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Biswas S, Fujioka K, Antonov I, Rizzo GL, Chambreau SD, Schneider S, Sun R, Kaiser RI. Hypergolic ionic liquids: to be or not to be? Chem Sci 2024; 15:1480-1487. [PMID: 38274079 PMCID: PMC10806841 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypergolic ionic liquids (HIL) - ionic liquids which ignite spontaneously upon contact with an oxidizer - emerged as green space propellants. Exploiting the previously marked hypergolic [EMIM][CBH] - WFNA (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cyanoborohydride - white fuming nitric acid) system as a benchmark, through the utilization of a novel chirped-pulse droplet-merging technique in an ultrasonic levitation environment and electronic structure calculations, this work deeply questions the hypergolicity of the [EMIM][CBH]-WFNA system. Molecular oxygen is critically required for the [EMIM][CBH]-WFNA system to ignite spontaneously. State-of-the-art electronic structure calculations identified the resonantly stabilized N-boryl-N-oxo-formamide [(H3B-N(O)-CHO)-; BOFA] radical anion as the key intermediate in driving the oxidation chemistry upon reaction with molecular oxygen of the ionic liquid. These findings challenge conventional wisdom of 'well-established' test protocols as indicators of the hypergolicity of ionic liquids thus necessitating truly oxygen-free experimental conditions to define the ignition delay upon mixing of the ionic liquid and the oxidizer and hence designating an ionic liquid as truly hypergolic at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvick Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Kazuumi Fujioka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Ivan Antonov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Grace L Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | | | - Stefan Schneider
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base California 93524 USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
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2
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Parmar SM, Depew DD, Wirz RE, Vaghjiani GL. Structural Properties of HEHN- and HAN-Based Ionic Liquid Mixtures: A Polarizable Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8616-8633. [PMID: 37776252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of binary mixtures comprising 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate (HEHN) and hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) were conducted using the polarizable APPLE&P force field to investigate fundamental properties of multimode propulsion (MMP) propellants. Calculated densities as a function of temperature were in good agreement with experiments and similar simulations. The structural properties of neat HEHN and HAN-HEHN provided insights into their inherent, protic nature. Radial distribution functions (RDFs) identified key hydrogen bonding sites located at N-H···O and O-H···O within a first solvation shell of approximately 2 Å. Angular distribution functions further affirmed the relatively strong nature of the hydrogen bonds with nearly linear directionality. The increased hydroxylammonium cation (HA+) mole fraction shows the influence of competitively strong hydrogen bonds on the overall hydrogen bond network. Dominant spatial motifs via three-dimensional distribution functions along with nearly nanosecond-long hydrogen bond lifetimes highlight the local bonding environment that may precede proton transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehan M Parmar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniel D Depew
- Department of Astronautical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Richard E Wirz
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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3
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Biswas S, Antonov I, Fujioka K, Rizzo GL, Chambreau SD, Schneider S, Sun R, Kaiser RI. Unraveling the initial steps of the ignition chemistry of the hypergolic ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cyanoborohydride ([EMIM][CBH]) with nitric acid (HNO 3) exploiting chirped pulse triggered droplet merging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6602-6625. [PMID: 36806836 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05943f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The composition of the products and the mechanistic routes for the reaction of the hypergolic ionic liquid (HIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cyanoborohydride ([EMIM][CBH]) and nitric acid (HNO3) at various concentrations from 10% to 70% were explored using a contactless single droplet merging within an ultrasonic levitation setup in an inert atmosphere of argon to reveal the initial steps that cause hypergolicity. The reactions were initiated through controlled droplet-merging manipulation triggered by a frequency chirp pulse amplitude modulation. Utilizing the high-speed optical and infrared cameras surrounding the levitation process chamber, intriguing visual images were unveiled: (i) extensive gas release and (ii) temperature rises of up to 435 K in the merged droplets. The gas development was validated qualitatively and quantitatively with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) indicating the major gas-phase products to be hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The merged droplet was also probed by pulsed Raman spectroscopy which deciphered features for key functional groups of the reaction products and intermediates (-BH, -BH2, -BH3, -NCO); reaction kinetics revealed that the reaction was initiated by the interaction of the [CBH]- anion of the HIL with the oxidizer (HNO3) through proton transfer. Computations indicate the formation of a van-der-Waals complex between the [CBH]- anion and HNO3 initially, followed by proton transfer from the acid to the anion and subsequent extensive isomerization; these rearrangements were found to be essential for the formation of HCN and N2O. The exoergicity observed during the merging process provides a molar enthalpy change up to 10 kJ mol-1 to the system, which could be sufficient for a significant fraction of the reactants of about 11% to overcome the reaction barriers in the individual steps of the computationally determined minimum energy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvick Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Ivan Antonov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Kazuumi Fujioka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Grace L Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | | | - Stefan Schneider
