Timesaving, High-Efficiency Approaches To Fabricate Aramid Nanofibers

Direct Ink Writing of Low-Concentration MXene/Aramid Nanofiber Inks for Tunable Electromagnetic Shielding and Infrared Anticounterfeiting Applications

MXene inks offer a promising avenue for the scalable production and customization of printing electronics. However, simultaneously achieving a low solid content and printability of MXene inks, as well as mechanical flexibility and environmental stability of printed objects, remains a challenge. In this study, we overcame these challenges by employing high-viscosity aramid nanofibers (ANFs) to optimize the rheology of low-concentration MXene inks. The abundant entangled networks and hydrogen bonds formed between MXene and ANF significantly increase the viscosity and yield stress up to 103 Pa·s and 200 Pa, respectively. This optimization allows the use of MXene/ANF (MA) inks at low concentrations in direct ink writing and other high-viscosity processing techniques. The printable MXene/ANF inks with a high conductivity of 883.5 S/cm were used to print shields with customized structures, achieving a tunable electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) in the 0.2-48.2 dB range. Furthermore, the MA inks exhibited adjustable infrared (IR) emissivity by changing the ANF ratio combined with printing design, demonstrating the application for infrared anticounterfeiting. Notably, the printed MXene/ANF objects possess outstanding mechanical flexibility and environmental stability, which are attributed to the reinforcement and protection of ANF. Therefore, these findings have significant practical implications as versatile MXene/ANF inks can be used for customizable, scalable, and cost-effective production of flexible printed electronics.

Multifunctional Liquid Metal-Bridged Graphite Nanoplatelets/Aramid Nanofiber Film for Thermal Management

Miniaturization of modern micro-electronic devices urges the development of multi-functional thermal management materials. Traditional polymer composite-based thermal management materials are promising candidates, but they suffer from single functionality, high cost, and low fire-resistance. Herein, a multifunctional liquid metal (LM)-bridged graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs)/ aramid nanofibers (ANFs) film is fabricated via a facile vacuum-assisted self-assembly approach followed by compression. ANFs serve as interfacial binders to link LM and GNPs together via hydrogen bondings and π-π interactions, while LM bridges the adjacent layer of GNPs to endow a fast thermal transport by phonons and electrons. The resultant composite films exhibit a high bidirectional thermal conductivity (In-plane: 29.5 W m-1K-1 and through-plane: 5.3 W m-1K-1), offering a reliable and effective cooling. Moreover, the as-fabricated composite films exhibit superior flame-retardance (peak of heat release rate of 4000J g-1), outstanding Joule heating performance (200 °C at supplied voltage of 3.5 V), and excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE of 62 dB). This work provides an efficient avenue to fabricate multifuntional thermal management materials for micro-electronic devices, battery thermal management, and artificial intelligence.

Flexible and Compressible Nanostructure-Assembled Aramid Nanofiber/Silica Composites Aerogel

The Applications of silica aerogel are limited due to its brittleness and low strength. As a result, it is essential to strengthen and toughen it. Organic nanofibers are one of the preferred reinforcement materials. In this work, we designed and fabricated flexible and compressible nanostructure-assembled aramid nanofiber/silica composites aerogel (ANF/SiO2 aerogel) to improve the mechanical strength and flexibility of silica aerogel without compromising thermal insulation properties. The aramid nanofiber/silica composite aerogels were prepared by immersing the aramid nanofiber wet gel into the silica sol for a certain period of time followed by freeze drying without solvent replacement. The surface modifier 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was used as a coupling agent to form chemical linkage between the ANF fiber and silica gel. It was observed that APTES can effectively drive the silica sol to infuse into ANF hydrogel, promoting the assembly of silica gel onto the fiber surface and a uniform distribution in the network of ANF. The compressive resilience, thermal stability, and thermal insulation properties of the composite aerogels were evaluated by inducing the silica aerogel into the ANF network to form a protective layer on the fiber and change the pore structure in the ANF network.

Aqueous Dispersion of Aramid Nanofibers Achieved by Using Tannic Acid for Ultrahigh Strength Films

Polymer nanofibers have established a robust foundation and possess immense potential in various emerging fields such as sensors and biotechnology. In this study, aqueous dispersions of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) were successfully prepared by using tannic acid (TA). Morphological analysis revealed that TA effectively prevented self-aggregation of ANFs, and preserved the nanofiber structure during TA-assisted solvent exchange. Subsequently, the ANF and TA/ANF films were fabricated using casting and vacuum-assisted filtration techniques. Notably, the tensile strength of the casting TA/ANF film reached 393.8 MPa, exhibiting a remarkable improvement of 41.3% compared to that of the pure ANF film. These exceptional mechanical properties can be attributed to the well-dispersed nanostructures, hydrogen-bonding interactions, zigzag structures, and fiber-bridging effects. Furthermore, the TA/ANF film demonstrated superior ultraviolet (UV) shielding capabilities, visible transparency properties, and excellent resistance to chemical reagents. The above-mentioned interesting findings demonstrate its potential as a nanofiber-reinforced material for poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composites.

Visible Microfluidic Deprotonation for Aramid Nanofibers as Building Blocks of Cascade-Microfluidic-Processed Colloidal Aerogels

 Microfluidic deprotonation approach is proposed to realize continuous, scalable, efficient, and uniform production of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) by virtue of large specific surface area, high mixing efficiency, strong heat transfer capacity, narrow residence time distribution, mild laminar-flow process, and amplification-free effect of the microchannel reactor. By means of monitoring capabilities endowed by the high transparency of the microchannel, the kinetic exfoliation process of original aramid particles is in situ observed and the corresponding exfoliation mechanism is established quantificationally. The deprotonated time can be reduced from the traditional several days to 7 min for the final colloidal dispersion due to the synergistic effect between enhanced local shearing/mixing and the rotational motion of aramid particles in microchannel revealed by numerical simulations. Furthermore, the cascade microfluidic processing approach is used to make various ANF colloidal aerogels including aerogel fibers, aerogel films, and 3D-printed aerogel articles. Comprehensive characterizations show that these cascade-microfluidic-processed colloidal aerogels have identical features as those prepared in batch-style mode, revealing the versatile use value of these ANFs. This work achieves significant progress toward continuous and efficient production of ANFs, bringing about appreciable prospects for the practical application of ANF-based materials and providing inspiration for exfoliating any other nano-building blocks.

