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Zhang B, Wang T, Li M, Mu M, Wang Z, Chen Y, Li C. Versatile Deprotonation-Induced Exfoliation and Functionalization of Biological Nanofibrils for Actuation and Fluorescence. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38640198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Biological nanofibrils not only are characteristic of many species of biomasses but also serve as a promising type of sustainable nanomaterials for various applications. However, their production has long relied on an invasive and energy-consuming mechanical shear. A noninvasive and versatile approach remains challenging to exfoliate different types of biomasses into nanofibrils. In this study, we showed a versatile and nonaggressive intercalative deprotonation agent of organic base, which could efficiently deprotonate various biomasses for energy-saving exfoliation and functionalization, including cellulose, chitin, and silk. Both carboxylic nanofibrils and nanofibrils with pristine chemical structures could be produced in high yields through manual shaking or sonication. By further grafting photoresponsive groups via transesterification, intelligent NFs were generated featuring ultraviolet-responsive fluorescence and hydrophilicity. These responsive fluorescence and actuation behaviors promised their potential as green encryption and anticounterfeiting nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189 , Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189 , Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Mu
- Innovation Research Institute of Shandong High-Speed Group, Longding Avenue , Jinan 250098, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Innovation Research Institute of Shandong High-Speed Group, Longding Avenue , Jinan 250098, China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189 , Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
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2
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Wan X, Xu C, Wang H, Jiang Z, Li F, Xu G, Dai Z, He X, Song Q. Efficient Tin-Lead Perovskite Solar Cells with a Ultrawide Usage Windows of Precursor Solution Opened by SnF 2. Small 2024:e2401136. [PMID: 38501858 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
High quality tin-lead perovskite solar cells (Sn─Pb PSCs) can be fabricated via simple solution processing methods. However, the instability of precursor solutions and their narrow usage windows still pose challenges in manufacturing efficient and reproducible Sn─Pb PSCs, hindering the commercialization of PSCs. Fluorine tin (SnF2 ) is widely used as an antioxidant to improve the crystallinity of perovskite. In this study, another role of SnF2 as a stabilizer is found to restrain the deprotonation of methylammonium iodide (MAI) in the precursor solution, which improves their stability and expands their usage windows. Due to the inhibition of SnF2 on oxidation and deprotonation, stable large-sized colloidal clusters form gradually in perovskite precursor solution during aging, leading to uniform nucleation/crystallization during film growth, significantly reducing the roughness and defect density in the films. Because of the competitive deprotonation and oxidation process of Sn2+ , the benefit of larger cluster maximizes after about ten days storage of precursor solution. The champion efficiency of Sn─Pb PSCs prepared with 10 days aged precursor solution is 22.00%. High performance of devices fabricated with precursor solution stored for even ≈40 days discloses the wide usage windows of precursor solution with SnF2 additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wan
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cunyun Xu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zezhuan Jiang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Fuling Li
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Gaobo Xu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjun Dai
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qunliang Song
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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Wang L, Zhang T, Yuan S, Qian F, Li X, Zheng H, Huang J, Li S. Over 19% Efficiency Perovskite Solar Modules by Simultaneously Suppressing Cation Deprotonation and Iodide Oxidation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:4751-4762. [PMID: 38240229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on sputtered nickel oxide (NiOx) hole transport layer have emerged as promising configuration due to their good stability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. However, the adverse chemical redox reaction at the NiOx/perovskite interface remains an ever-present problem that has not yet been well solved. To address this issue before, the problems that cation deprotonation and iodide oxidation that occurred in precursor solution easily result in the interfacial chemical reaction should be prevented. Hence, we report an efficient strategy to simultaneously suppress the interfacial reaction and stabilize the precursor solution by incorporating a reducing and weakly acidic stabilizer, l-ascorbic acid (l-AA). l-AA can reduce I2 generated in the precursor solution and during the interfacial reaction to I-. Furthermore, the protons ionized by adjacent enol hydroxyl groups in l-AA effectively impede the deprotonation of organic cations in the precursor solution as well as at the NiOx/perovskite interface resulting from the chemical reaction. Attributing to the improved crystallization of the perovskite film and the suppression of the interfacial reaction by l-AA, the inverted PSC based on such good light absorber achieves an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.72% along with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.19 V. Notably, further introducing l-AA into the large-area solar modules by the slot-die coating method in air enables a remarkable PCE of 19.17%, which reaches one of the highest PCEs reported for inverted perovskite solar modules (PSMs) (active area >50 cm2) to date. l-AA located at the buried interface also forms a barrier layer that can prevent undesirable chemical reactions at the NiOx/perovskite interface, significantly enhancing the device stability of solar cells and PSMs. These findings in our work provide important guidance for improving the NiOx/perovskite interface and the fabrication of highly efficient, low-cost, and large-area PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shihao Yuan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Hualin Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shibin Li
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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4
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Wang W, Zhu J, Huang Q, Zhu L, Wang D, Li W, Yu W. DFT Exploration of Metal Ion-Ligand Binding: Toward Rational Design of Chelating Agent in Semiconductor Manufacturing. Molecules 2024; 29:308. [PMID: 38257221 PMCID: PMC10819218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chelating agents are commonly employed in microelectronic processes to prevent metal ion contamination. The ligand fragments of a chelating agent largely determine its binding strength to metal ions. Identification of ligands with suitable characteristics will facilitate the design of chelating agents to enhance the capture and removal of metal ions from the substrate in microelectronic processes. This study employed quantum chemical calculations to simulate the binding process between eleven ligands and the hydrated forms of Ni2+, Cu2+, Al3+, and Fe3+ ions. The binding strength between the metal ions and ligands was quantified using binding energy and binding enthalpy. Additionally, we explored the binding interaction mechanisms and explained the differences in binding abilities of the eleven ligands using frontier molecular orbitals, nucleophilic indexes, electrostatic potentials, and energy decomposition calculations based on molecular force fields. Based on our computational results, promising chelating agent structures are proposed, aiming to guide the design of new chelating agents to address metal ion contamination issues in integrated circuit processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Q.H.); (W.L.)
| | - Junli Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of IC Materials Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201899, China;
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Q.H.); (W.L.)
- Shanghai Institute of IC Materials Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201899, China;
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Q.H.); (W.L.)
| | - Ding Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (W.W.)
| | - Weimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Q.H.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenjie Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Q.H.); (W.L.)