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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4
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Gao X, Gao Z, Tan Y, Chen P, Du Z, Li Y. Influence of Adding Carbonaceous Fuels to Ionic Liquids on Propellant Properties. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43582-43588. [PMID: 36506146 PMCID: PMC9730484 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To make ionic liquids (ILs) accessible and economical, ethylene glycol was mixed in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-dicyanamide ([EMIm]DCA) to obtain droplets that could experimentally collide white fuming nitric acid. To investigate the ignition delay (ID) time theoretically in terms of hydrodynamics, alcohol fuels and kerosene were used as combustibles, while the intermiscibility between them and nitric acid (HNO3) was calculated using the ternary phase-field method alongside finite element analysis. The specific impulses of blend fuels were calculated by a thermodynamic method and compared to ILs. When the droplet was ethylene glycol/[EMIm]DCA with a 2.1 mm diameter and a 1.69 m/s colliding velocity, the ID time was the shortest. Kerosene was not an applicable additive for [EMIm]DCA owing to its lower intermiscibility with ILs and HNO3 than alcohol fuels; alcohol fuels, however, were appropriate. The concentration of ethylene glycol in the oxidizer pool increased faster than the concentration of propylene glycol, triggering more rapid hypergolic ignition in the first 50 ms. The protocols regarding the hypergolic ignition conditions were verified, i.e., the size of the droplet had to be minute when the colliding velocity was as fast as possible; this was carefully calculated using ethylene glycol. According to thermodynamic calculations, the addition of alcohol fuels can improve the specific impulse of fuels, with ethylene glycol performing the best. The feasibility of adding alcohol fuels to ILs was confirmed via experiments and thermodynamic computations, with the simulation results providing some guidance on selecting the experimental or engineering conditions or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyao Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flows in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongquan Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flows in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Tan
- Xi’an
Aerospace Propulsion Institute, China Aerospace
Science and Technology Corporation, Xi’an710199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Xi’an
Aerospace Propulsion Institute, China Aerospace
Science and Technology Corporation, Xi’an710199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zenghui Du
- State
Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flows in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutong Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flows in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, People’s Republic of China
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Isaac Sam I, Gayathri S, Santhosh G, Cyriac J, Reshmi S. Exploring the possibilities of energetic ionic liquids as non-toxic hypergolic bipropellants in liquid rocket engines. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Liu W, Zhou C, Lin C, Yan J, Yuan Y. Synthesis and properties of borane‐containing ionic liquids based on biferrocene. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Cheng‐Sheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Cai‐Xia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Jian‐Feng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Yao‐Feng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
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Chambreau SD, Popolan-Vaida DM, Kostko O, Lee JK, Zhou Z, Brown TA, Jones P, Shao K, Zhang J, Vaghjiani GL, Zare RN, Leone SR. Thermal and Catalytic Decomposition of 2-Hydroxyethylhydrazine and 2-Hydroxyethylhydrazinium Nitrate Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:373-394. [PMID: 35014846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To develop chemical kinetics models for the combustion of ionic liquid-based monopropellants, identification of the elementary steps in the thermal and catalytic decomposition of components such as 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate (HEHN) is needed but is currently not well understood. The first decomposition step in protic ionic liquids such as HEHN is typically the proton transfer from the cation to the anion, resulting in the formation of 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine (HEH) and HNO3. In the first part of this investigation, the high-temperature thermal decomposition of HEH is probed with flash pyrolysis (<1400 K) and vacuum ultraviolet (10.45 eV) photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (VUV-PI-TOFMS). Next, the investigation into the thermal and catalytic decomposition of HEHN includes two mass spectrometric techniques: (1) tunable VUV-PI-TOFMS (7.4-15 eV) and (2) ambient ionization mass spectrometry utilizing both plasma and laser ionization techniques whereby HEHN is introduced onto a heated inert or iridium catalytic surface and the products are probed. The products can be identified by their masses, their ionization energies, and their collision-induced fragmentation patterns. Formation of product species indicates that catalytic surface recombination is an important reaction process in the decomposition mechanism of HEHN. The products and their possible elementary reaction mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Chambreau
- Jacobs Technology, Inc., Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | - Denisia M Popolan-Vaida
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jae Kyoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenpeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Timothy A Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kuanliang Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ghanshyam L Vaghjiani