Nacre-Inspired Aramid Nanofibers/Basalt Fibers Composite Paper with Excellent Flame Retardance and Thermal Stability by Constructing an Organic-Inorganic Fiber Alternating Layered Structure

The flame-retardant paper has gradually evolved into a necessary material in various industries as a result of the rising importance of fire safety, energy efficiency, and environmental preservation. Traditional cellulose paper requires the addition of a large amount of flame retardants to achieve flame retardancy, which poses a serious threat to mechanical quality and the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop inorganic fiber flame-retardant paper with good flexibility, high thermal stability, and inherent flame retardancy. Herein, inspired by the "brick-and-mortar" layered structure of nature nacre, we developed a layered composite paper with a unique alternating arrangement of organic-inorganic fibers by synergistically integrating environmentally sustainable basalt fiber (BF) and high-performance aramid nanofibers (ANFs) through a vacuum-assisted filtration process. The as-prepared ANFs/BF composite paper exhibited low thermal conductivity (0.024 W m-1 K-1), high tensile strength (54.22 MPa), and excellent flexibility. Thanks to its excellent thermal stability, the mechanical strength remains at a high level (92%) after heat treatment at 300 °C for 60 min. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate and smoke generation of ANFs/BF composite paper decreased by 44.6 and 95.3%, respectively. Therefore, the composite paper is promising for applications as a protective layer in flexible electronic devices, cables, and fire-retardant and high-temperature fields.

A superstable, flexible, and scalable nanofluidic ion regulation composite membrane

Two-dimensional layered membranes with high and stable ion transport properties have various applications in nanofluidic devices; however, their construction remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we develop a superstable aramid nanofiber/graphite composite membrane with numerous one-dimensional and two-dimensional nano-confined interspaces for ultrafast ion transport. The fabricated flexible and scalable membrane exhibits high tensile strength (∼115.3 MPa) even after immersion in water for 90 days. Further, the aramid nanofiber/graphite conductor features the surface-charge-governed ion transport behavior. The ionic conductivity of the membrane at a low potassium chloride concentration of 10-4 mol/L can be enhanced by 16 times that of the bulk counterpart. More importantly, its structure and ionic conductivity remain unchanged even after immersion in different harsh solutions (e.g., acid, base, and ethanol) for over 30 days. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the superstability of the membrane is attributable to the robust interchain interactions within the aramid nanofibers and the strong interfacial interactions between the aramid nanofibers and graphite nanosheets. This study highlights the superior structural stability of the proposed flexible and scalable aramid nanofiber/graphite composite membrane, which could be employed in advanced nanofluidic devices for application under extreme working environments.

Novel Fabrication of Basalt Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Aspect Ratios Toward Enhanced Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Aramid Nanofiber-Based Composite Nanopapers

The rapid development of modern electrical equipment has led to urgent demands for electrical insulating materials with mechanical reliability and excellent dielectric properties. Herein, basalt nanosheets (BSNs) with high aspect ratios (≈780.1) are first exfoliated from basalt scales (BS) through a reliable chemical/mechanical approach. Meanwhile, inspired by the layered architecture of natural nacre, nacre-mimetic composite nanopapers are reported containing a 3D aramid nanofibers (ANF) framework as a matrix and BSNs as ideal building blocks through vacuum-assisted filtration. The as-prepared ANF-BSNs composite nanopapers exhibit considerably enhanced mechanical properties with ultralow BSNs content. These superiorities are wonderfully integrated with exceptional dielectric breakdown strength, prominent volume resistivity, and extremely low dielectric constant and loss, which are far superior to conventional nacre-mimetic composite nanopapers. Notably, the tensile strength and breakdown strength of ANF-BSNs composite nanopapers with a mere 1.0 wt% BSNs reach 269.40 MPa and 77.91 kV mm-1 , respectively, representing an 87% and 133% increase compared to those of the control ANF nanopaper. Their properties are superior to those of previously reported nacre-mimetic composite nanopapers and commercial insulating micropapers, indicating that ANF-BSNs composite nanopapers are a highly promising electrical insulating material for miniaturized high-power electrical equipment.

Nickel nanoparticle decorated silicon carbide as a thermal filler in thermal conductive aramid nanofiber-based composite films for heat dissipation applications

Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) have shown potential applications in the fields of nanocomposite reinforcement, battery separators, thermal insulation and flexible electronics. However, the inherent low thermal conductivity limits the application of ANFs, currently, to ensure long lifetime in electronics. In this work, new nickel (Ni) nanoparticles were employed to decorate the silicon carbide (SiC) filler by a rapid and non-polluting method, in which nickel acetate tetrahydrate (Ni(CH₃COO)₂·4H₂O) and SiC were mixed and heated under an inert atmosphere. The composites as thermal fillers were applied to prepare an aramid nanofiber (ANF)-based composite film. Our results showed that the decoration of SiC by an appropriate amount of Ni nanoparticles played an important role in improving the thermal conductivity, hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and puncture resistance of the ANF composite film. After adjusting the balling time at 10 h, the optimized content of 10 mol% Ni nanoparticles improved the thermal conductivity to 0.502 W m^-1 K^-1, 298.4% higher than that of the original ANF film. Moreover, increasing the content of thermal fillers to 30 wt% realized a high thermal conductivity of 0.937 W m^-1 K^-1, which is 643.7% higher than that of the pristine ANF film. Moreover, the compatibility between thermal fillers and ANFs and thermal stability were improved for the ANF-composite films. The effective heat transfer function of our composite films was further confirmed using a LED lamp and thermoelectric device. In addition, the obtained composite films show certain mechanical properties and better hydrophobicity; these results exhibit their great potential applications in electronic devices.

Reducing volume expansion in micro silicon anodes via aramid nanofibers for stable lithium-ion batteries

The aramid nanofibers form networks on micro silicon particles (ANF-SMPs) by cryofixation and acid-induced protonation, whose zongzi-like wrapping structure reduces volume expansion during (de)lithiation. The obtained ANF-SMP electrode achieves a high capacity retention of 90.7% after 100 cycles at 0.5C, which maps a promising future for anodes with a long lifespan.

