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Yang Y, Helili S, Kerim A. A study of the aromaticity of thia[7]circulene isomers. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Satewaerdi Helili
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ablikim Kerim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Chen D, Szczepanik DW, Zhu J, Muñoz-Castro A, Solà M. Aromaticity Survival in Hydrofullerenes: The Case of C 66 H 4 with Its π-Aromatic Circuits. Chemistry 2021; 27:802-808. [PMID: 33089913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The isolated-pentagon rule (IPR) is a determining structural feature that accounts for hollow fullerene stabilization and properties related to Cn (n≥60) cages. The recent characterization of an unprecedented non-IPR hydrofullerene, C2v C66 H4 , bearing two heptagons with adjacent fused-pentagon motifs, largely dismisses this feature. Herein, employing DFT calculations, the 13 C NMR spectroscopy and aromatic behavior of C2v C66 H4 are explored. The results show the presence of three π-aromatic circuits at the bottom boat section of C66 H4 , indicating the unique features of this hydrofullerene in comparison to those of pristine C60 . In addition, under specific orientations of the external field, certain π-aromatic circuits are enabled, resulting in a more aromatic fullerene than that of C60 , but lower than that of the spherical aromatic C60 6- fulleride. Notably, under a field aligned with the saturated carbon atoms, nonaromatic characteristics are exposed. This reveals that spherical-like cages can involve a complex magnetic response that heavily depends on the orientation of the applied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China.,Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, 2801, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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3
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Butcher RJ, Purdy AP, Brown PA, Gunlycke D. Synthesis, structure, and theoretical studies of a calcium complex of a unique dianion derived from 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:70-74. [PMID: 33520286 PMCID: PMC7784048 DOI: 10.1107/s205698902001628x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, catena-poly[[tetra-kis-(1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one-κO)calcium(II)]-μ-(E)-1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-dioxo-1,1',2,2'-tetra-hydro-[3,3'-bipyrrolyl-idene]-5,5'-bis-(thiol-ato)-κ2 O:O'], [Ca(C10H8N2O2S2)(C5H9NO)4] n , 1, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P . The crystal studied was twinned by non-merohedry via two different twofold operations, about the normals to (001) and (10), giving four twin domains with refined occupancies of 0.412 (4), 0.366 (4), 0.055 (1), 0.167 (4). The Ca atoms are located on centers of inversion. Each Ca is surrounded by four 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (NMP) ligands and coordinated through one of the two O atoms to two (E)-1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-dioxo-1,1',2,2'-tetra-hydro-[3,3'-bipyrrolyl-idene]-5,5'-bis-(thiol-ate), [C10H8N2O2S2]2-, dianions (abbreviation: DMTBT). This dianion thus facilitates the formation of a 1-D polymer, which propagates in the [011] direction. These ribbons are linked by inter-molecular C-H⋯S inter-actions. Each Ca atom is in an octa-hedral CaO6 six-coordinate environment with Ca-O bond lengths ranging from 2.308 (6) to 2.341 (6) Å, cis bond angles ranging from 88.2 (2) to 91.8 (2)° and the trans angles all 180° due to the Ca atoms being located on centers of inversion. Theoretical calculations were carried out using density functional theory (DFT) and the results showed that although the central DMTBT dianion is planar there is likely some resonance across the central bond between both aza-pentyl rings, but this is not sufficient to establish a ring current. The calculated UV-vis spectrum shows a peak at 625 nm, which accounts for the deep blue-purple color of solutions of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray J. Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street NW, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - Andrew P. Purdy
- Chemistry Division, Code 6123, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Av, SW, Washington DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - Paul A. Brown
- Chemistry Division, Code 6189, ASEE Postdoctoral Associate, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Av, SW, Washington DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - Daniel Gunlycke
- Chemistry Division, Code 6189, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Av, SW, Washington DC 20375-5342, USA
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4
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Brown PA, Martin CD, Shuford KL. Aromaticity of unsaturated BEC 4 heterocycles (E = N, P, As, Sb, O, S, Se, Te). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18458-18466. [PMID: 31250870 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02387a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A compendium of pnictogen and chalcogen substituted boron heterocycles were assessed for their aromatic character by first principles density functional theory. Group-15 and Group-16 elements were placed at the ortho-, meta-, and para-positions of six-membered rings relative to boron to assess their impact on the aromaticity of the unsaturated heterocycles. Aromaticity was analyzed by a multidimensional approach using nuclear independent chemical shifts, gauge-including magnetically induced current, as well as natural bond orbital and natural resonance theory analyses. Based on these methods, we observe a general decline of aromaticity in heavier pnictaborines while the chalcogen analogues maintain relatively strong aromatic character. These general trends result from complementary π-π* natural bond order interactions that sustain resonance within the ring of each heterocycle establishing a pattern of cyclic delocalization. Consequently, natural resonance theory displays strong resonance, which is corroborated with the signed modulus of ring current, toroidal vortices of current maps, and elevated average induced current throughout the ring. The 1,3-configurations for pnictaborines and chalcogenaborines are generally more aromatic compared to the 1,2- and 1,4-isomers, which contain π-holes that limit diatropism within the heterocycles. However, an energetic trend favors the 1,2-heterocycles in both groups, with a few exceptions driven in large-part by π-donation of the lone pair on the heteroatom to the pz orbital on the adjacent boron resulting in stabilization. The importance of planarity for high aromaticity is demonstrated, especially in the pnictaborine isomers where pyramidalization at the pnictogen is favored, while bond regularity seems a less important criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, USA.
