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Kochetov V, Ahsan MS, Hein D, Wilkinson I, Bokarev SI. Valence and Core Photoelectron Spectra of Aqueous I3- from Multi-Reference Quantum Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:5319. [PMID: 37513192 PMCID: PMC10383688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The I3- molecule is known to undergo substantial structural reorganization upon solvation by a protic solvent, e.g., water. However, the details of this process are still controversially discussed in the literature. In the present study, we combined experimental and theoretical efforts to disentangle this controversy. The valence (5p), N4,5 (4d), and M4,5 (3d) edge photoelectron spectra were measured in an aqueous solution and computed using high-level multi-reference methods. Our previous publication mainly focused on obtaining reliable experimental evidence, whereas in the present article, we focused primarily on theoretical aspects. The complex electronic structure of I3- requires the inclusion of both static and dynamic correlation, e.g., via the multi-configurational perturbation theory treatment. However, the resulting photoelectron spectra appear to be very sensitive to problems with variational stability and intruder states. We attempted to obtain artifact-free spectra, allowing for a more reliable interpretation of experiments. Finally, we concluded that the 3d Photoelectron Spectrum (PES) is particularly informative, evidencing an almost linear structure with a smaller degree of bond asymmetry than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Kochetov
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Md Sabbir Ahsan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hein
- Operando Interfacial Photochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Bokarev
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Chemistry Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Ahsan MS, Kochetov V, Hein D, Bokarev SI, Wilkinson I. Probing the molecular structure of aqueous triiodide via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and correlated electron phenomena. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15540-15555. [PMID: 35713286 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-microjet-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied to aqueous triiodide solutions, I3-(aq.), to investigate the anion's valence- and core-level electronic structure, ionization dynamics, associated electron-correlation effects, and nuclear geometric structure. The roles of multi-active-electron (shake-up) ionization processes - with noted sensitivity to the solute geometric structure - were investigated through I3-(aq.) solution valence, I 4d, and I 3d core-level measurements. The experimental spectra were interpreted with the aid of simulated photoelectron spectra, built upon multi-reference ab initio electronic structure calculations associated with different I3-(aq.) molecular geometries. A comparison of the single-to-multi-active-electron ionization signal ratios extracted from the experimental and theoretical core-level photoemission spectra suggests that the ground state of the solute adopts a near-linear average geometry in aqueous solutions. This contrasts with the interpretation of time-resolved X-ray solution scattering studies, but is found to be fully consistent with the rest of the solution-phase I3-(aq.) literature. Comparing the results of low- and high-photon-energy photoemission measurements, we further suggest that the aqueous anion adopts a more asymmetric geometry at the aqueous-solution-gas interface than in the aqueous bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sabbir Ahsan
- Department of Locally-Sensitive and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladislav Kochetov
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dennis Hein
- Operando Interfacial Photochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-platz. 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Bokarev
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Department of Locally-Sensitive and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Jahnke T, Hergenhahn U, Winter B, Dörner R, Frühling U, Demekhin PV, Gokhberg K, Cederbaum LS, Ehresmann A, Knie A, Dreuw A. Interatomic and Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11295-11369. [PMID: 33035051 PMCID: PMC7596762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interatomic or intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) is a nonlocal electronic decay mechanism occurring in weakly bound matter. In an ICD process, energy released by electronic relaxation of an excited atom or molecule leads to ionization of a neighboring one via Coulombic electron interactions. ICD has been predicted theoretically in the mid nineties of the last century, and its existence has been confirmed experimentally approximately ten years later. Since then, a number of fundamental and applied aspects have been studied in this quickly growing field of research. This review provides an introduction to ICD and draws the connection to related energy transfer and ionization processes. The theoretical approaches for the description of ICD as well as the experimental techniques developed and employed for its investigation are described. The existing body of literature on experimental and theoretical studies of ICD processes in different atomic and molecular systems is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Frühling
- Institut für Experimentalphysik and Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp V Demekhin
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Kirill Gokhberg
- Physical-Chemistry Institute, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Physical-Chemistry Institute, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arno Ehresmann
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - André Knie
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Pohl MN, Richter C, Lugovoy E, Seidel R, Slavíček P, Aziz EF, Abel B, Winter B, Hergenhahn U. Sensitivity of Electron Transfer Mediated Decay to Ion Pairing. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7709-7714. [PMID: 28696722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion pairing in electrolyte solutions remains a topic of discussion despite a long history of research. Very recently, nearest-neighbor mediated electronic de-excitation processes of core hole vacancies (electron transfer mediated decay, ETMD) were proposed to carry a spectral fingerprint of local solvation structure and in particular of contact ion pairs. Here, for the first time, we apply electron-electron coincidence detection to a liquid microjet, and record ETMD spectra of Li 1s vacancies in aqueous solutions of lithium chloride (LiCl) in direct comparison to lithium acetate (LiOAc). A change in the ETMD spectrum dependent on the electrolyte anion identity is observed for 4.5 M salt concentration. We discuss these findings within the framework of the formation and presence of contact ion pairs and the unique sensitivity of ETMD spectroscopy to ion pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin N Pohl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (HZB-IOM Joint-Photonic Lab) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evgeny Lugovoy