Fabricating strong and tough aramid fibers by small addition of carbon nanotubes

Synthetic high-performance fibers present excellent mechanical properties and promising applications in the impact protection field. However, fabricating fibers with high strength and high toughness is challenging due to their intrinsic conflicts. Herein, we report a simultaneous improvement in strength, toughness, and modulus of heterocyclic aramid fibers by 26%, 66%, and 13%, respectively, via polymerizing a small amount (0.05 wt%) of short aminated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), achieving a tensile strength of 6.44 ± 0.11 GPa, a toughness of 184.0 ± 11.4 MJ m^-3, and a Young's modulus of 141.7 ± 4.0 GPa. Mechanism analyses reveal that short aminated SWNTs improve the crystallinity and orientation degree by affecting the structures of heterocyclic aramid chains around SWNTs, and in situ polymerization increases the interfacial interaction therein to promote stress transfer and suppress strain localization. These two effects account for the simultaneous improvement in strength and toughness.

Ordered Heterostructured Aerogel with Broadband Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Based on Mesoscopic Magnetic Superposition Enhancement

Demand for lightweight and efficient electromagnetic wave (EW) absorbers continues to increase with technological advances in highly integrated electronics and military applications. Although MXene-based EW absorbers have been extensively developed, more efficient electromagnetic coupling and thinner thickness are still essential. Recently, ordered heterogeneous materials have emerged as a novel design concept to address the bottleneck faced by current material development. Herein, an ordered heterostructured engineering to assemble Ti₃ CNT_x MXenes/Aramid nanofibers/FeCo@SiO₂ nanobundles (FS) aerogel (AMFS-O) is proposed, where the commonly disordered magnetic composition is transformed to ordered FS arrays that provide more powerful magnetic loss capacity. Experiments and simulations reveal that the anisotropy magnetic networks enhance the response to the magnetic field vector of EW, which effectively improves the impedance matching and makes the reflection loss (RL) peaks shift to lower frequencies, leading to the thinner matching thickness. Furthermore, the temperature stability and excellent compressibility of AMFS-O expand functionalized applications. The synthesized AMFS-O achieves full-wave absorption in X and Ku-band (8.2-18.0 GHz) at 3.0 mm with a RL_min of -41 dB and a low density of 0.008 g cm^-3 . These results suggest that ordered heterostructured engineering is an effective strategy for designing high-performance multifunctional EW absorbers.

Regulating the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of TaS2 Films via van der Waals and Electrostatic Interaction for High Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Low-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have unique electronic structure, vibration modes, and physicochemical properties, making them suitable for fundamental studies and cutting-edge applications such as silicon electronics, optoelectronics, and bioelectronics. However, the brittleness, low toughness, and poor mechanical and electrical stabilities of TMD-based films limit their application. Herein, a TaS2 freestanding film with ultralow void ratio of 6.01% is restacked under the effect of bond-free van der Waals (vdW) interactions within the staggered 2H-TaS2 nanosheets. The restacked films demonstrated an exceptionally high electrical conductivity of 2,666 S cm-1, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 41.8 dB, and absolute EMI SE (SSE/t) of 27,859 dB cm2 g-1, which is the highest value reported for TMD-based materials. The bond-free vdW interactions between the adjacent 2H-TaS2 nanosheets provide a natural interfacial strain relaxation, achieving excellent flexibility without rupture after 1,000 bends. In addition, the TaS2 nanosheets are further combined with the polymer fibers of bacterial cellulose and aramid nanofibers via electrostatic interactions to significantly enhance the tensile strength and flexibility of the films while maintaining their high electrical conductivity and EMI SE.This work provides promising alternatives for conventional materials used in EMI shielding and nanodevices.

Highly Ordered Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Aramid Nanofiber Conductive Foams Modulated by Kevlar Polyanion for Piezoresistive Sensing and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Highly ordered and uniformly porous structure of conductive foams is a vital issue for various functional purposes such as piezoresistive sensing and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. With the aids of Kevlar polyanionic chains, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) foams reinforced by aramid nanofibers (ANF) with adjustable pore-size distribution were successfully obtained via a non-solvent-induced phase separation. In this regard, the most outstanding result is the in situ formation of ANF in TPU foams after protonation of Kevlar polyanion during the NIPS process. Furthermore, in situ growth of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on TPU/ANF foams was performed according to the electroless deposition by using the tiny amount of pre-blended Ti3C2Tx MXene as reducing agents. Particularly, the existence of Cu NPs layers significantly promoted the storage modulus in 2,932% increments, and the well-designed TPU/ANF/Ti3C2Tx MXene (PAM-Cu) composite foams showed distinguished compressive cycle stability. Taking virtues of the highly ordered and elastic porous architectures, the PAM-Cu foams were utilized as piezoresistive sensor exhibiting board compressive interval of 0-344.5 kPa (50% strain) with good sensitivity at 0.46 kPa-1. Meanwhile, the PAM-Cu foams displayed remarkable EMI shielding effectiveness at 79.09 dB in X band. This work provides an ideal strategy to fabricate highly ordered TPU foams with outstanding elastic recovery and excellent EMI shielding performance, which can be used as a promising candidate in integration of satisfactory piezoresistive sensor and EMI shielding applications for human-machine interfaces.

Cellulose nanocrystal functionalized aramid nanofiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposites with high strength and toughness

The mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites can be improved by incorporating various types of nanofillers. The hybridization of nanofillers through covalent linkages between nanofillers with different dimensions and morphology can further increase the properties of nanocomposites. In this work, aramid nanofibers (ANFs) are modified using chlorinated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and functionalized with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to improve the chemical and mechanical interaction in an epoxy matrix. The integration of CNC functionalized ANFs (fACs) in the epoxy matrix simultaneously improves Young's modulus, tensile strength, fracture properties, and viscoelastic properties. The test results show that 1.5 wt% fAC reinforced epoxy nanocomposites improve Young's modulus and tensile strength by 15.1% and 10.1%, respectively, and also exhibit 2.5 times higher fracture toughness compared to the reference epoxy resin. Moreover, the glass transition temperature and storage modulus are found to increase when fACs are incorporated. Thus, this study demonstrates that the enhanced chemical and mechanical interaction by the CNC functionalization on the ANFs can further improve the static and dynamic mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites.