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5
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Zhang J, Yuan C, Dou H, Zhu R, Li L, Weng TC. Unveiling Carrier Relaxation Mechanism in Protonated/Deprotonated Carbon Dots and Their Solvent Effects via Ultrafast Spectroscopy. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301082. [PMID: 38155528 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The intricate nature of the surface structure of carbon dots (CDs) hinders a comprehensive understanding of their emission behavior. In this study, we employ two types of CDs created through acid-alkali treatments, one with surface protonation and the other with surface deprotonation, with the objective of investigating the impact of these surface modifications on carrier behavior using ultrafast spectroscopy techniques. TEM, XRD, FTIR and Raman spectra demonstrate the CDs' structure, featuring graphitic core and abundant surface functional groups. XPS confirms the successful surface modifications of CDs via protonation and deprotonation. Ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy reveals that deprotonation modification may decelerate the relaxation process, thereby increasing the visible PL quantum yields (PLQY). Conversely, protonation may accelerate the relaxation process due to the induced low-energy absorption band, resulting in self-absorption and reduced PLQY. Furthermore, TA analysis of CDs in mixed solvents with different proportions of ethanol shows the beneficial effect of ethanol in decelerating the relaxation process, leading to an increased PLQY of 33.7 % for deprotonated CDs and 22.1 % for protonated CDs. This study illuminates the intricate relationship between surface deprotonation/protonation modifications and carrier behavior in CDs, offering a potential avenue for the design of high-brightness CDs for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chunze Yuan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hongbin Dou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ruixue Zhu
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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6
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Ghosh M, Parida S, Khatoon H, Bera N, Mishra S, Sarkar N. Excited State Photophysics of Curcumin and its Modulation in Alkaline Non-Aqueous Medium. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300174. [PMID: 37269184 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, a well-known medicinal pigment, has seen limited applications in biology despite having great potential as a therapeutic drug. Deprotonation is one of the possible ways to enhance solubility of curcumin in polar solvent. Here, we have explored the effect of deprotonation on the ultrafast dynamics of this biomolecule with the help of the time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic measurements using the femtosecond fluorescence upconversion technique. The excited state photophysics of fully deprotonated curcumin significantly differs from that of neutral curcumin. We have observed that the completely deprotonated curcumin not only has higher quantum yield, but also higher excited state lifetime and slower solvation dynamics in comparison to neutral curcumin. We propose solvation dynamics and intramolecular charge transfer as the excited state processes associated with the radiative decay of the completely deprotonated molecule, while ruling out the possibility of excited state proton exchange or proton transfer. Our results are well supported by time-dependent density-functional theory calculations. Lastly, we have also demonstrated the possibility of modulating the ultrafast dynamics of fully deprotonated curcumin using non-aqueous alkaline binary solvent mixtures. We believe our results will provide significant physical insight towards unveiling the excited state dynamics of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, WB, India
| | - Sanjukta Parida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, WB, India
| | - Huma Khatoon
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, WB, India
| | - Nanigopal Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, WB, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, WB, India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, WB, India
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Hara S, Koike I. Survival of Bacteriophage T4 in Quasi-Pure Ionic Solutions. Viruses 2023; 15:1737. [PMID: 37632079 PMCID: PMC10459568 DOI: 10.3390/v15081737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The preservative qualities of individual ionic compounds impacting the infectivity of T4 virions were elucidated. T4 virions were immersed in quasi-pure ionic solutions prior to the adsorption process, and the plaque forming unit (pfu) values of these were measured following the conventional method. In neutral ionic solutions, the minimum and the optimum concentrations of preservative qualities corresponded with the results obtained from the multi-ionic media/buffers. In acid and alkali solutions, phages show tolerances at a pH range of 5-11 in multi-ionic media/buffers. T4 virions show no tolerance in quasi-pure acid, neutral, and weak alkaline conditions. The preservative quality of T4 virions increased in over 10-1 mM OH- solution, equivalent to a pH value over 10, which corresponds to the pKa of the deprotonation of the DNA bases G and T. Infectivity was lost below 10-1 mM OH- and higher than 10 mM OH-. These results imply that maintaining infectivity of a virion may need the flexibility of the intra-capsid DNA by deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Hara
- Miyazaki International College, 1405 Kano, Miyazaki 889-1605, Japan
| | - Isao Koike
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan;
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Popescu V, Blaga AC, Cașcaval D, Popescu A. Beta vulgaris L.-A Source with a Great Potential in the Extraction of Natural Dyes Intended for the Sustainable Dyeing of Wool. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1933. [PMID: 37653849 PMCID: PMC10222782 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Beta vulgaris L. is a biennial plant easily accessible all over the world, rich in various biologically active compounds, especially a class of extremely bioactive pigments known as betalains. These dyes predominate in the pulp and peels of beetroot, which is why they can be valorized in food, medicine or in the textile industry. In this work, betalains extractions were carried out applying 3 sustainable options: (1) dissolving/solubilizing betalains in water; (2) extraction under pressure; (3) extraction assisted by an enzyme/pectinase. The obtained extracts were analyzed in the UV-Vis domain, which allowed their characterization by determining the total monomeric anthocyanins, color density (control), polymeric density and browning index. The HPLC-MS analysis highlighted the extracts composition. The colors characteristics were determined through CIELab measurements. The performances of these 3 extracts, during green dyeing (without mordants), were evaluated according to the color characteristics (L*, a*, b* and K/S) of the dyed wool samples under different conditions: pH, temperature, duration of dyeing and volume of extract and stabilizers (Vitamin E and EDTA). Betalains can be considered acid dyes, with a low affinity for wool, which in a pronounced acidic environment dye the wool in an intense, uniform way and with good resistance to washing and rubbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilica Popescu
- Department of Chemical Engineering in Textiles and Leather, Faculty of Industrial Design and Business Management, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Cristina Blaga
- Department of Organic, Biochemical and Food Engineering, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Dan Cașcaval
- Department of Organic, Biochemical and Food Engineering, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Andrei Popescu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
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Tanabe T, Sato T, Fuku K, Takaishi S, Iguchi H. Deprotonation-Induced Color Modulation in N,N'-Dihydroxynaphthalenediimide-Based Organic Crystals. Chempluschem 2023:e202300140. [PMID: 36973181 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
N,N'-dihydroxy-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide (NDI-(OH)2) has attracted much attention in recent years, because its doubly deprotonated state, (O-NDI-O)2-, has metal-coordination ability and characteristic electronic transition useful for designing electronic and optical functions. In contrast, a molecular crystal with the mono-deprotonated (HO-NDI-O)- ion remains unknown. We herein report an organic crystal containing non-disproportionated (HO-NDI-O)- ions, which are connected by very strong O-H-O hydrogen bonds. Its lowest energy absorption band (450 to 650 nm) is observed in between that of NDI-(OH)2 (380 nm) and isolated (O-NDI-O)2- (500 to 850 nm) species, consistent with the molecular orbital calculations. This absorption originates from the electronic transition from deprotonated imide-based orbitals to NDI-core orbitals, which can be influenced by the hydrogen bonds around imide group. Consequently, the optical properties of NDI-(OH)2 can be modulated by the stepwise deprotonation and hydrogen-bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tappei Tanabe
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu, Department of Chemistry, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, 980-8578, Sendai, JAPAN
| | - Tetsu Sato
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Kentaro Fuku
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Shinya Takaishi
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Hiroaki Iguchi
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku, Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, JAPAN