- In-Space Propulsion Branch, Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRS, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Cationic effect on properties related to thermal stability and ignition delay for hypergolic ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Zhou W, Liu J, Chambreau SD, Vaghjiani GL. Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Reaction Pathway and Mechanism Dissection, and Kinetics Modeling of the Nitric Acid Oxidation of Dicyanamide and Dicyanoborohydride Anions. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11175-11188. [PMID: 33210915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Direct dynamics simulations of HNO3 with dicyanamide anion DCA- (i.e., N(CN)2-) and dicyanoborohydride anion DCBH- (i.e., BH2(CN)2-) were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory in an attempt to elucidate the primary and secondary reactions in the two reaction systems. Guided by trajectory results, reaction coordinates and potential energy diagrams were mapped out for the oxidation of DCA- and DCBH- by one and two HNO3 molecules, respectively, in the gas-phase and in the condensed-phase ionic liquids using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method. The oxidation of DCA- by HNO3 is initiated by proton transfer. The most important pathway leads to the formation of O2N-NHC(O)NCN-, and the latter reacts with a second HNO3 to produce O2N-NHC(O)NC(O)NH-NO2-(DNB-). The oxidation of DCBH- by HNO3 may follow a similar mechanism as that of DCA-, producing two analogue products: O2N-NHC(O)BH2CN- and O2N-NHC(O)BH2C(O)NH-NO2-. Moreover, two new, unique reaction pathways were discovered for DCBH- because of its boron-hydride group: (1) isomerization of DCBH- to CNBH2CN- and CNBH2NC- and (2) H2 elimination in which the proton in HNO3 combines with a hydride-H in DCBH-. The Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory was utilized to calculate reaction kinetics and product branching ratios. The RRKM results indicate that the formation of DNB- is exclusively important in the oxidation of DCA-, whereas the same type of reaction is a minor channel in the oxidation of DCBH-. In the latter case, H2 elimination becomes dominating. The RRKM modeling also indicates that the oxidation rate constant of DCBH- is higher than that of DCA- by an order of magnitude. This rationalizes the enhanced preignition performance of DCBH- over DCA- with HNO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Queens, New York 11367, United States
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Queens, New York 11367, United States
| | - Steven D Chambreau
- Jacobs, Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
| | - Ghanshyam L Vaghjiani
- In-Space Propulsion Branch, Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRS, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
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Booth RS, Annesley CJ. Photoinduced Intermolecular Electron Transfer in Gas Phase Ion Pairs of the 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Cation and the Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Anion. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9683-9691. [PMID: 33185452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the UV photodissociation of gas phase ion pairs of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [emim]+[tf2n]-, is shown to proceed primarily through radical intermediates. [emim]+[tf2n]- ion pairs have been shown previously to undergo two-photon-dependent dissociation, but the mechanisms of this have not been probed in detail. By employing a two-laser pump probe spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations, we have illustrated that one of the major UV photodissociation pathways in [emim]+[tf2n]- ion pairs is an intermolecular electron transfer wherein the anion transfers an electron to the cation resulting in two neutral open-shelled products. These products were observable for at least 1.6 μs post photodissociation, the experimental limit, via detection of the [emim]+ cation. This data demonstrates that the likely photoproducts of [emim]+[tf2n]- UV photodissociation are two neutral species that separate spatially, demonstrated through lack of observed relaxation pathways such as electron recombination. TD-DFT and frontier molecular orbital analysis calculations at the MN15/6-311++G(d,p) level are employed to aid in identifying excited state characteristics and support the interpretations of the experimental data. The energetic onset of the intermolecular electron transfer is consistent with previously observed [emim]+[tf2n]- absorption spectra in the bulk and gas phases. The similarities between bulk and gas phase UV spectra imply that this electron-transfer pathway may be a major photodissociation channel in both phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Booth
- Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Christopher J Annesley
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
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11
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Thomas AE, Chambreau SD, Redeker ND, Esparza AA, Shafirovich E, Ribbeck T, Sprenger JAP, Finze M, Vaghjiani GL. Thermal Decomposition and Hypergolic Reaction of a Dicyanoborohydride Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:864-874. [PMID: 31914728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in situ infrared spectroscopy techniques and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) are employed to characterize the reactivity of the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanoborohydride (BMIM+DCBH-), in comparison to the well-characterized 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (BMIM+DCA-) ionic liquid. TGA measurements determined the enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvap) to be 112.7 ± 12.3 kJ/mol at 298 K. A rapid scan Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to obtain vibrational information useful in tracking the appearance and disappearance of species in the hypergolic reactions of BMIM+DCBH- and BMIM+DCA- with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA) and in the thermal decomposition of these energetic ionic liquids. Attenuated total reflectance measurements recorded the infrared spectra of the reactant sample (BMIM+DCBH-) and the liquid reaction products after reacting with WFNA. Computational chemistry efforts, aided by the experimental results, were used to propose key reaction pathways leading to the hypergolic ignition of BMIM+DCBH- + WFNA. Experimental results indicate that the hypergolic reaction of BMIM+DCBH- with WFNA generates both common and unique intermediates as compared to previous BMIM+DCA- + WFNA investigations: nitrous oxide was generated during both hypergolic reactions indicating that it may play a crucial role in the hypergolic ignition process, NO2 was generated in significantly higher concentrations for BMIM+DCBH- than for BMIM+DCA-, CO2 was only generated for BMIM+DCA-, and HCN was only generated during thermal decomposition and hypergolic ignition of BMIM+DCBH-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Thomas