Enhanced Electromagnetic Shielding and Thermal Management Properties in MXene/Aramid Nanofiber Films Fabricated by Intermittent Filtration

High-efficiency electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and heat dissipation synergy materials with flexible, robust, and environmental stability are urgently demanded in next-generation integration electronic devices. In this work, we report the lamellar MXene/Aramid nanofiber (ANF) composite films, which establish a nacre-like structure for EMI shielding and heat dissipation by using the intermittent filtration strategy. The MXene/ANF composite film filled with 50 wt % MXene demonstrates enhanced mechanical properties with a strength of 230.5 MPa, an elongation at break of 6.2%, and a toughness of 11.8 MJ·m³ (50 wt % MXene). These remarkable properties are attributed to the hydrogen bonding and highly oriented structure. Furthermore, due to the formation of the MXene conductive network, the MXene/ANF composite film shows an outstanding conductivity of 624.6 S/cm, an EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 44.0 dB, and a superior specific SE value (SSE/t) of 18847.6 dB·cm²/g, which is better than the vacuum filtration film. Moreover, the MXene/ANF composite film also shows a great thermal conductivity of 0.43 W/m·K. The multifunctional MXene/ANF composite films with high-performance EMI shielding, heat dissipation, and joule heating show great potential in the field of aerospace, military, microelectronics, microcircuit, and smart wearable electronics.

Pressure Drop Performance of Porous Composites Based on Cotton Cellulose Nanofiber and Aramid Nanofiber for Cigarette Filter Rod

Porous composites have been widely used in the adsorption and catalysis field due to their special structure, abundant sites, and light weight. In this work, an environmentally friendly porous composite was successfully prepared via a facile freeze-drying method, in which cotton cellulose nanofiber (CCNF) was adopted as the main framework to construct the connected flue structure, and aramid nanofiber (ANF) was used as a reinforcer to enhance its thermal property. As-prepared porous materials retained a regulated inter-connected hole structure and controllable porosity after ice template evolution and possessed improved resistance to thermal collapse with the introduction of a small amount of aramid nanofiber, as evaluated and verified by FTIR, SEM, and TGA measurements. With the increased addition of cotton cellulose nanofiber and aramid nanofiber, the porous composites exhibited decreased porosity and increased pressure drop performance. For the CCNF/ANF-5 sample, the pressure drop was 1867 Pa with a porosity of 7.46 cm³/g, which best met the required pressure drop value of 1870 Pa. As-prepared porous composite with adjustable interior structure and enhanced thermal property could be a promising candidate in the tobacco field.

Synergistically Constructed Electromagnetic Network of Magnetic Particle-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes and MXene for Efficient Electromagnetic Shielding

Lightweight polymer-based nanostructured aerogels are crucial for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding to protect electronic devices and humans from electromagnetic radiation. The construction of three-dimensional (3D) conductive networks is crucial to realize the excellent electromagnetic shielding performance of polymer-based aerogels. However, it is difficult to realize the interconnection of different conductive fillers in the polymer matrix, which limits the further improvement of their performance. Herein, 3D ordered hierarchical porous Fe₃O₄-decorated carbon nanotube (Fe₃O₄@CNT)/MXene/cross-linked aramid nanofiber (c-ANF)/polyimide (PI) aerogels were prepared via a unidirectional freezing strategy. Benefiting from the magnetic loss effect of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles, the conductive and dielectric loss effects of CNTs, and the multiple reflections induced by the 3D ordered hierarchical porous structure, the Fe₃O₄@CNTs/MXene/c-ANFs/PI (FMCP) aerogels with the same contents of 8 wt % of Fe₃O₄@CNTs and MXene exhibit a high absolute EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of up to 67.42 dB and a microwave reflection (SE_R) of 0.60 dB. More importantly, the phase transition of a small amount of MXene to TiO₂ optimizes the impedance matching and transmission and then improves the microwave absorption. The FMCP aerogel has an outstanding normalized surface specific SE (SSE/t) which is up to 62,654 dB cm²·g^-1. Meantime, the FMCP aerogels also show super-elasticity and could maintain 91.72% of the maximum stress after 1000 cycles of compression release under a fixed deformation of 60%.

A Robust, Flexible, Hydrophobic, and Multifunctional Pressure Sensor Based on an MXene/Aramid Nanofiber (ANF) Aerogel Film

Pressure sensors with desirable flexibility, robustness, and versatility are urgently needed for complicated smart wearable devices. However, developing an ideal multifunctional flexible sensor is still challenging. In this work, a composite aerogel film sensor with an internal three-dimensional (3D) microporous and hierarchical structure is successfully fabricated by the self-assembly of aramid nanofiber (ANF) and conductive MXene by vacuum-assisted filtration and ice crystal growth. The resultant MXene/ANF aerogel film with a mass ratio of 3/7 (30% MAAF) presents high robustness with an outstanding tensile strength of 14.1 MPa and a modulus of 455 MPa while retaining appealing flexibility and sensitive characteristics due to the 3D microstructure. Accompanied by superior electric conductivity, the MAAF sensor performs noticeably in human motion and microexpression detection with a fast response time of 100 ms and a high sensitivity of 37.4 kPa^-1. In addition, MAAF exhibits considerable thermal shielding performance based on the excellent thermostability. Moreover, it possesses prominent electrothermal property with a wide heating temperature range (32.7-242 °C) in a fast thermal response time (5 s) due to the Joule effect. Additionally, a hydrophobic SiO₂ coating is introduced on the surface of MAAF to further broaden the sensing application, and the obtained MAAF@SiO₂ sensor shows distinguished sensing capability underwater, which can be accurately applied to swimming monitoring. Therefore, this work provides a highly flexible, lightweight, robust, and multifunctional aerogel film sensor, showing promising potential in smart wearable sensing and healthcare devices, intelligent robots, and underwater detection.

