in distinctive biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, 23430 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah S. M. Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zidan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Laiba Ahmad
- Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Madinah Al-Monawra 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aneela Maalik
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Khan
- Department of Chemistry, GPGC Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
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Controlled nano-agglomerates as stabile SERS reporters for unequivocal labelling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8977. [PMID: 35643864 PMCID: PMC9142785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors, especially those with a SERS readout, are required for an early and precise healthcare diagnosis. Unreproducible SERS platforms hamper clinical SERS. Here we report a synthetic procedure to obtain stabile, reproducible and robust highly-SERS performing nanocomposites for labelling. We controlled the NPs agglomeration and codification which resulted in an increased number of hot spots, thus exhibiting reproducible and superior Raman enhancement. We studied fundamental aspects affecting the plasmonic thiol bond resulting in pH exhibiting a determining role. We validated their biosensing performance by designing a SERS-based detection assay model for SARS-CoV-2. The limit of detection of our assay detecting the spike RBD was below 10 ng/mL.
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Serafinelli C, Fantoni A, Alegria ECBA, Vieira M. Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles Hybridized with 2D Nanomaterials for SERS Detection: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040225. [PMID: 35448285 PMCID: PMC9029226 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In SERS analysis, the specificity of molecular fingerprints is combined with potential single-molecule sensitivity so that is an attractive tool to detect molecules in trace amounts. Although several substrates have been widely used from early on, there are still some problems such as the difficulties to bind some molecules to the substrate. With the development of nanotechnology, an increasing interest has been focused on plasmonic metal nanoparticles hybridized with (2D) nanomaterials due to their unique properties. More frequently, the excellent properties of the hybrids compounds have been used to improve the drawbacks of the SERS platforms in order to create a system with outstanding properties. In this review, the physics and working principles of SERS will be provided along with the properties of differently shaped metal nanoparticles. After that, an overview on how the hybrid compounds can be engineered to obtain the SERS platform with unique properties will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Serafinelli
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa—Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.); (E.C.B.A.A.); (M.V.)
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- CTS—Centre of Technology and Systems, Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
- Department of Electrotechnical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, DEE-FCT-UNL, Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
| | - Alessandro Fantoni
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa—Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.); (E.C.B.A.A.); (M.V.)
- CTS—Centre of Technology and Systems, Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
| | - Elisabete C. B. A. Alegria
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa—Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.); (E.C.B.A.A.); (M.V.)
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Vieira
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa—Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.); (E.C.B.A.A.); (M.V.)
- CTS—Centre of Technology and Systems, Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
- Department of Electrotechnical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, DEE-FCT-UNL, Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
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Terry LR, Sanders S, Potoff RH, Kruel JW, Jain M, Guo H. Applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in environmental detection. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 3:113-145. [PMID: 38715640 PMCID: PMC10989676 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
As the human population grows, the anthropogenic impacts from various agricultural and industrial processes produce unwanted contaminants in the environment. The accurate, sensitive and rapid detection of such contaminants is vital for human health and safety. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a valuable analytical tool with wide applications in environmental contaminant monitoring. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advancements within SERS research as it applies to environmental detection, with a focus on research published or accessible from January 2021 through December 2021 including early-access publications. Our goal is to provide a wide breadth of information that can be used to provide background knowledge of the field, as well as inform and encourage further development of SERS techniques in protecting environmental quality and safety. Specifically, we highlight the characteristics of effective SERS nanosubstrates, and explore methods for the SERS detection of inorganic, organic, and biological contaminants including heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, plastic particles, synthetic dyes, pesticides, viruses, bacteria and mycotoxins. We also discuss the current limitations of SERS technologies in environmental detection and propose several avenues for future investigation. We encourage researchers to fill in the identified gaps so that SERS can be implemented in a real-world environment more effectively and efficiently, ultimately providing reliable and timely data to help and make science-based strategies and policies to protect environmental safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn R. Terry
- Department of ChemistryState University of New York at BinghamtonBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Sage Sanders
- Department of ChemistryState University of New York at BinghamtonBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Rebecca H. Potoff
- Department of ChemistryState University of New York at BinghamtonBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Jacob W. Kruel
- Department of ChemistryState University of New York at BinghamtonBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Manan Jain
- Department of ChemistryState University of New York at BinghamtonBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Department of ChemistryState University of New York at BinghamtonBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
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7