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Steven D Chambreau
- ERC Inc. , Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP , Edwards Air Force Base , California 93524 , United States
| | - Neil D Redeker
- ERC Inc. , Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP , Edwards Air Force Base , California 93524 , United States
| | - Alan A Esparza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Evgeny Shafirovich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Tatjana Ribbeck
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jan A P Sprenger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Ghanshyam L Vaghjiani
- Aerospace Systems Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , AFRL/RQRS, Edwards Air Force Base , California 93524 , United States
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Zohari N, Fareghi-Alamdari R, Sheibani N. Model development and design criteria of hypergolic imidazolium ionic liquids from ignition delay time and viscosity viewpoints. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between ID time, viscosity and molecular structure of hypergolic imidazolium ILs are discussed to specify ideal structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zohari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Reza Fareghi-Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Nasser Sheibani
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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13
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Fareghi‐Alamdari R, Zohari N, Sheibani N. Reliable Evaluation of Ignition Delay Time of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Green Hypergolic Propellants by a Novel Theoretical Approach. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fareghi‐Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek-ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Narges Zohari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek-ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Nasser Sheibani
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek-ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
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14
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Han Y, Hobbie EK, Kilin DS. First-Principles Molecular Dynamics of Monomethylhydrazine and Nitrogen Dioxide. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2394-2399. [PMID: 30978025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of chemical reactions preceding ignition is essential for the development of ideal hypergolic propellants. Unexpected reaction pathways of a hypergolic mixture composed of monomethylhydrazine and nitrogen dioxide are predicted through a cooperative combination of (i) spin-unrestricted ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and (ii) wave packet dynamics of protons. Ensembles of AIMD trajectories reveal a sequence of reaction steps for proton transfer and rupture of the C-N bond. The details of proton transfer are explored by wave packet dynamics on the basis of ab initio potential energy surfaces from AIMD trajectories. The possibility of spontaneous ignition of this hypergolic mixture at room temperature is predicted as a quantized feature of proton-transfer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulun Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- Department of Physics , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| | - Dmitri S Kilin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
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15
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Brotton SJ, Kaiser RI. Spectroscopic Study on the Polymer Condensates Formed via Pyrolysis of Levitated Droplets of Dicyanamide-Containing Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1153-1167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Brotton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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16
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Lucas M, Brotton SJ, Shukla SK, Yu J, Anderson SL, Kaiser RI. Oxidation of a Levitated Droplet of 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium Dicyanamide by Nitrogen Dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:400-416. [PMID: 30336051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the reaction mechanisms of ionic liquids and their oxidizers is necessary to develop the next generation of hypergolic, ionic-liquid-based fuels. We studied reactions between a levitated droplet of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([AMIM][DCA]), with and without hydrogen-capped boron nanoparticles, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The reactions were monitored with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The emergence of new structures in the FTIR and Raman spectra is consistent with the formation of functional groups including organic nitrites (RONO), nitroamines (R1R2NNO2), and carbonitrates (R1R2C=NO2-). Possible reaction mechanisms based on these new functional groups are discussed. The reaction rates were deduced at various temperatures by heating the levitated droplets with a carbon dioxide laser. We thereby determined an overall activation energy of 38.5 ± 2.3 kJ mol-1 for the oxidation of [AMIM][DCA] for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lucas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Stephen J Brotton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Shashi Kant Shukla
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Scott L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
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17
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Thomas A, Chambreau SD, Vaghjiani GL. Ignition Delay Reduction with Sodium Addition to Imidazolium-Based Dicyanamide Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10-14. [PMID: 30543100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A range of ionic liquids (ILs) have been synthesized and modeled to better understand the role of the cation in the ignition of hypergolic ionic liquids. Vogelhuber et al. have shown by density functional theory methods that the addition of sodium cations to an ionic liquid promotes ignition with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA) by lowering energy barriers. To validate this prediction, solid sodium dicyanamide (Na+DCA-) was added at various weight percents to 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (BMIM+DCA-). The ignition delay was measured for each mixture with WFNA. Overall, it was found that the Na+DCA- lowered the ignition delay by 11 ms at 7 wt %. The calculations done by Vogelhuber et al. appear to be consistent with this observation. The sodium cation may play a role by orienting the anion with the WFNA resulting in the favorable reaction energetics observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Thomas