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Ramírez-Velásquez IM, Bedoya-Calle ÁH, Vélez E, Caro-Lopera FJ. Dissociation Mode of the O-H Bond in Betanidin, pK a-Clusterization Prediction, and Molecular Interactions via Shape Theory and DFT Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032923. [PMID: 36769241 PMCID: PMC9917436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Betanidin (Bd) is a nitrogenous metabolite with significant bioactive potential influenced by pH. Its free radical scavenging activity and deprotonation pathway are crucial to studying its physicochemical properties. Motivated by the published discrepancies about the best deprotonation routes in Bd, this work explores all possible pathways for proton extractions on that molecule, by using the direct approach method based on pKa. The complete space of exploration is supported by a linear relation with constant slope, where the pKa is written in terms of the associated deprotonated molecule energy. The deprotonation rounds 1, …, 6 define groups of parallel linear models with constant slope. The intercepts of the models just depend on the protonated energy for each round, and then the pKa can be trivially ordered and explained by the energy. We use the direct approximation method to obtain the value of pKa. We predict all possible outcomes based on a linear model of the energy and some related verified assumptions. We also include a new measure of similarity or dissimilarity between the protonated and deprotonated molecules, via a geometric-chemical descriptor called the Riemann-Mulliken distance (RMD). The RMD considers the cartesian coordinates of the atoms, the atomic mass, and the Mulliken charges. After exploring the complete set of permutations, we show that the successive deprotonation process does not inherit the local energy minimum and that the commutativity of the paths does not hold either. The resulting clusterization of pKa can be explained by the local acid and basic groups of the BD, and the successive deprotonation can be predicted by using the chemical explained linear models, which can avoid unnecessary optimizations. Another part of the research uses our own algorithm based on shape theory to determine the protein's active site automatically, and molecular dynamics confirmed the results of the molecular docking of Bd in protonated and anionic form with the enzyme aldose reductase (AR). Also, we calculate the descriptors associated with the SET and SPLET mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana María Ramírez-Velásquez
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín 050034, Colombia
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellín 050026, Colombia
- Correspondence: (I.M.R.-V.); (F.J.C.-L.)
| | | | - Ederley Vélez
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellín 050026, Colombia
| | - Francisco J. Caro-Lopera
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellín 050026, Colombia
- Correspondence: (I.M.R.-V.); (F.J.C.-L.)
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11
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Andriyevsky B, Tarrat N, Cortés J, Schön JC. Dehydrogenation versus deprotonation of disaccharide molecules in vacuum: a thorough theoretical investigation. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220436. [PMID: 36249331 PMCID: PMC9554720 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrogenation and deprotonation of sucrose and trehalose molecules in vacuum is theoretically studied by using ab initio calculations in the framework of the density functional theory. The differences in the structural, electronic, energetic and vibrational properties of dehydrogenated and deprotonated molecules are discussed, depending on the site from which the hydrogen atom or the proton has been removed. The dehydrogenated molecules are found to be stable, regardless of which hydrogen atom is removed. This contrasts with the instability of the deprotonated molecules, where break-ups or structural reorganizations of the molecule are observed in 20-30% of the cases, but only when the hydrogen atom whose proton is removed was bonded to a carbon atom. Considering the stability and possible rearrangements of the hydrogen network of the deprotonated/dehydrogenated molecule, the formation of additional hydrogen-bridge bonds compared with the nominal molecule appears to be more pronounced for the deprotonated molecules than for the dehydrogenated ones. Moreover, our calculations show that the hydrogen-transfer energy barriers are usually larger for the deprotonated molecules than for the dehydrogenated ones. Finally, compared with the nominal molecule, the vibrational frequency spectrum is shifted to lower frequencies for both the dehydrogenated and the deprotonated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Andriyevsky
- Faculty of Electronics and Computer Science, Koszalin University of Technology, Śniadeckich Street 2, 74-453 Koszalin, Poland
| | - Nathalie Tarrat
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Cortés
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Johann Christian Schön
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Tian Y, Sakthivel T, Liu H, Guo S, Zeng H, Dai Z. Synergizing Hydrogen Spillover and Deprotonation by the Internal Polarization Field in a MoS 2 /NiPS 3 Vertical Heterostructure for Boosted Water Electrolysis. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2203615. [PMID: 35900215 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen spillover (HSo) has emerged to upgrade the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of Pt-support electrocatalysts, but it is not applicable to the deprotonated oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Non-precious catalysts that can perform well in both HSo and deprotonation (DeP) are extremely desirable for a sustainable hydrogen economy. Herein, an affordable MoS2 /NiPS3 vertical heterostructure catalyst is presented to synergize HSo and DeP for efficient water electrolysis. The internal polarization field (IPF) is clarified as the driving force of HSo in HER electrocatalysis. The HSo from the MoS2 edge to NiPS3 can activate the NiPS3 basal plane to boost the HER activity of the MoS2 /NiPS3 heterostructure (112 mV vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) at 10 mA cm-2 ), while for OER, the IPF in the heterostructure can facilitate the hydroxyl diffusion and render MoS2 -to-NiPS3 /P-to-S dual-pathways for DeP. As a result, the stacking of OER-inactive MoS2 on the NiPS3 surface still brings intriguing OER enhancements. With them serving as electrode couples, the overall water splitting is attested stably with a cell voltage of 1.64 V at 10 mA cm-2 . This research puts forward the IPF as the criterion in the rational design of HSo/DeP-unified non-precious catalysts for efficient water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoda Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Thangavel Sakthivel
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shengwu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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13
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Durko-Maciag M, Jacquemin D, Ulrich G, Massue J, Mysliwiec J. Color-Tunable Multifunctional Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Emitter: Stimulated Emission of a Single Dye. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201327. [PMID: 35616178 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The excited-state intramolecular proton transfer chromophores were regarded as good materials for laser action generation due to their inherent four-level photocycle. The excitation-dependent properties of these compounds enable light amplification from two distinct forms: both enol and keto, making it possible to obtain dual fluorescence emission. Herein, we report that a third option is possible for the first time stimulated emission was realized with a deprotonated ESIPT molecule based on a novel rigidified 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole derivative, triggering the possibility to fabricate real-time tunable active material. Through the rational engineering of the ratio of each emissive species, a red-green-blue device was fabricated with the possibility of white light generation. The degenerated two-wave mixing setup was applied to construct a continuously tunable distributed feedback laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Durko-Maciag
- Adv. Mater. Engineering and Modelling Group, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.,Insitut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, Universite de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Nantes University, 2 Rue de la Houssiniere, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Insitut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, Universite de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Massue
- Insitut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, Universite de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jaroslaw Mysliwiec
- Adv. Mater. Engineering and Modelling Group, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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14
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Shi J, Li Z, Lin T, Shi Z. Successive Deprotonation Steering the Structural Evolution of Supramolecular Assemblies on Ag(111). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123876. [PMID: 35744999 PMCID: PMC9231327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the structural evolution of a two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular assembly system, which is steered by the thermally activated deprotonation of the primary organic building blocks on a Ag(111) surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy revealed that a variety of structures, featuring distinct structural, chiral, and intermolecular bonding characters, emerged with the gradual thermal treatments. According to our structural analysis, in combination with density function theory calculations, the structural evolution can be attributed to the successive deprotonation of the organic building blocks due to the inductive effect. Our finding offers a facile strategy towards controlling the supramolecular assembly pathways and provides a comprehensive understanding of the 2D crystal engineering on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Zhanbo Li
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China;
| | - Tao Lin
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ziliang Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (Z.S.)