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Ioka M, Toyotama A, Yamaguchi M, Nozawa J, Uda S, Okuzono T, Yoshimura M, Yamanaka J. Crystallization of charged gold particles mediated by nonadsorbing like-charged polyelectrolyte. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:234901. [PMID: 34241247 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that the aqueous dispersions of negatively charged submicron-sized colloidal Au particles formed non-close-packed colloidal crystals by the addition of a like-charged linear polyelectrolyte, sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA). Au particles often form irregular aggregates in dispersions because of a strong van der Waals force acting between them. To prevent aggregation, we introduced negative electric charges on particle surfaces. By the addition of NaPAA, colloidal crystals were formed on the bottom of a sample cell because of the supply of Au particles by sedimentation and 2D diffusion even under very dilute conditions. Interparticle potential calculations demonstrated that the addition of NaPAA caused depletion attraction between the particles as well as a significant reduction in the interparticle repulsion because of the electrostatic screening effect. However, the electrostatic repulsion was strong enough to prevent the direct contact of particles in the excluded region between Au particles. Large-area crystals could be obtained by tilting the sample cell. By drying the sample, the Au particles came into contact and the non-space-filling crystals changed into closest packed crystals. These closest packed crystals exhibited a significant enhancement of Raman scattering intensity because of high hot-spot density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Ioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Akiko Toyotama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Megumi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Jun Nozawa
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uda
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tohru Okuzono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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8
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Gellini C, Muniz-Miranda M, Pagliai M, Salvi PR. Spectroscopic studies on antimalarial Artesunate: Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering and adsorption geometries of Artesunate on silver nanoparticles. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Rivera-Rangel RD, Navarro-Segura ME, Arizmendi-Morquecho A, Sánchez-Domínguez M. Electrodeposition of plasmonic bimetallic Ag-Cu nanodendrites and their application as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:465605. [PMID: 32759478 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abacf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic bimetallic Ag-Cu nanodendrites were synthesized by an electrodeposition process and their potential as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates was studied. We demonstrated a facile and efficient way for the preparation of highly sensitive SERS substrates. The electrodeposition time was an important parameter in the formation of Ag-Cu dendrites onto the Al sheet. The Ag-Cu dendrites showed an excellent response detecting Rhodamine 6 G at ultra-low concentrations such as 1 × 10-15 mol l-1. This Ag-Cu substrate possesses an excellent SERS activity and it could be used for the detection of molecules at trace level. This electrodeposition process could be extended for the fabrication of other plasmonic bimetallic dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Darío Rivera-Rangel
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
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10
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A novel gold nanosol SERS quantitative analysis method for trace Na+ based on carbon dot catalysis. Food Chem 2019; 289:531-536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Silver-nanoparticles as plasmon-resonant enhancers for eumelanin's photoacoustic signal in a self-structured hybrid nanoprobe. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:788-797. [PMID: 31147051 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing safe and high efficiency contrast tools is an urgent need to allow in vivo applications of photoacoustics (PA), an emerging biomolecular imaging methodology, with poor invasiveness, deep penetration, high spatial resolution and excellent endogenous contrast. Eumelanins hold huge promise as biocompatible, endogenous photoacoustic contrast agents. However, their huge potential is still unexplored due to the difficulty to achieve at the same time poor aggregation in physiologic environment and high PA contrast. This study addresses both issues through the design of a biocompatible photoacoustic nanoprobe, named MelaSil_Ag-NPs, relying on silica-templated eumelanin formation as well as eumelanins redox and metal chelating properties to reduce Ag+ ions and control the growth of generated metal nanoparticles. This strategy allowed self-structuring of the system into a core-shell architecture, where the Ag core was found to boost PA signal, despite the poor eumelanin content. Obtained hybrid nanoplatforms, showed stable photoacoustic properties even under long irradiation. Furthermore, conjugation with rhodamine isothiocyanate allowed particles detection through fluorescent imaging proving their multifunctional potentialities. In addition, they were stable towards aggregation and efficiently endocytosed by human pancreatic cancer cells (BxPC3 and Panc-1) displaying no significant cytotoxicity. Such numerous features prove huge potential of those nanoparticles as a multifunctional platform for biomedical applications.
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Tunable Silver Nanoparticle Arrays by Hot Embossing and Sputter Deposition for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has attracted a lot of attention over the past 30 years. Due to its extreme sensitivity and label-free detection capability, it has shown great potential in areas such as analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and environmental science. However, the major challenge is to manufacture large-scale highly SERS active substrates with high controllability, good reproducibility, and low cost. In this study, we report a novel method to fabricate uniform silver nanoparticle arrays with tunable particle sizes and interparticle gaps. Using hot embossing and sputtering techniques, we were able to batch produce the silver nanoparticle arrays SERS active substrate with consistent quality and low cost. We showed that the proposed SERS active substrate has good uniformity and high reproducibility. Experimental results show that the SERS enhancement factor is affected by silver nanoparticles size and interparticle gaps. Furthermore, the enhancement factor of the SERS signal obtained from Rhodamine 6G (R6G) probe molecules was as high as 1.12 × 107. Therefore, the developed method is very promising for use in many SERS applications.