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Steven D Chambreau
- ERC Inc. , Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL , Edwards Air Force Base , California 93524 , United States
| | - Ghanshyam L Vaghjiani
- Aerospace Systems Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRS , Edwards Air Force Base , California 93524 , United States
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18
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Lucas M, Brotton SJ, Sprenger JAP, Finze M, Sharma SK, Kaiser RI. Oxidation of a Levitated 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Dicyanoborate Droplet by Nitrogen Dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:780-795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Stephen J. Brotton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shiv K. Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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19
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Brotton SJ, Lucas M, Jensen TN, Anderson SL, Kaiser RI. Spectroscopic Study on the Intermediates and Reaction Rates in the Oxidation of Levitated Droplets of Energetic Ionic Liquids by Nitrogen Dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7351-7377. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Brotton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Michael Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Tonya N. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Scott L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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20
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Jin Y, Wang B, Zhang W, Huang S, Wang K, Qi X, Zhang Q. Synthesis and Properties of Triaminocyclopropenium Cation Based Ionic Liquids as Hypergolic Fluids. Chemistry 2018; 24:4620-4627. [PMID: 29369440 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel family of hydrophobic triaminocyclopropenium cation based ionic liquids have been synthesized, and their structures and physicochemical properties characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and hypergolic tests. The experimental results showed that all of these ionic liquids exhibited the expected hypergolic reactivity with the oxidizer white fuming nitric acid. Among them, the hypergolic ionic liquid based on the cyanoimidazolylborohydride anion showed excellent integrated properties, including high decomposition temperature (194 °C), high density (0.95 g cm-3 ), moderate viscosity (44 MPa s), ultrafast ignition delay time (6 ms), and high specific impulse (301.9 s); this demonstrates its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to toxic hydrazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Jin
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Binshen Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Shi Huang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
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21
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Vogelhuber KM, Booth RS, Annesley CJ. Theoretical Investigation of the Reactivity of Sodium Dicyanamide with Nitric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1954-1959. [PMID: 29384671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to replace current hydrazine fuels with safer propellants, and dicyanamide (DCA-)-based systems have emerged as promising alternatives because they autoignite when mixed with some oxidizers. Previous studies of the hypergolic reaction mechanism have focused on the reaction between DCA- and the oxidizer HNO3; here, we compare the calculated pathway of DCA- + HNO3 with the reaction coordinate of the ion pair sodium dicyanamide with nitric acid, Na[DCA] + HNO3. Enthalpies and free energies are calculated in the gas phase and in solution using a quantum mechanical continuum solvation model, SMD-GIL. The barriers to the Na[DCA] + HNO3 reaction are dramatically lowered relative to those of the reaction with the bare anion, and an exothermic exit channel to produce NaNO3 and the reactive intermediate HDCA appears. These results suggest that Na[DCA] may accelerate the ignition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Vogelhuber
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States.,Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Ryan S Booth
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States.,Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Christopher J Annesley
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
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22
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Schmidt MW, Gordon MS. Effect of Boron Clusters on the Ignition Reaction of HNO 3 and Dicynanamide-Based Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8003-8011. [PMID: 28922914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many ionic liquids containing the dicynamide anion (DCA-, formula N(CN)2-) exhibit hypergolic ignition when exposed to the common oxidizer nitric acid. However, the ignition delay is often about 10 times longer than the desired 5 ms for rocket applications, so that improvements are desired. Experiments in the past decade have suggested both a mechanism for the early reaction steps and also that additives such as decaborane can reduce the ignition delay. The mechanisms for reactions of nitric acid with both DCA- and protonated DCAH are considered here, using accurate wave function methods. Complexation of DCA- or DCAH with borane clusters B10H14 or B9H14- is found to modify these mechanisms slightly by changing the nature of some of the intermediate saddle points and by small reductions in the reaction barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
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23
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Nancarrow P, Mohammed H. Ionic Liquids in Space Technology - Current and Future Trends. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nancarrow
- American University of Sharjah; Department of Chemical Engineering; PO Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Hanin Mohammed
- American University of Sharjah; Department of Chemical Engineering; PO Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