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5
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Karaush-Karmazin NN, Baryshnikov GV, Valiulina LI, Valiev R, Ågren H, Minaev BF. Impact of heteroatoms (S, Se, and Te) on the aromaticity of heterocirculenes. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02468a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computations reveal the structural and energetic aspects of aromaticity in heterocirculenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gleb V. Baryshnikov
- Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science
- Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University
- Cherkasy
- Ukraine
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
| | | | - Rashid Valiev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- 634050 Tomsk
- Russia
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research
- Faculty of Science
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Boris F. Minaev
- Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science
- Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University
- Cherkasy
- Ukraine
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6
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Franzke YJ, Sundholm D, Weigend F. Calculations of current densities and aromatic pathways in cyclic porphyrin and isoporphyrin arrays. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:12794-12803. [PMID: 28484758 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically induced current density susceptibilities have been studied for a number of cyclic ethyne- and butadiyne-bridged porphyrin and isoporphyrin arrays. The current density susceptibilities have been calculated using the gauge-including magnetically induced current (GIMIC) method, which is interfaced to the TURBOMOLE quantum chemistry code. Aromatic properties and current pathways have been analyzed and discussed by numerical integration of the current density susceptibilities passing selected chemical bonds yielding current strength susceptibilities. Despite the interrupted π-framework, zinc(ii) isoporphyrin sustains a ring current of ca. 10 nA T-1. Porphyrin and isoporphyrin dimers sustain a significant current strength at the linker, whereas the larger porphyrinoid arrays sustain mainly local ring currents. Isoporphyrin dimers with saturated meso carbons have strong net diatropic ring-current strengths of 20 nA T-1 fulfilling Hückels aromaticity rule. Porphyrin trimers and tetramers exhibit almost no current strength at the linker. The porphyrin moieties maintain their strong net diatropic ring current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick J Franzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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7
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Katoono R, Obara Y, Kusaka K, Suzuki T. Dynamic or undynamic chirality generated by helical arrangement of a shape-persistent ring and rod doubly bridged in a molecule. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:735-738. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09485j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic or undynamic chirality is generated in either threaded or unthreaded form of an assembly of phenylene–ethynylene-based ring and rod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Yudai Obara
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Keiichi Kusaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
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8
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Kumar C, Fliegl H, Sundholm D. Relation Between Ring Currents and Hydrogenation Enthalpies for Assessing the Degree of Aromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7282-7289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.
O. Box 1033, N-1315 Blindern, Norway
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.
O. Box 1033, N-1315 Blindern, Norway
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtanens Plats
1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Mauksch M, Tsogoeva SB. 4N electron aromatic cycles in polycyclic hydrocarbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:14066-14072. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02288c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antiaromatic frameworks become aromatic in polycyclics through fusion, resulting in 4N electron hydrocarbons that possess aromatic properties by energetic, magnetic and geometric criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauksch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Computer Chemistry Center
- 91052 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
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10
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Sundholm D, Fliegl H, Berger RJ. Calculations of magnetically induced current densities: theory and applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Raphael J.F. Berger
- Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg; Chemistry of Materials; Salzburg Austria
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11
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Baryshnikov GV, Valiev RR, Karaush NN, Sundholm D, Minaev BF. Aromaticity of the doubly charged [8]circulenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8980-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically induced current densities and current pathways have been calculated for a series of fully annelated dicationic and dianionic tetraphenylenes, which are also named [8]circulenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb V. Baryshnikov
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology
- School of Biotechnology
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Rashid R. Valiev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Tomsk
- Russia
- Tomsk State University
- Tomsk
| | - Nataliya N. Karaush
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Bohdan Khmelnitsky National University
- Cherkasy
- Ukraine
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki Fin-00014
- Finland
| | - Boris F. Minaev
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Bohdan Khmelnitsky National University
- Cherkasy
- Ukraine
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
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12