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13
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Reza KK, Dey S, Wuethrich A, Sina AAI, Korbie D, Wang Y, Trau M. Parallel profiling of cancer cells and proteins using a graphene oxide functionalized ac-EHD SERS immunoassay. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18482-18491. [PMID: 30168562 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating biomarkers have emerged as promising non-invasive, real-time surrogates for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of the therapeutic response. Current bio-sensing techniques mostly involve detection of either circulating cells or proteins which are inadequate in unfolding complex pathologic transformations. Herein, we report parallel detection of cellular and molecular markers (protein) for cancer using a multiplex platform featuring (i) graphene oxide (GO) functionalization that increases the active surface area and more importantly reduces the functionalization steps for rapid detection, (ii) alternating-current electrohydrodynamic (ac-EHD) fluid flow that provides delicate micro-mixing to enhance target-sensor interactions thereby minimizing non-specific binding and (iii) surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for multiplex detection. We find that our platform possesses high sensitivity for detecting both proteins and cells. More importantly, this platform not only detects the cancer cells but also can simultaneously monitor the heterogeneous expression of cell surface proteins which could be clinically useful to determine effective patient therapy. We demonstrate the specific and sensitive detection of breast cancer cells from a mixture of non-target cells and report the heterogeneous expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) proteins on the individual cancer cell surface. Concurrently, we detect as low as 100 fg mL-1 HER2 and Mucin 16 proteins spiked in blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kamil Reza
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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14
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SERS-microfluidic systems: A potential platform for rapid analysis of food contaminants. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Electrochemical SERS observation of molecular adsorbates on Ru/Pt-modified Au(111) surfaces using sphere-plane type gap-mode plasmon excitation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Montes-García V, Gómez-González B, Martínez-Solís D, Taboada JM, Jiménez-Otero N, de Uña-Álvarez J, Obelleiro F, García-Río L, Pérez-Juste J, Pastoriza-Santos I. Pillar[5]arene-Based Supramolecular Plasmonic Thin Films for Label-Free, Quantitative and Multiplex SERS Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26372-26382. [PMID: 28721722 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel plasmonic thin films based on electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of citrate-stabilized Au nanoparticles (NPs) and ammonium pillar[5]arene (AP[5]A) have been developed. The supramolecular-induced LbL assembly of the plasmonic nanoparticles yields the formation of controlled hot spots with uniform interparticle distances. At the same time, this strategy allows modulating the density and dimensions of the Au aggregates, and therefore the optical response, on the thin film with the number of AuNP-AP[5]A deposition cycles. Characterization of the AuNP-AP[5]A hybrid platforms as a function of the deposition cycles was performed by means of visible-NIR absorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, showing larger aggregates with the number of cycles. Additionally, the surface enhanced Raman scattering efficiency of the resulting AuNP-AP[5]A thin films has been investigated for three different laser excitations (633, 785, and 830 nm) and using pyrene as Raman probe. The best performance was shown by the AuNP-AP[5]A film obtained with two deposition cycles ((AuNP-AP[5]A)2) when excited with a 785 laser line. The optical response and SERS efficiency of the thin films were also simulated using the M3 solver and employing computer aided design models built based on SEM images of the different films. The use of host molecules as building blocks to fabricate (AuNP-AP[5]A)2) films has enabled the ultradetection, in liquid and gas phase, of low molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, with no affinity for gold but toward the hydrophobic AP[5]A cavity. Besides, these plasmonic platforms allowed achieving quantitative detection within certain concentration regimes. Finally, the multiplex sensing capabilities of the AuNP-AP[5]A)2 were evaluated for their ability to detect in liquid and gas phase three different PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Montes-García
- Departamento de Química Física y Centro Singular de Investigaciones biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Borja Gómez-González
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Santiago , 15782 Santiago, Spain
| | - Diego Martínez-Solís
- Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - José M Taboada
- Departamento Tecnología de los Computadores y de las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Extremadura , 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Norman Jiménez-Otero
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales & Centro Singular de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jacobo de Uña-Álvarez
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales & Centro Singular de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Fernando Obelleiro
- Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis García-Río
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Santiago , 15782 Santiago, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Juste
- Departamento de Química Física y Centro Singular de Investigaciones biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Pastoriza-Santos
- Departamento de Química Física y Centro Singular de Investigaciones biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
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17