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15
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Yan Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Hu G, Tiwari V, Jiang DE, Peng W, Jha A, Duan HG, Tellkamp F, Ding Y, Shi W, Yuan S, Miller D, Ma W, Zhao J. Fundamental Flaw in the Current Construction of the TiO 2 Electron Transport Layer of Perovskite Solar Cells and Its Elimination. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:39371-39378. [PMID: 34433247 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The top-performing perovskite solar cells (efficiency > 20%) generally rely on the use of a nanocrystal TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL). However, the efficacies and stability of the current stereotypically prepared TiO2 ETLs employing commercially available TiO2 nanocrystal paste are far from their maximum values. As revealed herein, the long-hidden reason for this discrepancy is that acidic protons (∼0.11 wt %) always remain in TiO2 ETLs after high-temperature sintering due to the decomposition of the organic proton solvent (mostly alcohol). These protons readily lead to the formation of Ti-H species upon light irradiation, which act to block the electron transfer at the perovskite/TiO2 interface. Affront this challenge, we introduced a simple deprotonation protocol by adding a small amount of strong proton acceptors (sodium ethoxide or NaOH) into the common TiO2 nanocrystal paste precursor and replicated the high-temperature sintering process, which wiped out nearly all protons in TiO2 ETLs during the sintering process. The use of deprotonated TiO2 ETLs not only promotes the PCE of both MAPbI3-based and FA0.85MA0.15PbI2.55Br0.45-based devices over 20% but also significantly improves the long-term photostability of the target devices upon 1000 h of continuous operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301, Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- The Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guoxiang Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, New York 11367, United States
| | - Vandana Tiwari
- The Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wei Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ajay Jha
- The Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Hong-Guang Duan
- The Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Jungiusstraße 9, Hamburg 20355, Germany
- The Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 Street George Street, Toronto M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Friedjof Tellkamp
- The Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Yong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Weidong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301, Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shouqi Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301, Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dwayne Miller
- The Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 Street George Street, Toronto M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Wanhong Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Zang Y, Mi C, Wang R, Chen H, Peng P, Xiang Z, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Pyrolysis-Free Synthesized Catalyst towards Acidic Oxygen Reduction by Deprotonation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20865-20871. [PMID: 34288321 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acidic oxygen reduction is vital for renewable energy devices such as fuel cells. However, many aspects of the catalytic process are still uncertain-especially the large difference in activity in acidic and alkaline media. Thus, the design and synthesis of model catalysts to determine the active centers and the inactivation mechanism are urgently needed. We report a pyrolysis-free synthesis route to fabricate a catalyst (CPF-Fe@NG) for oxygen reduction in acidic conditions. By introducing a deprotonation process, we extended the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity from alkaline to acidic conditions. CPF-Fe@NG demonstrated outstanding performance with a half-wave potential of 853 mV (vs. RHE) and good stability after 10000 cycles in 1 M HClO4 . The pyrolysis-free route could also be used to assemble fuel cells, with a maximum power density of 126 mW cm-2 . Our findings offer new insights into the ORR process to optimize catalysts for both mechanistic studies and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chunxia Mi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhonghua Xiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Thomas C W Mak
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Xiao Z, He L, Hou X, Wei J, Ma X, Gao Z, Yuan Y, Xiao J, Li P, Yue T. Relationships between Structure and Antioxidant Capacity and Activity of Glycosylated Flavonols. Foods 2021; 10:849. [PMID: 33919682 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant capacity (AC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of three flavonols (FLV), aglycones and their glycosylated derivatives were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays in various solvents. Findings confirmed that the glycosylation at the 3-position (3-glycosylation) always decreased the AC under most conditions due to substitution of the 3-position hydroxyl group and glycoside disruption in the molecular planarity. The 7-glycosylated derivatives did not have the above effects, thus generally exhibited ACs similar to their aglycones. Glycosylation decreased the AA of kaempferol and isorhamnetin for both assays in methanol, 3-glycosylation inhibited quercetin AA in the ABTS assay. In the DPPH assay, the AA of 3-glycosylated quercetin was significantly higher than quercetin. Using LC–MS/MS analysis, we found that quercetin and quercetin-7-glucoside underwent dimerization during the antioxidant reaction, potentially leading to a decline in AAs. However, 3-glycoside substitution may have hindered dimer formation, thereby allowing the FLVs to retain strong free radical scavenging abilities.