Hybrid nanofibrous aerogels for all-in-one solar-driven interfacial evaporation

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is an emerging technology to obtain fresh water using solar energy. However, the complicated system and the corresponding fabrication process severely restrict its large-scale and cost-effective production. Herein, an all-in-one solar-driven interfacial evaporator was fabricated via a hybrid nanofibrous aerogel of aramid nanofibers (ANFs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Assisted by the reprotonation of the ANFs, CNTs are assembled into the nanofibrous network for through-body light-to-heat activity, and AuNPs are set on the surface layer to enhance solar absorption. The aerogel also features low thermal conductivity to suppress heat losses and high capillary action to wick and confine water within the aerogels. Benefitting from the synergistic effect, the aerogel shows a high evaporation rate of 1.53 kg m^-2h^-1 and an evaporation efficiency of 91.3% under 1 sun irradiation. Simultaneously, the evaporator demonstrates high purification capacity for wastewaters with dyes and heavy metal ions. The integrated structure design and facile fabrication process would make the hybrid nanofibrous aerogel-based all-in-one evaporators promising for cost-effective and large-scale application under ambient solar irradiance.

Aramid Nanofibers-Reinforced Rhein Fibrous Hydrogels as Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Burn Wound Dressings

Burn injuries are one of the most devastating traumas. The development of polymer-based hydrogel dressings to prevent bacterial infection and accelerate burn wound healing is continuously desired. Mechanical strong hydrogels that encapsulated antibacterial drugs have gained increasing attention. Herein, aramid nanofibers (ANFs)-reinforced rhein fibrous hydrogels (ANFs/Rhein) were fabricated through a one-pot procedure to serve as a possible treatment for the Staphylococcus aureus-infected burn wound. ANFs preserved the highly aligned backbones and the mechanical properties of Kevlar, and its combination with an antibacterial drug rhein produced a composite hydrogel that possesses favorable physicochemical properties including appropriate mechanical strength, high water holding capacity, satisfactory antibacterial efficiency, and excellent biocompatibility. As wound dressings, ANFs/Rhein hydrogels provided a moist environment for the wound site and released antibacterial drugs continuously to improve the wound healing rate by efficiently restraining bacterial infection, reducing inflammation, enhancing collagen deposition, and promoting the formation of blood vessels, in this way to offer a potential treatment strategy for bacteria-associated burn wound healing.

Valuable aramid/cellulose nanofibers derived from recycled resources for reinforcing carbon fiber/phenolic composites

The scale-up preparation of aramid nanofiber (ANF) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF), still faces serious challenges such as extreme production cost and lengthy preparation cycle. Herein, a feasible top-down strategy was proposed to achieve the efficient reclamation of waste resources, further realizing the large-scale production of high value-added nanofibers. The ANF/CNF as nanoscale building blocks and their reinforcement effects on the mechanical performances of carbon fiber/phenolic composites were investigated. Related strength and modulus of ANF/CNF-enhanced composites in the tensile, bending, shear and nano indentation tests, increased by 118.1% (tensile strength), 141.2% (tensile modulus), 142.2% (flexural strength), 354.4% (flexural modulus), 38.8% (shear strength) and 94.4% (elastic modulus), respectively. Our work offers a valuable reference in the fabrication of low-cost ANF/CNF derived from waste resources, which would facilitate the wide application of nanofibers in fabricating high-performance advanced functional materials.

Kevlar-like Aramid Polymers from Mixed PET Waste

This work describes the synthetic approaches, spectroscopic and thermal characterization of aramid polymers prepared from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) via sustainable and scalable processes. Direct depolymerization of PET with aliphatic diamines under melt conditions resulted in decomposition without substantial formation of any aramid polymer. The Higashi-Ogata methodology or direct polycondensation of terephthalic acid (TPA) derived from PET waste and p-phenylenediamine, resulted in oligomerization and formation of aramids with a low degree of polymerization. The highest molecular weight polymers were obtained via the acid chloride of TPA, the traditional method. A proprietary solvent enabled the dissolution of most polymers and subsequent size exclusion chromatography analysis in the same solvent. We emphasize that although the soluble polymer compounds are prepared via the traditional route, they are novel. The apparent molecular weights of the soluble polymers ranged between 10-35 kDa (M _n ) and 28-81 kDa (M _w ). All analogues were prepared with commercially available diamines and diamine combinations. The obtained solid powders were dissolved in D₂SO₄ and analyzed spectroscopically to qualitatively evaluate the degrees of polymerization, while the solids were characterized via thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Many reaction conditions were employed to improve the solution polycondensation reaction, and it was found that addition of pyridine (2 eq) to the NMP reaction medium was crucial in preventing the precipitation of the polymer. Contrary to conventional wisdom, CaCl₂ did not play a crucial role in the molecular weight increase of the polymer when oxydianiline was used. Our data indicated that the temperature and absence of CaCl₂ provided a boost in molecular weight. Both room temperature and 0 °C reactions generated similar polymers as suggested by nuclear magnetic resonance; however, the cold conditions enhanced gel formation, an important attribute in the future processing of these materials to obtain fibers. All analogues had a high degradation temperature at 5 and 10% weight loss (_5% and T_10%), above 400 °C, along with high percent char values. A glass transition (T _g) was not detected in any of the analogues prepared.

An Ultra-Stretchable Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Based on Tannic Acid Modified Aramid Nanofibers for Use as a Strain Sensor

The mechanical performance is critical for hydrogels that are used as strain sensors. p-Aramid nanofiber (ANF) is preferable as an additive to the reinforce the mechanical performance of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). However, due to the limited hydrogen bond sites, the preparation of ultra-stretchable, ANF-based hydrogel strain sensor is still a challenge. Herein, we reported an ultra-stretchable PVA hydrogel sensor based on tea stain-inspired ANFs. Due to the presence of numerous phenol groups in the tannic acid (TA) layer, the interaction between PVA and the ANFs was significantly enhanced even though the mass ratio of TA@ANF in the hydrogel was 2.8 wt‰. The tensile breaking modulus of the PVA/TA@ANF/Ag hydrogel sensor was increased from 86 kPa to 326 kPa, and the tensile breaking elongation was increased from 356% to 602%. Meanwhile, the hydrogel became much softer, and no obvious deterioration of the flexibility was observed after repeated use. Moreover, Ag NPs were formed in situ on the surfaces of the ANFs, which imparted the sensor with electrical conductivity. The hydrogel-based strain sensor could be used to detect the joint movements of a finger, an elbow, a wrist, and a knee, respectively. This ultra-stretchable hydrogel described herein was a promising candidate for detecting large-scale motions.