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Railean-Plugaru V, Pomastowski P, Rafinska K, Wypij M, Kupczyk W, Dahm H, Jackowski M, Buszewski B. Antimicrobial properties of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles studied by flow cytometry and related techniques. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:752-61. [PMID: 26763104 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the effect of silver bionanoparticles (Bio(AgNPs) synthesized by Actinobacteria CGG 11n on selected Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. Flow cytometry, classical antibiogram method and fluorescent microscopy approach was used for evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Bio(AgNPs) and their combination with antibiotics. Furthermore, the performed research specified the capacity of flow cytometry method as an alternative to the standard ones and as a complementary method to electromigration techniques. The study showed antibacterial activity of both BioAgNPs and the combination of antibiotics/BioAgNPs against all the tested bacteria strains in comparison with a diffusion, dilution and bioautographic methods. The synergistic effect of antibiotics/BioAgNPs combination (e.g. kanamycin, ampicillin, neomycin and streptomycin) was found to be more notable against Pseudomonas aeruginosa representing a prototype of multi-drug resistant "superbugs" for which effective therapeutic options are very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Pawel Pomastowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafinska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wypij
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kupczyk
- Department of Surgery, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Hanna Dahm
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Marek Jackowski
- Department of Surgery, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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18
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Al-Shalalfeh MM, Saleh TA, Al-Saadi AA. Silver colloid and film substrates in surface-enhanced Raman scattering for 2-thiouracil detection. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14832h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based silver substrates were designed and fabricated for the detection of 2-thiouracil (2-TU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutasem M. Al-Shalalfeh
- Department of Chemistry
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Tawfik A. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
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19
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Choueiri RM, Galati E, Klinkova A, Thérien-Aubin H, Kumacheva E. Linear assembly of patchy and non-patchy nanoparticles. Faraday Discuss 2016; 191:189-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00057f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Linear assemblies of nanoparticles show promising applications due to their collective electronic, optical and magnetic properties. Rational design and controllable organization of nanoparticles in one-dimensional structures can strongly benefit from the marked similarity between conventional step-growth polymerization reactions and directional step-wise assembly of nanoparticles in linear chains. Here we show different aspects of the “polymerization” approach to the solution-based self-assembly of polymer-functionalized metal nanoparticles with different chemical compositions, shapes and dimensions. The self-assembly was triggered by inducing solvophobic attraction between polymer ligands, due to the change in solvent quality. We show that both anisotropic (patchy) nanoparticles and nanoparticles uniformly capped with polymer molecules can self-assemble in linear chains. We explore the control of chain length, morphology, and composition, discuss the ability to form isotropic and hierarchical structures and show the properties and potential applications of linear assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Klinkova
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
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20
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Zhao HZ, Xu Y, Wang CY, Wang R, Xiang ST, Chen L. Design and fabrication of a microfluidic SERS chip with integrated Ag film@nanoAu. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A “sandwich” microfluidic surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip with Ag film@nanoAu prepared in a microchannel was proposed and fabricated in situ. The detection limit for Rhodamine 6G was 10−8 M and the enhancement factor was 3.8 × 105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhou Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
- Chongqing
- China
- International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology
- Chongqing
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
| | - Song-Tao Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
| | - Li Chen
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
- Chongqing
- China
- International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology
- Chongqing
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21
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Amal AAAJ, Azzah AG. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria solani. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2015.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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22
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Adsorption of Silver Nanoparticles onto Different Surface Structures of Chitin/Chitosan and Correlations with Antimicrobial Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13973-88. [PMID: 26096004 PMCID: PMC4490534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-controlled spherical silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) can be simply prepared by autoclaving mixtures of glass powder containing silver with glucose. Moreover, chitins with varying degrees of deacetylation (DDAc < 30%) and chitosan powders and sheets (DDAc > 75%) with varying surface structure properties have been evaluated as Ag NP carriers. Chitin/chitosan-Ag NP composites in powder or sheet form were prepared by mixing Ag NP suspensions with each of the chitin/chitosan-based material at pH 7.3, leading to homogenous dispersion and stable adsorption of Ag NPs onto chitin carriers with nanoscale fiber-like surface structures, and chitosan carriers with nanoscale porous surface structures. Although these chitins exhibited mild antiviral, bactericidal, and antifungal activities, chitin powders with flat/smooth film-like surface structures had limited antimicrobial activities and Ag NP adsorption. The antimicrobial activities of chitin/chitosan-Ag NP composites increased with increasing amounts of adsorbed Ag NPs, suggesting that the surface structures of chitin/chitosan carriers strongly influence adsorption of Ag NPs and antimicrobial activities. These observations indicate that chitin/chitosan-Ag NPs with nanoscale surface structures have potential as antimicrobial biomaterials and anti-infectious wound dressings.