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18
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Qi Y, Hu X, Yang X, Jia S, Zhong H. Competing Deprotonation and Electron Capture Dissociation in MALDI Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2021; 32:322-329. [PMID: 33200938 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A protonation/deprotonation mechanism has been established for the interpretation of ions in MALDI. We show herein that negative ions can be generated in different ways. Molecules with different electron affinities have been spotted on surfaces of TiO2, ZnO, and a stainless steel plate for the investigation of electron capture dissociation in comparison with photo- or thermal-induced deprotonation upon irradiation of the third harmonic of Nd3+:YAG (355 nm) laser pulses. Detection of C60•- and Fe (II) (porph•-) radical anions unambiguously demonstrates the electron-transfer process and the exothermic capture of electrons. Radical anions of fatty acids were difficult to observe because of electron-directed ultrafast homolytic cleavage of O-H bonds unless there is a conjugated system as that in C60 and porphyrin for the delocalization and stabilization of acquired changes. The surface basicity of substrate materials was found to determine the competition of the electron-capture dissociation with deprotonation processes. Multiple electron transfers to pyrrole, -COOH, and Fe2+ of the heme were observed on TiO2 and the stainless steel plate but not on ZnO. When the heme was deprotonated by proton sponge 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, the occurrence of electron transfer on TiO2 was also not observed. It is proposed that negative charges of deprotonated ions prevent electron transfer due to the repulsive force. When both deprotonation and electron transfer are inhibited, adsorbed fatty acids on TiO2 undergo dehydration reactions to form titanium esters. In contrast, ZnO generates gaseous micelles composed of positive metal ions and negative fatty acid ions through either deprotonation or electron-capture dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qi
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Hu
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Zhong
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
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19
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Abstract
Phosph(III)azanes, featuring the heterocyclobutane P2 N2 ring, have now been established as building blocks in main-group coordination and supramolecular compounds. Previous studies have largely involved their use as neutral P-donor ligands or as anionic N-donor ligands, derived from deprotonation of amido-phosphazanes [RNHP(μ-NR)]2 . The use of neutral amido-phosphazanes themselves as chelating, H-bond donors in anion receptors has also been an area of recent interest because of the ease by which the proton acidity and anion binding constants can be modulated, by the incorporation of electron-withdrawing exo- and endo-cyclic groups (R) and by the coordination of transition metals to the ring P atoms. We observed recently that the effect of P,N-chelation of metal atoms to the P atoms of cis-[(2-py)NHP(μ-Nt Bu)]2 (2-py=2-pyridyl) not only pre-organises the N-H functionality for optimum H-bonding to anions but also results in a large increase in anion binding constants, well above those for traditional organic receptors like squaramides and ureas. Here, we report a broader investigation of ligand chemistry of [(2-py)NHP(μ-t NBu)]2 (and of the new quinolyl derivative [(8-Qu)NHP(μ-Nt Bu)]2 (8-Qu=8-quinolyl). The additional N-donor functionality of the heterocyclic substituents and its position has a marked effect on the anion and metal coordination chemistry of both species, leading to novel structural behaviour and reactivity compared to unfunctionalized counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Plajer
- Chemistry Department, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Chemistry Department, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Chemistry Department, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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20
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Nakamura A, Latif MA, Deck PA, Castagnoli N, Tanko JM. Evidence for a Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Mechanism in a Biomimetic System for Monoamine Oxidase B Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:823-829. [PMID: 31658386 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies with 5-ethyl-3-methyllumiflavinium (Fl+ ) perchlorate, a biomimetic model for flavoenzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) catalysis, and the tertiary, allyl amine 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MMTP) reveal that proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) may be an important pathway for MAO catalysis. The first step involves a single-electron transfer (SET) leading to the free radicals Fl. and MMTP. , the latter produced by deprotonation of the initially formed and highly acidic MMTP.+ . Molecular oxygen (O2 ) is found to play a hitherto unrecognized role in the early steps of the oxidation. MMTP and several structurally similar tertiary amines are the only tertiary amines oxidized by MAO, and their structural/electronic properties provide the key to understanding this behavior. A general hypothesis about the role of SET in MAO catalysis, and the recognition that PCET occurs with appropriately substituted substrates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | | | - Paul A Deck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Neal Castagnoli
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - James M Tanko
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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21
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Penzkofer A, Silapetere A, Hegemann P. Photocycle Dynamics of the Archaerhodopsin 3 Based Fluorescent Voltage Sensor QuasAr1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010160. [PMID: 31881701 PMCID: PMC6982170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal photocycle dynamics of the fluorescent voltage sensor QuasAr1 (Archaerhodopsin 3 P60S-T80S-D95H-D106H-F161V mutant from Halorubrum sodomense) in pH 8 Tris buffer was studied. The samples were photoexcited to the first absorption band of the protonated retinal Schiff base (PRSB) Ret_580 (absorption maximum at λmax ≈ 580 nm), and the retinal Schiff base photoisomerization and protonation state changes were followed by absorption spectra recordings during light exposure and after light exposure. Ret_580 turned out to be composed of two protonated retinal Schiff base isomers, namely Ret_580I and Ret_580II. Photoexcitation of Ret_580I resulted in barrier-involved isomerization to Ret_540 (quantum yield ≈ 0.056) and subsequent retinal proton release leading to Ret_410 deprotonated retinal Schiff base (RSB). In the dark, Ret_410 partially recovered to Ret_580I and partially stabilized to irreversible Ret_400 due to apoprotein restructuring (Ret_410 lifetime ≈ 2 h). Photoexcitation of Ret_580II resulted in barrier-involved isomerization to Ret_640 (quantum yield ≈ 0.00135) and subsequent deprotonation to Ret_370 (RSB). In the dark, Ret_370 partially recovered to Ret_580II and partially stabilized to irreversible Ret_350 due to apoprotein restructuring (Ret_370 lifetime ≈ 10 h). Photocycle schemes and reaction coordinate diagrams for Ret_580I and Ret_580II were developed and photocyle parameters were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Penzkofer
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-943-2107
| | - Arita Silapetere
- Experimentelle Biophysik, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Experimentelle Biophysik, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (P.H.)