The effect of different poly fibers separator-modified materials on blocking polysulfides for high performance Li-S batteries

Herein, we reported that KOH impregnation can generate a large number of porous structures with fruitful nitrogen self-doped groups during the carbonized process for poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber and poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) fiber (denoted as PPTA and PBO, respectively). The intrinsical insulation, volume change, and shuttle effect of polysulfides then can be more significantly improved for the PBO-coated separator than the PPTA case. The discharge capacity primary achieves 1,322 mA h/g, which retains 827 mA h/g even after 200 cycles at 0.2 C for the cell with PBO-coated separator. The reversible specific discharge capacity maintains 841 mA h/g with a Coulomb efficiency of 99.7% at 5 C. The nitrogen self-doped nanocarbon particles are etched by KOH with the simple one-step preparation, which has promising application as Li-S battery cathode.

In Situ Loading of Polypyrrole onto Aramid Nanofiber and Carbon Nanotube Aerogel Fibers as Physiology and Motion Sensors

Nanocomposite conductive fiber has been newly developed as a lightweight material with high flexibility and strong weavability, which can meet the requirements of flexible wearable devices. Herein, lightweight porous aramid nanofibers (ANF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogel fibers coated with polypyrrole (PPy) layers are prepared by a wet spinning method for motion detection and information transmission. The ANF/CNT/PPy aerogel fiber with low density (56.3 mg/cm³), conductivity (6.43 S/m), and tensile strength (2.88 MPa) were used as motion sensors with high sensitivity (0.12) and long life (1000 cycles). At the same time, the differential conductivity of aerogel fibers is utilized to reduce the information transmission time (up to 46%). High- and low-temperature-resistant (-196 to 100 °C) aerogel fibers are also available as a quick heater and ionic solution detector. In summary, the prepared ANF/CNT/PPy aerogel fiber can be used as a multifunctional sensor for human-health detection and motion monitoring.

Proton Donor-Regulated Mechanically Robust Aramid Nanofiber Aerogel Membranes for High-Temperature Thermal Insulation

High-performance thermal insulators are urgently desired for energy-saving and thermal protection applications. However, the creation of such materials with synchronously ultralow thermal conductivity, lightweight, and mechanically robust properties still faces enormous challenges. Herein, a proton donor-regulated assembly strategy is presented to construct asymmetric aramid nanofiber (ANF) aerogel membranes with a dense skin layer and a high-porous nanofibrous body part. The asymmetric structure originates from the otherness of the structural restoration of deprotonated ANFs and the resulting ANF assembly due to the diversity of available proton concentrations. Befitting from the synergistic effect of the distinct architectures, the resulting aerogel membranes exhibit excellent overall performance in terms of a low thermal conductivity of 0.031 W·m^-1·K^-1, a low density of 19.2 mg·cm^-3, a high porosity of 99.53%, a high tensile strength of 11.8 MPa (16.5 times enhanced), high heat resistance (>500 °C), and high flame retardancy. Furthermore, a blade-scraping process is further proposed to fabricate the aerogel membrane in a continuous and scalable manner, as it is believed to have potential applications in civil and military fields.

Super-Tough and Environmentally Stable Aramid. Nanofiber@MXene Coaxial Fibers with Outstanding Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Efficiency

Although electrically conductive and hydrophilic MXene sheets are promising for multifunctional fibers and electronic textiles, it is still a challenge to simultaneously enhance both conductivity and mechanical properties of MXene fibers because of the high rigidity of MXene sheets and insufficient inter-sheet interactions. Herein, we demonstrate a core-shell wet-spinning methodology for fabricating highly conductive, super-tough, ultra-strong, and environmentally stable Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based core-shell fibers with conductive MXene cores and tough aramid nanofiber (ANF) shells. The highly orientated and low-defect structure endows the ANF@MXene core-shell fiber with super-toughness of ~ 48.1 MJ m^-3, high strength of ~ 502.9 MPa, and high conductivity of ~ 3.0 × 10⁵ S m^-1. The super-tough and conductive ANF@MXene fibers can be woven into textiles, exhibiting an excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency of 83.4 dB at a small thickness of 213 μm. Importantly, the protection of the ANF shells provides the fibers with satisfactory cyclic stability under dynamic stretching and bending, and excellent resistance to acid, alkali, seawater, cryogenic and high temperatures, and fire. The oxidation resistance of the fibers is demonstrated by their well-maintained EMI shielding performances. The multifunctional core-shell fibers would be highly promising in the fields of EMI shielding textiles, wearable electronics and aerospace.

Mechanically Robust and Elastic Graphene/Aramid Nanofiber/Polyaniline Nanotube Aerogels for Pressure Sensors

The preparation of graphene-based aerogels with excellent mechanical strength, elasticity, and compressibility is still a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a robust, elastic, and lightweight graphene/aramid nanofiber/polyaniline nanotube (rGO/ANF/PANIT) aerogel that is prepared by mixing graphene oxide (GO), ANF, and PANIT dispersions, followed by thermal treatment at 90 °C, freeze-drying, and a low-temperature annealing process. The PANIT bonds the graphene sheets tightly, benefitting the formation of composite gels. The ANF tightly interconnects the graphene sheets and further reinforces the composite network framework significantly, hence endowing rGO/ANF/PANIT composite aerogels with robust mechanical property. The prepared aerogels present a low density of ∼12 mg cm^-3, high conductivity, good resilience, and high compressibility. The rGO/ANF/PANIT aerogels as pressure sensors exhibit a high sensitivity of 1.73 kPa^-1, low detection limit (40 Pa), wide detection range, and excellent compressive cycle stability, highlighting the promising applications in pressure-sensitive electrical devices, including medical health detection, wearable electronics, and intelligent packaging fields.