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (HZB-IOM Joint-Photonic Lab) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emad F Aziz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,School of Chemistry, Monash University , 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (HZB-IOM Joint-Photonic Lab) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Leipzig , Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (HZB-IOM Joint-Photonic Lab) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics , Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
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5
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Kryzhevoi NV. Microhydration of LiOH: Insight from electronic decays of core-ionized states. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:244302. [PMID: 27369510 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We compute and compare the autoionization spectra of a core-ionized LiOH molecule both in its isolated and microhydrated states. Stepwise microhydration of LiOH leads to gradual elongation of the Li-OH bond length and finally to molecular dissociation. The accompanying changes in the local environment of the OH(-) and Li(+) counterions are reflected in the computed O 1s and Li 1s spectra. The role of solvent water molecules and the counterion in the spectral shape formation is assessed. Electronic decays of the microhydrated LiOH are found to be mostly intermolecular since the majority of the populated final states have at least one outer-valence vacancy outside the initially core-ionized ion, mainly on a neighboring water molecule. The charge delocalization occurs through the intermolecular Coulombic and electron transfer mediated decays. Both mechanisms are highly efficient that is partly attributed to hybridization of molecular orbitals. The computed spectral shapes are sensitive to the counterion separation as well as to the number and arrangement of solvent molecules. These sensitivities can be used for studying the local hydration structure of solvated ions in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Kryzhevoi
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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van der Vegt NFA, Haldrup K, Roke S, Zheng J, Lund M, Bakker HJ. Water-Mediated Ion Pairing: Occurrence and Relevance. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7626-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico F. A. van der Vegt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut
für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie and Center of Smart
Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse
10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Physics
Department, NEXMAP Section, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej
307, 2800 Kongens
Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sylvie Roke
- Laboratory
for Fundamental BioPhotonics, Institute of Bioengineering, and Institute
of Materials Science, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for
Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junrong Zheng
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, United States
| | - Mikael Lund
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Huib J. Bakker
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science
Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Slavíček P, Winter B, Cederbaum LS, Kryzhevoi NV. Proton-Transfer Mediated Enhancement of Nonlocal Electronic Relaxation Processes in X-ray Irradiated Liquid Water. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:18170-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5117588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Winter
- Joint
Laboratory for Ultrafast Dynamics in Solutions and at Interfaces (JULiq), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Matrialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse
15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz S. Cederbaum
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai V. Kryzhevoi
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Thürmer S, Ončák M, Ottosson N, Seidel R, Hergenhahn U, Bradforth SE, Slavíček P, Winter B. On the nature and origin of dicationic, charge-separated species formed in liquid water on X-ray irradiation. Nat Chem 2013; 5:590-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Kryzhevoi NV, Cederbaum LS. Exploring Protonation and Deprotonation Effects with Auger Electron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2733-2737. [PMID: 26295900 DOI: 10.1021/jz301130t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Auger electron spectroscopy is demonstrated to be a very efficient tool to probe alterations in local chemical environment due to changes in protonation states. We show that electronic and geometric structure changes induced by protonation or deprotonation are well reflected in Auger spectra through characteristic chemical shifts and spectral shape variations. We also present evidence that Auger spectra are sensitive to relative concentrations of compounds in different protonation states. Special attention is paid to the high kinetic energy spectral regions that exhibit remarkable features resulting from core ICD-like transitions in normal species and Auger transitions in deprotonated fragments. The latter contribution was so far ignored when explaining Auger spectra of species embedded in the environment. This contribution should be reconsidered, taking into account the recently discovered possibility of ultrafast dissociation of core-ionized hydrogen-bonded systems in media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Kryzhevoi
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Ottosson N, Öhrwall G, Björneholm O. Ultrafast charge delocalization dynamics in aqueous electrolytes: New insights from Auger electron spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Hergenhahn U. Production of low kinetic energy electrons and energetic ion pairs by Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:871-83. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.698031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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