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Sundholm D, Berger RJF, Fliegl H. Analysis of the magnetically induced current density of molecules consisting of annelated aromatic and antiaromatic hydrocarbon rings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15934-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01968d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic pathway of molecules with annelated aromatic and antiaromatic rings has been studied by calculating magnetically induced current densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dage Sundholm
- University of Helsinki
- Department of Chemistry
- Finland
| | | | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- NO-0315 Oslo
- Norway
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13
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Benkyi I, Fliegl H, Valiev RR, Sundholm D. New insights into aromatic pathways of carbachlorins and carbaporphyrins based on calculations of magnetically induced current densities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11932-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06987d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic pathways of carbaporphyrins and carbachlorins that are based on magnetically induced current density DFT-GIMIC calculations are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Benkyi
- University of Helsinki
- Department of Chemistry
- FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- 0315 Oslo
- Norway
| | - Rashid R. Valiev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Tomsk 634050
- Russian Federation
- Tomsk State University
- Tomsk
| | - Dage Sundholm
- University of Helsinki
- Department of Chemistry
- FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
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14
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Valiev RR, Fliegl H, Sundholm D. Aromatic Pathways in Carbathiaporphyrins. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1201-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5120652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid R. Valiev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, 43a Lenin Avenue, Building 2, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
- Tomsk State University, Lenina
Avenue 36, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of
Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats
1), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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15
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Valiev RR, Fliegl H, Sundholm D. Predicting the degree of aromaticity of novel carbaporphyrinoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14215-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically induced current densities have been calculated for dioxaporphyrin, dithiaporphyrin, true carbaporphyrins, and N-confused porphyrins using the gauge-including magnetically induced current (GIMIC) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid R. Valiev
- Tomsk State University
- Tomsk
- Russian Federation
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Tomsk 634050
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- 0315 Oslo
- Norway
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry
- FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
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Abstract
A new allotropic form of carbon is proposed. The molecular structure of a cavernous C72 molecule has been optimized at the density functional theory level. The structure belonging to the Oh point group was found to be a minimum on the potential energy surface. Current-density calculations show that the gaudiene molecule with formally 72 π electrons sustains strong diatropic currents when exposed to an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Instruction in Swedish, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kaipio M, Patzschke M, Fliegl H, Pichierri F, Sundholm D. Effect of Fluorine Substitution on the Aromaticity of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10257-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Kaipio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Patzschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of
Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box
1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Fabio Pichierri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku
University, Aoba-yama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014
Helsinki, Finland
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Taubert S, Sundholm D, Jusélius J. Calculation of spin-current densities using gauge-including atomic orbitals. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:054123. [PMID: 21303108 DOI: 10.1063/1.3549567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gauge-including magnetically induced current method for calculating the components of the current-density tensor using gauge-including atomic orbitals has been extended to treating open-shell molecules. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by calculations of first-order induced current densities on cyclobutadiene, Al(3), and B(3) at correlated ab initio levels of theory. For comparison, current-density calculations were also performed on the lowest closed-shell singlet state of cyclobutadiene as well on the closed-shell Al(3)(-) and B(3)(-) anions. The ring-current susceptibilities of the open-shell species are computed at the Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field, second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, and coupled-cluster singles and doubles levels, whereas for the closed-shell systems also density functional theory calculations were employed. Explicit values for the current strengths caused by α and β electrons as well as the difference, representing the spin current, were obtained by numerical integration of the current-density contributions passing a plane perpendicular to the molecular ring. Comparisons of the present results to those recently obtained for the lowest triplet state of biphenyl emphasize that electron correlation effects must be considered for obtaining an accurate description of spin-current densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Taubert
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Finland.