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24
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Rachiero GP, Titi HM, Rogers RD. Versatility and remarkable hypergolicity of exo-6, exo-9 imidazole-substituted nido-decaborane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03322b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tunability of azoles combined with boranes provides a platform for controlling the physicochemical properties of new energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
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25
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Fareghi-Alamdari R, Hatefipour R. Low viscosity azide-containing mono and dicationic ionic liquids with unsaturated side chain. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Alamdari RF–, Hatefipour R. Detonation Nanodiamond as a New Option for Reduction of the Viscosity of one Novel Di–azide Functionalized Monocationic Ionic Liquid. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fareghi – Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek - Ashtar University of Technology Tehran I.R.Iran
| | - Razieh Hatefipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek - Ashtar University of Technology Tehran I.R.Iran
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27
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Chambreau SD, Koh CJ, Popolan-Vaida DM, Gallegos CJ, Hooper JB, Bedrov D, Vaghjiani GL, Leone SR. Flow-Tube Investigations of Hypergolic Reactions of a Dicyanamide Ionic Liquid Via Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8011-8023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine J. Koh
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Denisia M. Popolan-Vaida
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Gallegos
- Propellants Branch,
Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force
Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards
Air Force Base, California, 93524, United States
| | - Justin B. Hooper
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central
Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Wasatch Molecular Inc., 825 North
300 West, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84103, United States
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central
Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Wasatch Molecular Inc., 825 North
300 West, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84103, United States
| | - Ghanshyam L. Vaghjiani
- Propellants Branch,
Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force
Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards
Air Force Base, California, 93524, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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28
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Carlin CM, Gordon MS. Ab Initio Investigation of Cation Proton Affinity and Proton Transfer Energy for Energetic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6059-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M. Carlin
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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29
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Nichols CM, Wang ZC, Yang Z, Lineberger WC, Bierbaum VM. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Reactivity and Thermochemistry of Dicyanamide: N(CN)2–. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:992-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zhe-Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - W. Carl Lineberger
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Veronica M. Bierbaum
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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30
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Booth RS, Annesley CJ, Young JW, Vogelhuber KM, Boatz JA, Stearns JA. Identification of multiple conformers of the ionic liquid [emim][tf2n] in the gas phase using IR/UV action spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17037-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have identified three families of conformers in gas phase ion pairs of [emim][tf2n] using IR/UV spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Booth
- Space Vehicles Directorate
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- Kirtland AFB
- USA
- Institute for Scientific Research
| | | | - Justin W. Young
- Space Vehicles Directorate
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- Kirtland AFB
- USA
- Institute for Scientific Research
| | - Kristen M. Vogelhuber
- Space Vehicles Directorate
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- Kirtland AFB
- USA
- Institute for Scientific Research
| | - Jerry A. Boatz
- Aerospace Systems Directorate
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- Edwards AFB
- USA
| | - Jaime A. Stearns
- Space Vehicles Directorate
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- Kirtland AFB
- USA
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31
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Newsome DA, Vaghjiani GL, Sengupta D. Anab initioBased Structure Property Relationship for Prediction of Ignition Delay of Hypergolic Ionic Liquids. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201400284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Solid-state Reaction of Azolium Hydrohalogen Salts with Silver Dicyanamide--Unexpected Formation of Cyanoguanidine-azoles, Reaction Mechanism and Their Hypergolic Properties. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10915. [PMID: 26039324 PMCID: PMC4650654 DOI: 10.1038/srep10915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanoguanidines as well as azoles are important bioactive groups, which play an important role in the medical application; meanwhile, the high nitrogen content makes them excellent backbones for energetic materials. A Novel and simple method that combined these two fragments into one molecular compound was developed through the transformation of dicyanamide ionic salts. In return, compounds 4–11 were synthesized, and fully characterized by IR, MS, NMR and elemental analysis. Meanwhile, the structures of compounds 4, 8 and 11 were confirmed by X-ray crystal diffraction. Detailed reaction mechanisms were studied through accurate calculations on the reaction energy profiles of the azolium cations and DCA anion, which revealed the essence of the transformation proceeding. Meanwhile, compound 8 exhibits excellent hypergolic property, which could be potentially novel molecular hypergolic fuel.