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23
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Hu W, Tian G, Duan S, Lin LL, Ma Y, Luo Y. Vibrational identification for conformations of trans-1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene in gold molecular junctions. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Hill RT. Plasmonic biosensors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 7:152-68. [PMID: 25377594 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique optical properties of plasmon resonant nanostructures enable exploration of nanoscale environments using relatively simple optical characterization techniques. For this reason, the field of plasmonics continues to garner the attention of the biosensing community. Biosensors based on propagating surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) in films are the most well-recognized plasmonic biosensors, but there is great potential for the new, developing technologies to surpass the robustness and popularity of film-based SPR sensing. This review surveys the current plasmonic biosensor landscape with emphasis on the basic operating principles of each plasmonic sensing technique and the practical considerations when developing a sensing platform with the various techniques. The 'gold standard' film SPR technique is reviewed briefly, but special emphasis is devoted to the up-and-coming localized surface plasmon resonance and plasmonically coupled sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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25
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Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle using Streptomyces sp. 09 PBT 005 and its antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-014-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Ho JY, Liu TY, Wei JC, Wang JK, Wang YL, Lin JJ. Selective SERS detecting of hydrophobic microorganisms by tricomponent nanohybrids of silver-silicate-platelet-surfactant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:1541-9. [PMID: 24411013 DOI: 10.1021/am404218u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanohybrids consisting of silver nanoparticles (Ag), clay platelets, and a nonionic surfactant were prepared and used as the substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The nanoscale silicate platelets (SP) (with dimensions of 100 × 100 nm(2) and a thickness of ∼1 nm) were previously prepared from exfoliation of the natural layered silicates. The tricomponent nanohybrids, Ag-SP-surfactant (Ag-SP-S), were prepared by in situ reduction of AgNO3 in the presence of clay and the surfactant. The clay platelets with a large surface area and ionic charge (ca. 18 000 sodium ions per platelet) allowed for the stabilization of Ag nanoparticles in the range of 10-30 nm in diameter. With the addition of a nonionic surfactant such as poly(oxyethylene) alkyl ether, the tricomponent Ag-SP-S nanohybrids possessed an altered affinity for contacting microorganisms. The particle size and interparticle gaps between neighboring Ag on SP were characterized by TEM. The surface tension of Ag-SP and Ag-SP-S in water implied different interactions between Ag and hydrophobic bacteria ( Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis ). By increasing the surfactant content in Ag-SP-S, the SERS peak intensity was dramatically enhanced compared to the Ag-SP counterpart. The nanohybrids, Ag-SP and Ag-SP-S, with the advantages of varying hydrophobic affinity, floating in medium, and 3D hot-junction enhancement could be tailored for use as SERS substrates. The selective detection of hydrophobic microorganisms and larger biological cells makes SERS a possible rapid, label-free, and culture-free method of biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Ho
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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27
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Wang L, Sun Y, Wang J, Li Z. Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles on Electrospun Polymer Nanofiber Film for SERS Applications. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Kubackova J, Izquierdo-Lorenzo I, Jancura D, Miskovsky P, Sanchez-Cortes S. Adsorption of linear aliphatic α,ω-dithiols on plasmonic metal nanoparticles: a structural study based on surface-enhanced Raman spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11461-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption mechanism of linear aliphatic α,ω-dithiols with chain lengths of 6, 8 and 10 carbon atoms on silver and gold nanoparticles has been studied by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kubackova
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia
- IEM-CSIC
- 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biophysics
- Faculty of Science
| | | | - D. Jancura
- Department of Biophysics
- Faculty of Science
- Safarik University
- 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences
| | - P. Miskovsky
- Department of Biophysics
- Faculty of Science
- Safarik University
- 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences
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29
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Ikeda K, Sato S, Takahashi K, Masuda T, Murakoshi K, Uosaki K. Surface optimization of optical antennas for plasmonic enhancement of photoelectrochemical reactions. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Abstract
SERS is some 35 years old, and the subject of over 11 000 articles. The field of Plasmonics, and large aspects of Metamaterials are clearly based on concepts that became current as a result of SERS. Despite this, a number of persistent, fuzzy ideas about the origin of the enhancement in SERS continue to be current even among SERS researchers, leading to the external impression that SERS is uniquely poorly understood. Six such ideas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Moskovits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA.