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Theoretical investigation of photoelectron spectra and magnetically induced current densities in ring-shaped transition-metal oxides. Theor Chem Acc 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-011-0946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Fliegl H, Taubert S, Lehtonen O, Sundholm D. The gauge including magnetically induced current method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20500-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21812c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fliegl H, Sundholm D, Pichierri F. Aromatic pathways in mono- and bisphosphorous singly Möbius twisted [28] and [30]hexaphyrins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20659-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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Taubert S, Sundholm D, Pichierri F. Magnetically induced currents in [n]cycloparaphenylenes, n = 6-11. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5867-74. [PMID: 20701321 DOI: 10.1021/jo100902w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report calculations of the gauge-independent magnetically induced current densities in [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CP), n = 6-11. In addition to the neutral [n]CPs, the dianion of [6]CP and the current densities of the corresponding metal complexes Li(2)[6]CP and Mg[6]CP are also investigated. By the ring current criterion, the [6]CP with 4n pi electrons has a slight antiaromatic character, while [7]CP has (4n + 2) pi electrons and is weakly aromatic with a ring current susceptibility strength that is about 25% of the ring current of benzene. The larger neutral [n]CPs, n = 8-11, do not sustain any net ring current around the nanohoop and are essentially nonaromatic. The weak paramagnetic ring current susceptibility of [6]CP flows along a 4n pi pathway on either edge of the phenylene rings. For the dianions, the ring current susceptibility strengths are 24-35 nA/T diatropic and thus the addition of two electrons induces an electron delocalization and an aromatic character of the nanohoops. The dilithium complex of [6]CP with (4n + 2) pi electrons is aromatic with a net ring current strength of 28 nA/T or 2.4 times the ring current strength of benzene, involving all 62 pi electrons in the current pathway. The (1)H NMR chemical shieldings and the nucleus-independent chemical shifts correlate with the strengths of the magnetically induced currents. The aromatic [n]cycloparaphenylenes have a quinoid structure, whereas the weakly aromatic or nonaromatic ones are benzoidic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Taubert
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Cossairt BM, Cummins CC, Head AR, Lichtenberger DL, Berger RJF, Hayes SA, Mitzel NW, Wu G. On the molecular and electronic structures of AsP3 and P4. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8459-65. [PMID: 20515032 DOI: 10.1021/ja102580d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and electronic structures of AsP(3) and P(4) have been investigated. Gas-phase electron diffraction studies of AsP(3) have provided r(g) bond lengths of 2.3041(12) and 2.1949(28) A for the As-P interatomic distances and the P-P interatomic distances, respectively. The gas-phase electron diffraction structure of P(4) has been redetermined and provides an updated value of 2.1994(3) A for the P-P interatomic distances, reconciling conflicting literature values. Gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy provides experimental values for the energies of ionizations from the valence molecular orbitals of AsP(3) and P(4) and shows that electronically AsP(3) and P(4) are quite similar. Solid-state (75)As and (31)P NMR spectroscopy demonstrate the plastic nature of AsP(3) and P(4) as solids, and an extreme upfield (75)As chemical shift has been confirmed for the As atom in AsP(3). Finally, quantum chemical gauge-including magnetically induced current calculations show that AsP(3) and P(4) can accurately be described as strongly aromatic. Together these data provide a cohesive description of the molecular and electronic properties of these two tetraatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA-02139, USA
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Fliegl H, Sundholm D, Taubert S, Pichierri F. Aromatic Pathways in Twisted Hexaphyrins. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7153-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1021517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Fliegl
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, G-COE Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan, and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, G-COE Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan, and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, G-COE Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan, and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Fabio Pichierri
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, G-COE Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan, and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Nanotechnology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Sundholm D, Taubert S, Pichierri F. Calculation of absorption and emission spectra of [n]cycloparaphenylenes: the reason for the large Stokes shift. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:2751-7. [PMID: 20200754 DOI: 10.1039/b922175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The electronic absorption and emission spectra of the [n]cycloparaphenylenes with n = 6,7,...,11 ([n]CP) have been studied at the time-dependent density functional theory level. The calculations show that the optical gap increases with increasing size of the ring due to reduced ring strain in the larger carbon nanohoops, whereas the energy of the first bright state follows the opposite trend for the studied [n]CPs. For the excited-state structures, the C-C bonds between the phenylene groups have a significant double-bond character giving rise to a continuous electron delocalisation pathway around the ring. The torsion angles between the phenylene moieties are much smaller for the excited state than for the ground state suggesting that the excited state has a stronger electron delocalisation around the carbon nanohoop than for the ground state. The double bond character of the phenylene C-C bonds declines and the phenylene torsion angle increases with increasing ring size. The aromatic stabilisation of the excited state due to the continuous electron delocalisation pathway is probably the main reason for the large Stokes shift. The excited state of the larger [n]CPs are less aromatic than the smaller ones explaining why the Stokes shift decreases with increasing size of the ring. For large [n]CPs, the excitation-energy spectrum forms bands making localisation of the excitons feasible. Localisation of the excitons probably leads to the observed ring-size independence of the electronic excitation spectra for large [n]CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Havenith RW, Meijer AJ, Irving BJ, Fowler PW. Comparison of ring currents evaluated consistently at density functional and Hartree–Fock levels. Mol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970903449396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Taubert S, Sundholm D, Pichierri F. Magnetically Induced Currents in Bianthraquinodimethane-Stabilized Möbius and Hückel [16]Annulenes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6495-502. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Taubert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtanens plats 1, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtanens plats 1, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Fabio Pichierri
- G-COE Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Monaco G, Zanasi R. On the additivity of current density in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:044126. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3179168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fliegl H, Sundholm D, Taubert S, Jusélius J, Klopper W. Magnetically Induced Current Densities in Aromatic, Antiaromatic, Homoaromatic, and Nonaromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:8668-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9029776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Fliegl
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Jusélius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Engesser Str. 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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