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22
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Wielińska J, Nowacki A, Liberek B. 5-Fluorouracil-Complete Insight into Its Neutral and Ionised Forms. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203683. [PMID: 31614932 PMCID: PMC6832121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5FU), a common anti-cancer drug, occurs in four tautomeric forms and possesses two potential sites of both protonation and deprotonation. Tautomeric and resonance structures of the ionized forms of 5FU create the systems of connected equilibriums. Since there are contradictory reports on the ionized forms of 5FU in the literature, complex theoretical studies on neutral, protonated and deprotonated forms of 5FU, based on the broad spectrum of DFT methods, are presented. These indicate that the O4 oxygen is more willingly protonated than the O2 oxygen and the N1 nitrogen is more willingly deprotonated than the N3 nitrogen in a gas phase. Such preferences are due to advantageous charge delocalization of the respective ions, which is demonstrated by the NBO and ESP analyses. In an aqueous phase, stability differences between respective protonated and deprotonated forms of 5FU are significantly diminished due to the competition between the mesomeric effect and solvation. The calculated pKa values of the protonated, neutral and singly deprotonated 5FU indicate that 5FU does not exist in the protonated and double-deprotonated forms in the pH range of 0–14. The neutral form dominates below pH 8 and the N1 deprotonated form dominates above pH 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Wielińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Nowacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Beata Liberek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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23
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Skibińska M, Kaźmierczak M, Milcent T, Cytlak T, Koroniak H, Crousse B. Direct Access to Substituted 4-CF 3 β-Lactams at the C-3 Position. Front Chem 2019; 7:526. [PMID: 31448256 PMCID: PMC6691124 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and disubstituted 4-CF3 β-lactams at the C-3 position have been obtained stereoselectively under basic conditions. A wide range of function such as alcohols, alkyls, aryls, esters, and double and triple bonds have been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Skibińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland,Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8076 CNRS, BioCIS, University of Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marcin Kaźmierczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland,Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Thierry Milcent
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8076 CNRS, BioCIS, University of Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Tomasz Cytlak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland,Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland,*Correspondence: Tomasz Cytlak
| | - Henryk Koroniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Benoit Crousse
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8076 CNRS, BioCIS, University of Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France,Benoit Crousse
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24
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Weidener D, Singh K, Blümich B. Synthesis of α-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated esters monitored by 1D and 2D benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Chem 2019; 57:852-860. [PMID: 30702770 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For optimization and control of pharmaceutically and industrially important reactions, chemical information is required in real time. Instrument size, handling, and operation costs are important criteria to be considered when choosing a suitable analytical method apart from sensitivity and resolution. This present study explores the use of a robust and compact nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer to monitor the stereo-selective formation of α-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated esters from α-fluoro-β-keto esters via deprotonation and deacylation in real time. These compounds are precursors of various pharmaceutically active substances. The real-time study revealed the deprotonation and deacylation steps of the reaction. The reaction was studied at temperatures ranging from 293 to 333 K by interleaved one-dimensional 1 H and 19 F and two-dimensional 1 H-1 H COSY experiments. The kinetic rate constants were evaluated using a pseudo first-order kinetic model. The activation energies for the deprotonation and deacylation steps were determined to 28 ± 2 and 63.5 ± 8 kJ/mol, respectively. This showed that the deprotonation step is fast compared with the deacylation step and that the deacylation step determines the rate of the overall reaction. The reaction was repeated three times at 293 K to monitor the repeatability and stability of the system. The compact NMR spectrometer provided detailed information on the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction, which is essential for optimizing the synthetic routes for stepwise syntheses of pharmaceutically active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Weidener
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) have become promising nanoscale building blocks due to their extraordinary performance. However, there are numerous challenges related to the preparation of ANFs, such as the lengthy preparation cycle (7-10 days), low preparation concentration (0.2 wt %), and high difficulty in quantitatively judging the end point of the deprotonation reaction. Herein, we report three time-saving and high-efficiency strategies (fibrillation, ultrasonication, and proton donor-assisted deprotonation) to prepare ANFs with excellent performance. The fiber micromorphology during the deprotonation and protonation recovery processes was first investigated. Then the end point of the deprotonation reaction was detected by Raman spectra and the cationic demand of the ANF/DMSO system. Finally, the size, preparation cycle, and performance of the corresponding ANFs and ANF films fabricated by different approaches were investigated in detail. The results showed that proton donor-assisted deprotonation significantly shortened the traditional preparation cycle from 7 days to 4 h, and is the most efficient method reported thus far. It is noteworthy that a high concentration of ANFs (4.0 wt %) could also be achieved within 12 h. Interestingly, the fabricated ANFs exhibit rigid morphology and a small diameter with a narrow size distribution (10.7 ± 1.0 nm). The resultant ANF film displays desired characteristics of high strength and toughness. The work offers a timesaving, feasible and effective strategy to realize the large-scale production for ANFs, which will facilitate the application of ANFs in the production of advanced nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , No. 6, Xuefu Road , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , No. 6, Xuefu Road , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Meiyun Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , No. 6, Xuefu Road , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , No. 6, Xuefu Road , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Xueyao Ding
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , No. 6, Xuefu Road , Xi'an 710021 , China
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26
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Bailey LS, Alves M, Galy N, Patrick AL, Polfer NC. Mechanistic insights into intramolecular phosphate group transfer during collision induced dissociation of phosphopeptides. J Mass Spectrom 2019; 54:449-458. [PMID: 30860300 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the rearrangement chemistry of model phosphorylated peptides during collision-induced dissociation (CID), where intramolecular phosphate group transfers are observed from donor to acceptor residues. Such "scrambling" could result in inaccurate modification localization, potentially leading to misidentifications. Systematic studies presented herein provide mechanistic insights for the unusually high phosphate group rearrangements presented some time ago by Reid and coworkers (Proteomics 2013, 13 [6], 964-973). It is postulated here that a basic residue like histidine can play a key role in mediating the phosphate group transfer by deprotonating the serine acceptor site. The proposed mechanism is consistent with the observation that fast collisional activation by collision-cell CID and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) can shut down rearrangement chemistry. Additionally, the rearrangement chemistry is highly dependent on the charge state of the peptide, mirroring previous studies that less rearrangement is observed under mobile proton conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mélanie Alves
- Département de chimie, UFR 926, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Galy
- Département de chimie, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Amanda L Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicolas C Polfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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27
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Ogunwale MA, Knipp RJ, Evrard CN, Thompson LM, Nantz MH, Fu XA. The Influence of β-Ammonium Substitution on the Reaction Kinetics of Aminooxy Condensations with Aldehydes and Ketones. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:815-822. [PMID: 30725495 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201801143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The click-chemistry capture of volatile aldehydes and ketones by ammonium aminooxy compounds has proven to be an efficient means of analyzing the carbonyl subset in complex mixtures, such as exhaled breath or environmental air. In this work, we examine the carbonyl condensation reaction kinetics of three aminooxy compounds with varying β-ammonium ion substitution using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). We determined the activation energies for the reactions of the aminooxy compounds ATM, ADMH and AMAH with a panel of ketones and aldehydes that included acrolein and crotonaldehyde. The measurements indicate that the activation energies for the oximation reactions are quite low, less than 75 kJ mol-1 . ADMH is observed to react the fastest with the carbonyls studied. We postulate this result may be attributed to the ADMH ammonium proton effecting a Brønsted-Lowry acid-catalyzed elimination of water during the rate-determining step of oxime ether formation. A theoretical study of oxime ether formation is presented to explain the enhanced reactivity of ADMH relative to the tetraalkylammonium analog ATM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumiye A Ogunwale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Ralph J Knipp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Clint N Evrard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Lee M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
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28
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Tsunekawa N, Ogawa H, Tsueda J, Akiba T, Toyoshima C. Mechanism of the E2 to E1 transition in Ca 2+ pump revealed by crystal structures of gating residue mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12722-7. [PMID: 30482857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815472115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA1a) pumps two Ca2+ per ATP hydrolyzed from the cytoplasm and two or three protons in the opposite direction. In the E2 state, after transferring Ca2+ into the lumen of sarcoplasmic reticulum, all of the acidic residues that coordinate Ca2+ are thought to be protonated, including the gating residue Glu309. Therefore a Glu309Gln substitution is not expected to significantly perturb the structure. Here we report crystal structures of the Glu309Gln and Glu309Ala mutants of SERCA1a under E2 conditions. The Glu309Gln mutant exhibits, unexpectedly, large structural rearrangements in both the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains, apparently uncoupling them. However, the structure definitely represents E2 and, together with the help of quantum chemical calculations, allows us to postulate a mechanism for the E2 → E1 transition triggered by deprotonation of Glu309.