Ultrafast formation of ANFs with kinetic advantage and new insight into the mechanism

Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) have important applications in many fields, including electrical insulation and battery separators. However, a few limitations seriously restrict the application of ANFs currently, such as low preparation efficiency and the unclear preparation mechanism. To overcome these limitations, the present work proposes a new view-point from the perspective of reaction kinetics. The preparation efficiency was proven to essentially rely on the effective c(OH^-). With a simple pre-treatment, a kinetic advantage was created and the preparation time of ANFs was reduced from multiple hours to 10 minutes, which was a considerable step towards practical applications. Moreover, the resultant ANF membranes still exhibited excellent properties in terms of mechanical strength (tensile strength > 160 MPa), thermal stability, light transmittance, and electrical insulation (above 90 kV mm^-1). This work not only presents an ultrafast method to produce ANFs but also provides new insights into the mechanism that will benefit the subsequent development of ANF-based materials.

Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Flexible Piezoresistive Physical Sensors

MXenes have received increasing attention due to their two-dimensional layered structure, high conductivity, hydrophilicity, and large specific surface area. Because of these distinctive advantages, MXenes are considered as very competitive pressure-sensitive materials in applications of flexible piezoresistive sensors. This work reviews the preparation methods, basic properties, and assembly methods of MXenes and their recent developments in piezoresistive sensor applications. The recent developments of MXene-based flexible piezoresistive sensors can be categorized into one-dimensional fibrous, two-dimensional planar, and three-dimensional sensors according to their various structures. The trends of multifunctional integration of MXene-based pressure sensors are also summarized. Finally, we end this review by describing the opportunities and challenges for MXene-based pressure sensors and the great prospects of MXenes in the field of pressure sensor applications.

Super-assembly of freestanding graphene oxide-aramid fiber membrane with T-mode subnanochannels for sensitive ion transport

Biomimetic nacre-like membranes composed of two-dimensional lamellar sheets and one-dimensional nanofibers exhibit high mechanical strength and excellent stability. Thus, they show substantial application in the field of membrane science and water purification. However, the limited techniques for the assembly of two-dimensional lamellar membranes and one-dimensional nanofibers hamper their development and application. Herein, we developed a nacre-like and freestanding graphene oxide/aramid fiber membrane with abundant T-mode subnanochannels by introducing aramid fibers into graphene oxide interlamination via the super-assembly interaction between graphene oxide and aramid fibers. Benefiting from the presence of stable and adjustable sub-nanometer-size ion transport channels, the graphene oxide/aramid fiber composite membrane exhibited excellent mono/divalent ion selectivity of 3.51 (K⁺/Mg²⁺), which is superior to that of the pure graphene oxide membrane. The experimental results suggest that the mono/divalent ion selectivity is ascribed to the subnanochannels in the graphene oxide/aramid fiber composite membrane, electrostatic repulsion interaction and strong interaction between the divalent metal ion and carboxyl groups. Moreover, the composite membrane exhibited remarkable charge selectivity with a K⁺/Cl^- ratio of up to ∼158, indicating that this graphene oxide/aramid fiber composite membrane has great potential for application in energy conversion. This study provides an avenue to prepare freestanding and nacre-like composite membranes with abundant T-mode ion transport channels for ion recognition and energy conversion, which also shows great application prospects in the field of membrane science and water purification.

Enhanced air filtration performances by coating aramid nanofibres on a melt-blown nonwoven

Nanofibre membranes with a small diameter and a large specific surface area are widely used in the filtration field due to their small pore size and high porosity. To date, aramid nanofibres (ANFs) have received extensive research interest because of their high stiffness and excellent temperature resistance. However, the preparation of ANFs usually takes a long time, which greatly hampers the practical application of these fibres. Herein, we report the preparation of ANFs by a modified deprotonation method at elevated temperature. Owing to the increase of temperature, the preparation cycle of ANFs was shortened to 8 hours. The resulting ANF dispersion was further coated on a polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven to form a composite nonwoven filter. With the submicron porous structure, the filtration efficiency, pressure drop and quality factor of the filter were 95.61%, 38.22 Pa and 0.082 Pa^-1, respectively. Compared to the pristine nonwoven, the filtration, mechanical, and heat insulation properties of the composite filter were also significantly improved. This work may offer a simple and efficient way for enhancing the air filtration performances of current filters.

Fabricating lignin-based carbon nanofibers as versatile supercapacitors from food wastes

Recently, the high-value utilization of food wastes has attracted great interest in sustainable development. Focusing on the major application of electrochemical energy storage (ECES), light-weight lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNFs) were controllably fabricated as supercapacitors from melon seed shells (MSS) and peanut shells (PS) through electrospinning and carbonizing processes. As a result, the optimal specific capacitance of 533.7 F/g in three-electrode system, energy density of 69.7 Wh/kg and power density of 780 W/Kg in two-electrode system were achieved. Surprisingly, the LCNFs also presented a satisfied electromagnetic absorption property: The minimum reflection loss (RL) value reached -37.2 dB at an absorbing frequency of 7.98 GHz with an effective frequency (RL < 10 dB) of 2.24 GHz (6.88 to 9.12 GHz) at a thickness of 3.0 mm. These features make the multifunctional LCNFs highly attractive for light-weight supercapacitor electrodes and electromagnetic wave absorbers applications.

Transparent cellulose/aramid nanofibers films with improved mechanical and ultraviolet shielding performance from waste cotton textiles by in-situ fabrication

Cellulose films with biodegradability and intrinsically antistatic property have many applications. However, conventional cellulose films show poor toughness and UV-shielding property, and the major sources are high-grade cotton linter or wood pulp. Herein, by using low-cost waste cotton textiles as the raw materials, we successfully fabricated transparent cellulose/aramid nanofibers (ANFs) films, in which in-situ retained ANFs had a diameter of 20-30 nm and a length of several micrometers. Because ANFs and cellulose chains formed strong hydrogen bonding interactions, the tensile strength and elongation of the resultant cellulose/ANFs film with 1.0 wt% ANFs could reach 54.4 MPa and 15.8%, respectively, increased by 63.4% and 154% compared to those of pure cellulose film (33.3 MPa and 6.2%). Meanwhile, the cellulose/ANFs films show excellent UV-shielding properties and irradiation stability. Hence, the novel cellulose/ANFs films with improved mechanical and UV-shielding performance were in-situ prepared leading to enhance the valorization of waste cotton textiles.