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31
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Lee YH, Lee CK, Tan B, Rui Tan JM, Phang IY, Ling XY. Using the Langmuir-Schaefer technique to fabricate large-area dense SERS-active Au nanoprism monolayer films. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6404-12. [PMID: 23740152 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00981e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial self-assembly of nanoparticles is capable of creating large-area close-packed structures for a variety of applications. However, monolayers of hydrophilic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated Au nanoparticles are challenging to assemble via interfacial self-assembly. This report presents a facile and scalable process to fabricate large-area monolayer films of ultrathin CTAB-coated Au nanoprisms at the air-water interface using the Langmuir-Schaefer technique. This is first achieved by a one-step functionalization of Au nanoprisms with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). PVP functionalization is completed within a short time without loss of nanoprisms due to aggregation. Uniform and near close-packed monolayers of the Au nanoprisms formed over large areas (∼1 cm(2)) at the air-water interface can be transferred to substrates with different wettabilities. The inter-prism gaps are tuned qualitatively through the introduction of dodecanethiol and oleylamine. The morphological integrity of the nanoprisms is maintained throughout the entire assembly process, without truncation of the nanoprism tips. The near close-packed arrangement of the nanoprism monolayers generates large numbers of hot spots in the 2D arrays in the tip-to-tip and edge-to-edge inter-particle regions, giving rise to strong surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals. When deposited on an Au mirror film, additional hotspots are created in the 3(rd) dimension in the gaps between the 2D nanoprism monolayers and the Au film. SERS enhancement factors reaching 10(4) for non-resonant probe molecules are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih Hong Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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32
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Guerrini L, Graham D. Molecularly-mediated assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 41:7085-107. [PMID: 22833008 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35118h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has experienced a tremendous increase of attention in the scientific community, expanding to a continuously wider range of diverse applications in nanoscience, which can mostly be attributed to significant improvements in nanofabrication techniques that paved the way for the controlled design of reliable and effective SERS nanostructures. In particular, the plasmon coupling properties of interacting nanoparticles are extremely intriguing due to the concentration of enormous electromagnetic enhancements at the interparticle gaps. Recently, great efforts have been devoted to develop new nanoparticle assembly strategies in suspension with improved control over hot-spot architecture and cluster structure, laying the foundation for the full exploitation of their exceptional potential as SERS materials in a wealth of chemical and biological sensing. In this review we summarize in an exhaustive and systematic way the state-of-art of plasmonic nanoparticle assembly in suspension specifically developed for SERS applications in the last 5 years, focusing in particular on those strategies which exploited molecular linkers to engineer interparticle gaps in a controlled manner. Importantly, the novel advances in this rather new field of nanoscience are organized into a coherent overview aimed to rationally describe the different strategies and improvements in the exploitation of colloidal nanoparticle assembly for SERS application to real problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guerrini
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, WestCHEM, Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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33
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Liu X, Zong C, Ai K, He W, Lu L. Engineering natural materials as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates for in situ molecular sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:6599-6608. [PMID: 23170894 DOI: 10.1021/am302376q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical tool. However, its applications for in situ detection of target molecules presented on diverse material surfaces have been hindered by difficulties in rapid fabricating SERS-active substrates on the surfaces of these materials through a simple, low-cost, and portable approach. Here, we demonstrate our attempt to address this issue by developing a facile and versatile method capable of in situ generating silver nanoparticle film (SNF) on the surfaces of both artificial and natural materials in a simple, cheap, practical, and disposable manner. Taking advantage of the high SERS enhancement ability of the prepared SNF, the proposed strategy can be used for in situ inspecting herbicide and pesticide residues on vegetables, as well as the abuse of antiseptic in aquaculture industry. Therefore, it opens new avenues for advancing the application prospects of SERS technique in the fields of food safety, drug security, as well as environment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China
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34
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Mubeen S, Zhang S, Kim N, Lee S, Krämer S, Xu H, Moskovits M. Plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles separated from a gold mirror by an ultrathin oxide. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:2088-94. [PMID: 22414097 DOI: 10.1021/nl300351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
That a nanoparticle (NP) (for example of gold) residing above a gold mirror is almost as effective a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate (when illuminated with light of the correct polarization and wavelength) as two closely coupled gold nanoparticles has been known for some time. The NP-overmirror (NPOM) configuration has the valuable advantage that it is amenable to top-down fabrication. We have fabricated a series of Au-NPOM substrates with varying but thin atomic layer-deposited oxide spacer and measured the SERS enhancement as a function of spacer thickness and angle of incidence (AOI). These were compared with high-quality finite-difference time-domain calculations, which reproduce the observed spacer thickness and AOI dependences faithfully. The SERS intensity is expected to be strongly affected by the AOI on account for the fact that the hot spot formed in the space between the NP and the mirror is most efficiently excited with an electromagnetic field component that is normal to the surface of the mirror. Intriguingly we find that the SERS intensity maximizes at ~60° and show that this is due to the coherent superposition of the incident and the reflected field components. The observed SERS intensity is also shown to be very sensitive to the dielectric constant of the oxide spacer layer with the most intense signals obtained when using a low dielectric constant oxide layer (SiO(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mubeen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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35