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29
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Abstract
A series of benzoylguanidinium salts was prepared and the changes in UV/Vis spectra, triggered by the presence of anions, were investigated. All compounds undergo deprotonation with basic anions like dihydrogenphosphate and acetate in acetonitrile. The most pronounced spectral changes were obtained by deprotonation of N1 -benzoyl-N3 -(p-nitrophenyl) guanidinium chloride which shows the naked-eye visible color change from colorless to yellow. Measured pKa (BH+ ) in acetonitrile ranges from 12-16, which is comparable to the pyridinium cations. The proton transfer equilibria were also tested in acetonitrile/water mixture where all but the most acidic derivatives showed pKa (BH+ ) of 4-6 units which corresponds to apparent association constants of 104 -106 dm3 mol-1 . UV/Vis spectra of neutral and protonated forms were modelled by the TD-DFT approach using CAM-B3LYP and PBE0 functionals and compared to CC2 results. In the case of CAM-B3LYP, a parameter ω, defining amount of long-range exchange correction, was varied to achieve the best agreement with the experimental spectra. The optimized ω parameters are 0.10 a0 -1 for neutral benzoylguanidines and 0.20 a0 -1 for neutral nitrobenzoyl and protonated systems. The larger ω parameter in the latter is ascribed to more pronounced charge transfer character of the HOMO-LUMO transition - the one responsible for the lowest energy absorption band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Glasovac
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Barešić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Antol
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Margetić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Ewing TA, Nguyen QT, Allan RC, Gygli G, Romero E, Binda C, Fraaije MW, Mattevi A, van Berkel WJH. Two tyrosine residues, Tyr-108 and Tyr-503, are responsible for the deprotonation of phenolic substrates in vanillyl-alcohol oxidase. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14668-14679. [PMID: 28717004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of oxidoreductases from the VAO/para-cresol methylhydroxylase flavoprotein family catalyze the oxidation of para-substituted phenols. One of the best-studied is vanillyl-alcohol oxidase (VAO) from the fungus Penicillium simplicissimum For oxidation of phenols by VAO to occur, they must first be bound in the active site of the enzyme in their phenolate anion form. The crystal structure of VAO reveals that two tyrosine residues, Tyr-108 and Tyr-503, are positioned to facilitate this deprotonation. To investigate their role in catalysis, we created three VAO variants, Y108F, Y503F, and Y108F/Y503F, and studied their biochemical properties. Steady-state kinetics indicated that the presence of at least one of the tyrosine residues is essential for efficient catalysis by VAO. Stopped-flow kinetics revealed that the reduction of VAO by chavicol or vanillyl alcohol occurs at two different rates: kobs1, which corresponds to its reaction with the deprotonated form of the substrate, and kobs2, which corresponds to its reaction with the protonated form of the substrate. In Y108F, Y503F, and Y108F/Y503F, the relative contribution of kobs2 to the reduction is larger than in wild-type VAO, suggesting deprotonation is impaired in these variants. Binding studies disclosed that the competitive inhibitor isoeugenol is predominantly in its deprotonated form when bound to wild-type VAO, but predominantly in its protonated form when bound to the variants. These results indicate that Tyr-108 and Tyr-503 are responsible for the activation of substrates in VAO, providing new insights into the catalytic mechanism of VAO and related enzymes that oxidize para-substituted phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Ewing
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Quoc-Thai Nguyen
- the Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,the Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and.,the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Robert C Allan
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Gygli
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira Romero
- the Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Claudia Binda
- the Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- the Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- the Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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31
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Yang C, Fontaine O, Tarascon JM, Grimaud A. Chemical Recognition of Active Oxygen Species on the Surface of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8652-8656. [PMID: 28561531 PMCID: PMC5575555 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the transient nature of the intermediates formed during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the surface of transition metal oxides, their nature remains largely elusive by the means of simple techniques. The use of chemical probes is proposed, which, owing to their specific affinities towards different oxygen species, unravel the role played by these species on the OER mechanism. For that, tetraalkylammonium (TAA) cations, previously known for their surfactant properties, are introduced, which interact with the active oxygen sites and modify the hydrogen bond network on the surface of OER catalysts. Combining chemical probes with isotopic and pH-dependent measurements, it is further demonstrated that the introduction of iron into amorphous Ni oxyhydroxide films used as model catalysts deeply modifies the proton exchange properties, and therefore the OER mechanism and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhen Yang
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, Collège de France, UMR 8260, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Fontaine
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, Université Montpellier, UMR 5253, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Tarascon
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, Collège de France, UMR 8260, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France.,Department of Chemistry, UPMC, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.,ALISTORE-European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Alexis Grimaud
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, Collège de France, UMR 8260, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France
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32
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Matsuura MF, Kim HJ, Takahashi D, Abboud KA, Benner SA. Crystal structures of deprotonated nucleobases from an expanded DNA alphabet. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2016; 72:952-959. [PMID: 27918296 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229616017071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is the crystal structure of a heterocycle that implements a donor-donor-acceptor hydrogen-bonding pattern, as found in the Z component [6-amino-5-nitropyridin-2(1H)-one] of an artificially expanded genetic information system (AEGIS). AEGIS is a new form of DNA from synthetic biology that has six replicable nucleotides, rather than the four found in natural DNA. Remarkably, Z crystallizes from water as a 1:1 complex of its neutral and deprotonated forms, and forms a `skinny' pyrimidine-pyrimidine pair in this structure. The pair resembles the known intercalated cytosine pair. The formation of the same pair in two different salts, namely poly[[aqua(μ6-2-amino-6-oxo-3-nitro-1,6-dihydropyridin-1-ido)sodium]-6-amino-5-nitropyridin-2(1H)-one-water (1/1/1)], denoted Z-Sod, {[Na(C5H4N3O3)(H2O)]·C5H5N3O3·H2O}n, and ammonium 2-amino-6-oxo-3-nitro-1,6-dihydropyridin-1-ide-6-amino-5-nitropyridin-2(1H)-one-water (1/1/1), denoted Z-Am, NH4+·C5H4N3O3-·C5H5N3O3·H2O, under two different crystallization conditions suggests that the pair is especially stable. Implications of this structure for the use of this heterocycle in artificial DNA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko F Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Hyo Joong Kim