Mechanically Robust Flexible Multilayer Aramid Nanofibers and MXene Film for High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Thermal Insulation

In order to overcome the various defects caused by the limitations of solid metal as a shielding material, the development of electromagnetic shielding materials with flexibility and excellent mechanical properties is of great significance for the next generation of intelligent electronic devices. Here, the aramid nanofiber/Ti3C2Tx MXene (ANF/MXene) composite films with multilayer structure were successfully prepared through a simple alternate vacuum-assisted filtration (AVAF) process. With the intervention of the ANF layer, the multilayer-structure film exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The ANF2/MXene1 composite film exhibits a tensile strength of 177.7 MPa and a breaking strain of 12.6%. In addition, the ANF5/MXene4 composite film with a thickness of only 30 μm exhibits an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency of 37.5 dB and a high EMI-specific shielding effectiveness value accounting for thickness (SSE/t) of 4718 dB·cm2 g-1. Moreover, the composite film was excellent in heat-insulation performance and in avoiding light-to-heat conversion. No burning sensation was produced on the surface of the film with a thickness of only 100 μm at a high temperature of 130 °C. Furthermore, the surface of the film was only mild when touched under simulated sunlight. Therefore, our multilayer-structure film has potential significance in practical applications such as next-generation smart electronic equipment, communications, and military applications.

Polyvinyl alcohol-mediated splitting of Kevlar fibers and superior mechanical performances of the subsequently assembled nanopapers

In this work, a composite of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was prepared by PVA-assisted splitting of macro Kevlar fibers, which assures the uniform wrapping of PVA chains on the surface of ANFs, thus leading to an enhanced interfacial bonding strength between ANFs and PVA. The morphological characterizations manifest the enhanced diameters of the ANFs after PVA wrapping. The subsequently assembled ANFs/PVA paper shows a strength of 283.25 MPa and a toughness of 32.41 MJ m^-3, which are increased by 57% and 152% compared to the pure ANF paper, respectively. The superior mechanical properties are attributed to the strong interfacial bonding strength, enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions, the densification of the materials, and curved fracture paths. Meanwhile, the ANFs/PVA paper also shows robust UV shielding and visible transparency properties, as well as excellent environmental stabilities, especially at high and low temperatures.

Mechanically strong multifunctional three-dimensional crosslinked aramid nanofiber/reduced holey graphene oxide and aramid nanofiber/reduced holey graphene oxide/polyaniline hydrogels and derived films

To endow high mechanical strength and thermal stability aramid nanofibers (ANF) with novel functionality will lead to great applications. Herein, a strategy to generate covalent bonds among components towards obtaining uniform ANF/reduced holey graphene oxide (ANF/rHGO) and ANF/rHGO/polyaniline (ANF/rHGO/PANI) hydrogels with high mechanical properties is proposed through solvent exchange gelation and subsequent hydrothermal treatment. The as-prepared ANF/rHGO and ANF/rHGO/PANI hydrogels demonstrate excellent recoverability at high compressive strength of 20.2 and 13.8 kPa with a strain of 34.4% and 30.6%, respectively, compared to a recoverability of 92.5% at a strain of ∼20% for ANF hydrogels. Moreover, ANF/rHGO and ANF/rHGO/PANI aerogels possess fast and high oil absorption capacity of 38.9-64.1 g g^-1 and 24.5-44.0 g g^-1, respectively. ANF/rHGO and ANF/rHGO/PANI films obtained after vacuum-drying exhibit a high tensile strength of 121.4 and 95.5 MPa, respectively. Additionally, ANF/rHGO/PANI thin films present good selective absorption of visible light by controlling the doping level of PANI. ANF/rHGO/PANI aerogel films prepared by freeze-drying are assembled into flexible solid-state symmetric supercapacitors and deliver a favorable specific capacitance of 200 F g^-1, a desirable capacitance retention of 98.9% after 2500 mechanical bending cycles and an approximately 100% capacitance retention even after keeping tensile force for 15 h. The as-prepared hydrogels, aerogels and derived films with such excellent performances are promising for applications in oil pollution removal, optical filters and flexible load-bearing energy storage devices.

Robust Biomimetic Nacreous Aramid Nanofiber Composite Films with Ultrahigh Thermal Conductivity by Introducing Graphene Oxide and Edge-Hydroxylated Boron Nitride Nanosheet

Dielectric materials with excellent thermally conductive and mechanical properties can enable disruptive performance enhancement in the areas of advanced electronics and high-power devices. However, simultaneously achieving high thermal conductivity and mechanical strength for a single material remains a challenge. Herein, we report a new strategy for preparing mechanically strong and thermally conductive composite films by combining aramid nanofibers (ANFs) with graphene oxide (GO) and edge-hydroxylated boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS-OH) via a vacuum-assisted filtration and hot-pressing technique. The obtained ANF/GO/BNNS film exhibits an ultrahigh in-plane thermal conductivity of 33.4 Wm⁻¹ K⁻¹ at the loading of 10 wt.% GO and 50 wt.% BNNS-OH, which is 2080% higher than that of pure ANF film. The exceptional thermal conductivity results from the biomimetic nacreous “brick-and-mortar” layered structure of the composite film, in which favorable contacting and overlapping between the BNNS-OH and GO is generated, resulting in tightly packed thermal conduction networks. In addition, an outstanding tensile strength of 93.3 MPa is achieved for the composite film, owing to the special biomimetic nacreous structure as well as the strong π−π interactions and extensive hydrogen bonding between the GO and ANFs framework. Meanwhile, the obtained composite film displays excellent thermostability (T_d = 555 °C, T_g > 400 °C) and electrical insulation (4.2 × 10¹⁴ Ω·cm). We believe that these findings shed some light on the design and fabrication of multifunctional materials for thermal management applications.