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Mark PR, Fabris L. Understanding nanoparticle assembly: A simulation approach to SERS-active dimers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 369:134-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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37
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Pekdemir ME, Ertürkan D, Külah H, Boyacı İH, Özgen C, Tamer U. Ultrasensitive and selective homogeneous sandwich immunoassay detection by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Analyst 2012; 137:4834-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35471c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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38
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Ikeda K, Suzuki S, Uosaki K. Crystal face dependent chemical effects in surface-enhanced Raman scattering at atomically defined gold facets. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:1716-1722. [PMID: 21417470 DOI: 10.1021/nl200251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Among electromagnetic and chemical (CM) contributions to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the former is becoming controllable according to the recent progress in nanofabrication of plasmonic metal structures. However, it is still difficult to control the latter effect. Here, the degree of each contribution to SERS signals is examined on well-defined single crystalline facets of gold by using optical field localization within sphere-plane type plasmonic cavities. Crystal face dependent SERS studies of aminobenzenthiol adsorbates clearly show the distinction between CM enhancements on different surfaces, suggesting that the CM-activity of "SERS-hotspots" is closely related to interfacial dipoles formed at metal-molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyoshi Ikeda
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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39
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Lee SJ, Moskovits M. Visualizing chromatographic separation of metal ions on a surface-enhanced Raman active medium. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:145-150. [PMID: 21133393 DOI: 10.1021/nl1031309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal ion carboxylato complexes possess ion-specific carboxylate Raman bands. Using this attribute we follow the chromatographic separation of a microliter aliquot of an initially equimolar solution of Pb(2+) and Hg(2+) using the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy spectra of their carboxylato complexes as unique identifiers. A glass capillary whose interior is lined with a dense layer of gold nanoparticles treated with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid simultaneously acts as a separation medium and an efficient SERS reporter of the step-by-step separation process. The observed adsorption-desorption equilibrium along the capillary is shown to conform with theory. Although Hg(2+) complexes with COO(-) much more strongly than Pb(2+), it is the Pb(2+) that survives the separation process as the sole surface species. We show that this is because so much mercury is taken out of solution during early separation steps that the surface equilibrium is ultimately driven toward adsorbed Pb(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Péron O, Rinnert E, Toury T, Lamy de la Chapelle M, Compère C. Quantitative SERS sensors for environmental analysis of naphthalene. Analyst 2011; 136:1018-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00797h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Selective Epitaxial Growth of Silver Nanoplates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:992-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zeng J, Xia X, Rycenga M, Henneghan P, Li Q, Xia Y. Successive Deposition of Silver on Silver Nanoplates: Lateral versus Vertical Growth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:244-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (USA)
| | - Xiaohu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (USA)
- Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 (People's Republic of China)
| | - Matthew Rycenga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (USA)
| | - Patrick Henneghan
- Department of Chemistry, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057 (USA)
| | - Qingge Li
- Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 (People's Republic of China)
| | - Younan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (USA)
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Zeng J, Xia X, Rycenga M, Henneghan P, Li Q, Xia Y. Successive Deposition of Silver on Silver Nanoplates: Lateral versus Vertical Growth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (USA)
| | - Xiaohu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (USA)
- Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 (People's Republic of China)
| | - Matthew Rycenga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (USA)
| | - Patrick Henneghan
- Department of Chemistry, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057 (USA)
| | - Qingge Li
- Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 (People's Republic of China)
| | - Younan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (USA)
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Castonguay A, Kakkar AK. Dendrimer templated construction of silver nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 160:76-87. [PMID: 20708163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles continue to evoke great current interest due to their tremendous potential in designing smart materials for a wide variety of applications. Much emphasis has been placed lately in developing methodologies that could modulate the size and shape of these metal particles. Dendrimers that are monodisperse in nature with a regular and highly branched three-dimensional architecture, provide a useful platform to accomplish this goal. These hyperbranched macromolecules have been widely explored as templates in the construction of silver metal nanoparticles, and this review aims to provide a detailed overview of dendrimer-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Castonguay
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2K6