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Blvd, Box 17, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Steven A Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Blvd, Box 17, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
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Naoda K, Osuka A. A Doubly Zwitterionic Antiaromatic [28]Hexaphyrin Formed upon Deprotonation of 5,20-Di(N-methyl-4-pyridinium)-Substituted [28]Hexaphyrin. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2849-2853. [PMID: 27529538 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A rectangular 5,20-di(4-pyridyl) [26]hexaphyrin was reduced with NaBH4 to give the corresponding twisted Möbius aromatic [28]hexaphyrin. Subsequent double N-methylation gave a dicationic 5,20-di(N-methyl-4-pyridinium) [28]hexaphyrin, which was converted to a doubly zwitterionic and Hückel antiaromatic [28]hexaphyrin upon deprotonation with sodium methoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Naoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Liu K, Zhao X, Liu Q, Huo J, Zhu B, Diao S. Fluoride-driven 'turn on' ESPT in the binding with a novel benzimidazole-based sensor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:563-7. [PMID: 25977729 PMCID: PMC4419554 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel fluorescence sensor (BIP) bearing NH and OH subunits displayed a highly selective and sensitive recognition property for fluoride over other anions. Fluoride-driven ESPT, poorly used in anion recognition and sensing, was suggested to be responsible for the fluorescence enhancement with a blue shift of 35 nm in the emission spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jianzhong Huo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Shihua Diao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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Becker L, Haehnel M, Spannenberg A, Arndt P, Rosenthal U. Reactions of group 4 metallocenes with monosubstituted acetonitriles: keteniminate formation versus C-C coupling. Chemistry 2015; 21:3242-8. [PMID: 25641093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of the Group 4 metallocene dichlorides [Cp'2 MCl2 ] (1 a: M=Ti, Cp'=Cp*=η(5) -pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, 1 b: M=Zr, Cp'=Cp=η(5) -cyclopentadienyl) with lithiated MesCH2-C≡N gave [Cp*2 TiCl(N=C=C(HMes))] (3; Mes=mesityl) in the case of 1 a. For compound 1 b, a nitrile-nitrile coupling resulted in a five-membered bridge in 4. The reaction of the metallocene alkyne complex [Cp*2 Zr(η(2) -Me3 SiC2 SiMe3 )] (2) with PhCH2 C≡N led in the first step to the unstable product [Cp*2 Zr(η(2) -Me3 SiC2 SiMe3 )(NC=CH2 Ph)] (5). After the elimination of the alkyne, a mixture of products was formed. By variation of the solvent and the reaction temperature, three compounds were isolated: a diazadiene complex 6, a bis(keteniminate) complex 7, and 8 with a keteniminate ligand and a five-membered metallacycle. Subsequent variation of the Cp ligand and the metal center by using [Cp2 Zr] and [Cp*2 Ti] with Me3 SiC2 SiMe3 in the reactions with PhCH2-C≡N gave complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Becker
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381-1281-51176
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Naka M, Kawasaki-Takasuka T, Yamazaki T. Regioselective carbon-carbon bond formation of 5,5,5-trifluoro-1-phenylpent-3-en-1-yne. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2182-8. [PMID: 24204431 PMCID: PMC3817480 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The regioselective carbon–carbon bond formation was studied using 5,5,5-trifluoro-1-phenylpent-3-en-1-yne as a model substrate, and predominant acceptance of electrophiles β to a CF3 group as well as a deuterium trap experiment of the lithiated species led to the conclusion that the obtained regioselectivity is kinetically determined for the reactions with electrophiles, under equilibration of the possible two anionic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Naka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakamachi, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
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Zheng F, Zhang J, Fu X, Xie Z. Reactions of 13-vertex carboranes with strong bases: synthesis and structural characterization of carborane monoanions with exo-π bonding. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1886-91. [PMID: 23589522 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several monoanions of 13-vertex carboranes were prepared in high yields from the reactions of C,C'-linked 13-vertex carboranes with tBuOK or NaH in dry THF at room temperature. These monoanions were characterized by various spectroscopic methods, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results showed substantial double-bond character between the cage-carbon atom and the exo vicinal carbon atom, thus leading to charge delocalization into the cage. As a result, the atom-atom distances within the cage were elongated, with one broken C-B bond. However, the cage geometry of the monoanions remained very similar to that of their corresponding neutral 13-vertex closo-carboranes. These monoanions represent the first examples of 13-vertex carboranes with exo-π bonding to hypercarbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Auger electron spectroscopy is demonstrated to be a very efficient tool to probe alterations in local chemical environment due to changes in protonation states. We show that electronic and geometric structure changes induced by protonation or deprotonation are well reflected in Auger spectra through characteristic chemical shifts and spectral shape variations. We also present evidence that Auger spectra are sensitive to relative concentrations of compounds in different protonation states. Special attention is paid to the high kinetic energy spectral regions that exhibit remarkable features resulting from core ICD-like transitions in normal species and Auger transitions in deprotonated fragments. The latter contribution was so far ignored when explaining Auger spectra of species embedded in the environment. This contribution should be reconsidered, taking into account the recently discovered possibility of ultrafast dissociation of core-ionized hydrogen-bonded systems in media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Kryzhevoi
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Yang Z, Zhang K, Gong F, Li S, Chen J, Ma JS, Sobenina LN, Mikhaleva AI, Yang G, Trofimov BA. A new fluorescent chemosensor for fluoride anion based on a pyrrole-isoxazole derivative. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:46-52. [PMID: 21286394 PMCID: PMC3028564 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules containing polarized NH fragments that behave as anion-binding motifs are widely used as receptors for recognition and sensing purposes in aprotic solvents. We present here a new example of a receptor, 3-amino-5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indol-2-yl)isoxazole-4-carboxamide (receptor 1), which contains pyrrole, amide and amino subunits. This receptor shows both changes in its UV–vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra upon the addition of F−, resulting in highly selectivity for fluoride detection over other anions, such as Cl−, Br−, I−, HSO4−, H2PO4− and AcO− in CH3CN. 1H NMR titration, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations and other experiments confirm that the sensing process is brought about by deprotonation of the pyrrole-NH in receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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