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33
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Perez JPL, Yu J, Sheppard AJ, Chambreau SD, Vaghjiani GL, Anderson SL. Binding of alkenes and ionic liquids to B-H-functionalized boron nanoparticles: creation of particles with controlled dispersibility and minimal surface oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9991-10003. [PMID: 25909718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of B-H-functionalized boron nanoparticles with alkenes and nitrogen-rich ionic liquids (ILs) is investigated by a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, and helium ion microscopy. Surface B-H bonds are shown to react with terminal alkenes to produce alkyl-functionalized boron particles. The interaction of nitrogen-rich ILs with the particles appears, instead, to be dominated by boron-nitrogen bonding, even for an ILs with terminal alkene functionality. This chemistry provides a convenient approach to producing and capping boron nanoparticles with a protective organic layer, which is shown to protect the particles from oxidation during air exposure. By controlling the capping group, particles with high dispersibility in nonpolar or polar liquids can be produced. For the particles capped with ILs, the effect of particle loading on hypergolic ignition of the ILs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Paulo L Perez
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jiang Yu
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | | | | | | | - Scott L Anderson
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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34
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Carlin C, Gordon MS. Ab initiocalculation of anion proton affinity and ionization potential for energetic ionic liquids. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:597-600. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Carlin
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011 United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011 United States
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35
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Gao YF, Zhang L, He L, Zhao Y, Tang N, Yuan WL, Tao GH. Insensitive energetic 5-nitroaminotetrazolate ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combustible 5-nitroaminotetrazolate-based energetic ionic liquids with high stability as well as environmentally friendly decomposition gases were prepared and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Gao
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Ling He
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Ning Tang
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Wen-Li Yuan
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Guo-Hong Tao
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
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36
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Farzin M, Nosratzadegan K, Azarnia J, Ferdosi M. Polymeric ionic liquids: a strategy for preparation of novel polymeric materials. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/chempap-2015-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA novel polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), bearing high C-N and N-N content, potentially suitable for new safe energetic materials and catalyst supports was introduced. The PIL was prepared by way of radical co-polymerisation of 1-vinyl-3-p-nitrobenzylimidazolium bromide and 1-vinylimidazole at 80◦C using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The PIL thus produced was successfully transformed into NO
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37
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Chambreau SD, Schenk AC, Sheppard AJ, Yandek GR, Vaghjiani GL, Maciejewski J, Koh CJ, Golan A, Leone SR. Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Alkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids with Cyano-Functionalized Anions. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11119-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5095855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Chambreau
- ERC,
Inc., and ‡Propellants Branch, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - John Maciejewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Christine J. Koh
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amir Golan
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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38
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Liu J, Chambreau SD, Vaghjiani GL. Dynamics Simulations and Statistical Modeling of Thermal Decomposition of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Dicyanamide and 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium Dicyanamide. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11133-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5095849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena
Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United States
- ERC, Inc., and ‡Propellants Branch, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | - Steven D. Chambreau
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena
Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United States
- ERC, Inc., and ‡Propellants Branch, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | - Ghanshyam L. Vaghjiani
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena
Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United States
- ERC, Inc., and ‡Propellants Branch, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
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39
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Zhang Q, Shreeve JM. Energetic ionic liquids as explosives and propellant fuels: a new journey of ionic liquid chemistry. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10527-74. [PMID: 25207674 DOI: 10.1021/cr500364t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) , Mianyang 621900, China
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40
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Sengupta D, Vaghjiani GL. Molecular Orbital Based Design Guideline for Hypergolic Ionic Liquids. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201400087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Zhang Q, Yin P, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. Cyanoborohydride-Based Ionic Liquids as Green Aerospace Bipropellant Fuels. Chemistry 2014; 20:6909-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Sun R, Siebert MR, Xu L, Chambreau SD, Vaghjiani GL, Lischka H, Liu J, Hase WL. Direct Dynamics Simulation of the Activation and Dissociation of 1,5-Dinitrobiuret (HDNB). J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2228-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Matthew R. Siebert