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Hill RT, Mock JJ, Urzhumov Y, Sebba DS, Oldenburg SJ, Chen SY, Lazarides AA, Chilkoti A, Smith DR. Leveraging nanoscale plasmonic modes to achieve reproducible enhancement of light. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:4150-4. [PMID: 20804206 PMCID: PMC2955164 DOI: 10.1021/nl102443p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The strongly enhanced and localized optical fields that occur within the gaps between metallic nanostructures can be leveraged for a wide range of functionality in nanophotonic and optical metamaterial applications. Here, we introduce a means of precise control over these nanoscale gaps through the application of a molecular spacer layer that is self-assembled onto a gold film, upon which gold nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited electrostatically. Simulations using a three-dimensional finite element model and measurements from single NPs confirm that the gaps formed by this process, between the NP and the gold film, are highly reproducible transducers of surface-enhanced resonant Raman scattering. With a spacer layer of roughly 1.6 nm, all NPs exhibit a strong Raman signal that decays rapidly as the spacer layer is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Hill
- Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems (CBIMMS), Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Jack J. Mock
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Box 90201, Durham, NC, 27708
- Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics (CMIP), Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Yaroslav Urzhumov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Box 90201, Durham, NC, 27708
- Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics (CMIP), Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - David S. Sebba
- nanoComposix, Inc., 4878 Ronson Ct., Suite K, San Diego, CA, 92111
| | | | - Shiuan-Yeh Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Box 90201, Durham, NC, 27708
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Anne A. Lazarides
- Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems (CBIMMS), Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708
- Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics (CMIP), Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems (CBIMMS), Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - David R. Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Box 90201, Durham, NC, 27708
- Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics (CMIP), Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708
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Izquierdo-Lorenzo I, Sanchez-Cortes S, Garcia-Ramos JV. Adsorption of beta-adrenergic agonists used in sport doping on metal nanoparticles: a detection study based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14663-14670. [PMID: 20799745 DOI: 10.1021/la102590f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of beta(2)-adrenergic agonist (βAA) drugs clenbuterol, salbutamol, and terbutaline on metal surfaces has been investigated in this work by means of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). To assist in this investigation, a previous vibrational (IR and normal Raman) characterization of these drugs was performed, supported by ab initio density functional theory calculations. The application of SERS was aimed to apply this highly sensitive technique, based on localized surface plasmon resonance, in the detection of βAA at trace concentrations and as a possible alternative method which can be postulated in routine antidoping analysis. The adsorption of these drugs was studied in depth at different experimental conditions: on Au and Ag, at different pHs, and with varying adsorbate concentration. Moreover, plasmon resonance spectroscopy was employed to investigate the adsorption of these drugs on the metal nanoparticles as well as their aggregation. It was found that the adsorption of these molecules is more effective on gold nanoparticles and at acidic pH, based on the direct interaction of the aromatic or aliphatic moieties through ionic or coordination bonds with the metal. These drugs followed a Langmuir adsorption model from which the adsorption constant and the limit of detection can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Izquierdo-Lorenzo
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano, 121, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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Rubinstein I, Vaskevich A. Self-Assembly of Nanostructures on Surfaces Using Metal-Organic Coordination. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Xu P, Jeon SH, Mack NH, Doorn SK, Williams DJ, Han X, Wang HL. Field-assisted synthesis of SERS-active silver nanoparticles using conducting polymers. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1436-40. [PMID: 20820731 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A gradient of novel silver nanostructures with widely varying sizes and morphologies is fabricated on a single conducting polyaniline-graphite (P-G) membrane with the assistance of an external electric field. It is believed that the formation of such a silver gradient is a synergetic consequence of the generation of a silver ion concentration gradient along with an electrokinetic flow of silver ions in the field-assisted model, which greatly influences the nucleation and growth mechanism of Ag particles on the P-G membrane. The produced silver dendrites, flowers and microspheres, with sharp edges, intersections and bifurcations, all present strong surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) responses toward an organic target molecule, mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA). This facile field-assisted synthesis of Ag nanoparticles via chemical reduction presents an alternative approach to nanomaterial fabrication, which can yield a wide range of unique structures with enhanced optical properties that were previously inaccessible by other synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- C-PCS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM. SERS-based diagnosis and biodetection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:604-10. [PMID: 20108237 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical techniques for identification of molecular species, with the potential to reach single-molecule detection under ambient conditions. This Concept article presents a brief introduction and discussion of both recent advances and limitations of SERS in the context of diagnosis and biodetection, ranging from direct sensing to the use of encoded nanoparticles, in particular focusing on ultradetection of relevant bioanalytes, rapid diagnosis of diseases, marking of organelles within individual cells, and non-invasive tagging of anomalous tissues in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Alvarez-Puebla
- Departamento de Quimica-Fisica and Unidad Asociada CSIC-Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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