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Lai Xu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | | | | | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, 65-30 Kissnea Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United States
| | - William L. Hase
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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43
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Cooper R, Zolot AM, Boatz JA, Sporleder DP, Stearns JA. IR and UV Spectroscopy of Vapor-Phase Jet-Cooled Ionic Liquid [emim]+[Tf2N]−: Ion Pair Structure and Photodissociation Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12419-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409670n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Cooper
- Space
Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Alexander M. Zolot
- Space
Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
- Institute
for Scientific Research, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jerry A. Boatz
- Aerospace
Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
| | - David P. Sporleder
- Space
Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Jaime A. Stearns
- Space
Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
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44
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Zhang Q, Shreeve JM. Ionic Liquid Propellants: Future Fuels for Space Propulsion. Chemistry 2013; 19:15446-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Hooper JB, Smith GD, Bedrov D. Thermophysical properties of energetic ionic liquids/nitric acid mixtures: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:104503. [PMID: 24050355 DOI: 10.1063/1.4819903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of mixtures of the room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-4-methyl imidazolium [BMIM]/dicyanoamide [DCA] and [BMIM][NO3(-)] with HNO3 have been performed utilizing the polarizable, quantum chemistry based APPLE&P(®) potential. Experimentally it has been observed that [BMIM][DCA] exhibits hypergolic behavior when mixed with HNO3 while [BMIM][NO3(-)] does not. The structural, thermodynamic, and transport properties of the IL/HNO3 mixtures have been determined from equilibrium MD simulations over the entire composition range (pure IL to pure HNO3) based on bulk simulations. Additional (non-equilibrium) simulations of the composition profile for IL/HNO3 interfaces as a function of time have been utilized to estimate the composition dependent mutual diffusion coefficients for the mixtures. The latter have been employed in continuum-level simulations in order to examine the nature (composition and width) of the IL/HNO3 interfaces on the millisecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Hooper
- Wasatch Molecular, Incorporated, 825 N. 300 W., Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, USA
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46
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Russo MF, Bedrov D, Singhai S, van Duin ACT. Combustion of 1,5-Dinitrobiuret (DNB) in the Presence of Nitric Acid Using ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:9216-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403511q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Russo
- Department
of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shashank Singhai
- Department
of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri C. T. van Duin
- Department
of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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47
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Obi EI, Leavitt CM, Raston PL, Moradi CP, Flynn SD, Vaghjiani GL, Boatz JA, Chambreau SD, Douberly GE. Helium Nanodroplet Isolation and Infrared Spectroscopy of the Isolated Ion-Pair 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:9047-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4078322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel I. Obi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - Paul L. Raston
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Christopher P. Moradi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Steven D. Flynn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - Jerry A. Boatz
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards Air
Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | | | - Gary E. Douberly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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48
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Vo TT, Zhang J, Parrish DA, Twamley B, Shreeve JM. New Roles for 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7): Halogenated FOX-7 and Azo-bis(diahaloFOX) as Energetic Materials and Oxidizers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11787-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja406629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thao T. Vo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow,
Idaho 83833-2343, United
States
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow,
Idaho 83833-2343, United
States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375,
United States
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow,
Idaho 83833-2343, United
States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow,
Idaho 83833-2343, United
States
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49
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Dong L, He L, Liu H, Tao G, Nie F, Huang M, Hu C. Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Ionic Liquids Based on the
N
,
N
‐Bis(1
H
‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)amine Anion – Syntheses, Structures, and Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin‐Lin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
| | - Ling He
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
| | - Hang‐Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
| | - Guo‐Hong Tao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
| | - Fu‐De Nie
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Chang‐Wei Hu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
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50
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Maciejewski JP, Gao H, Shreeve JM. Synthetic Methods for Preparing Ionic Liquids Containing Hypophosphite and Carbon-Extended Dicyanamide Anions. Chemistry 2013; 19:2947-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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