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Incecayir T, Demir ME. In Vivo Relevance of a Biphasic In Vitro Dissolution Test for the Immediate Release Tablet Formulations of Lamotrigine. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2474. [PMID: 37896234 PMCID: PMC10610453 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biphasic in vitro dissolution testing is an attractive approach to reflect on the interplay between drug dissolution and absorption for predicting the bioperformance of drug products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo relevance of a biphasic dissolution test for the immediate release (IR) formulations of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug, lamotrigine (LTG). The biphasic dissolution test was performed using USP apparatus II with the dual paddle modification. A level A in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was constructed between the in vitro partition into the octanol and absorption data of the reference product. A good relation between in vitro data and absorption was obtained (r2 = 0.881). The one-compartment open model was introduced to predict the human plasma profiles of the test product. The generic product was found to be bioequivalent to the original product in terms of 80-125% bioequivalence (BE) criteria (85.9-107% for the area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) and 82.7-97.6% for the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) with a 90% confidence interval (CI)). Overall, it was revealed that the biphasic dissolution test offers a promising ability to estimate the in vivo performance of IR formulations of LTG, providing considerable time and cost savings in the development of generic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Incecayir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Rodriguez N, Grosso M, Galvez B, Calderon G, Lau L, Turner VA, Hidalgo IJ. Evaluation of the In-Vitro Dissolution Permeation Systems 1 (IDAS1) as a potential tool to monitor for unexpected changes in generic medicaments in poorly regulated markets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105791. [PMID: 33691154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Panama, like most Latin American countries, has insufficient regulatory safeguards to ensure the safety and efficacy of all pharmaceutical products in the market, a situation that results in a two-tier system, where affluent citizens can afford innovator products while poor citizens must consume 'generics' of uncertain quality. Given that one lot of each drug product is analyzed every five years during registration while commercial lots are not, and since most products are not bioequivalent but simply copies or similars, there is a concern that commercial and registration lots of these 'generics' may not be of the same quality. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of various in vitro quality control tests to detect difference among five amlodipine products available in the Panamanian market: four 'generics', made in various countries, and the innovator, made in Germany and used as reference listed drug in Panama (Pan-RLD). The innovator manufactured in the United States (US-RLD) was used to compare the two RLDs. The Content Uniformity test, 30-min Dissolution test and multiple-pH Dissolution Profiles did not show any difference among the products. However, the in vitro dissolution absorption system 1 (IDAS1) showed a statistically significant difference in the amount dissolved between Pan-RLD and three out of the four 'generics', and significantly lower permeated amount for all the 'generics' compared with Pan-RLD; only US-RLD was similar to Pan-RLD. Thus, IDAS1 showed promise as a potential tool that authorities in weakly regulated markets can use to monitor for possible lot-to-lot product changes, which can help improve the quality of pharmaceutical products available to their entire populations. The significance of the similarity between the innovators made in Germany and the United States and their difference from the 'generics' (manufactured in other countries) is not known but deserves investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Rodriguez
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; School of Pharmacy, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
| | - Manuel Grosso
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; Medipan, S.A., Buena Vista, Colón, Rep. Panama
| | - Blanca Galvez
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; Medipan, S.A., Buena Vista, Colón, Rep. Panama
| | - Ginna Calderon
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lily Lau
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | - Vilma A Turner
- Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; School of Pharmacy, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ismael J Hidalgo
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; Absorption Systems, L.P., Exton, PA; To Whom correspondence should be addressed
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3
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Tsume Y, Igawa N, Drelich AJ, Ruan H, Amidon GE, Amidon GL. The in vivo predictive dissolution for immediate release dosage of donepezil and danazol, BCS class IIc drugs, with the GIS and the USP II with biphasic dissolution apparatus. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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4
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O’Dwyer PJ, Imanidis G, Box KJ, Reppas C. On the Usefulness of Two Small-Scale In Vitro Setups in the Evaluation of Luminal Precipitation of Lipophilic Weak Bases in Early Formulation Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030272. [PMID: 32188116 PMCID: PMC7151110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A small-scale biphasic dissolution setup and a small-scale dissolution-permeation (D-P) setup were evaluated for their usefulness in simulating the luminal precipitation of three lipophilic weak bases—dipyridamole, ketoconazole and itraconazole. The transition from the gastric to intestinal environment was incorporated into both experimental procedures. Emulsification during the biphasic dissolution experiments had a minimal impact on the data, when appropriate risk mitigation steps were incorporated. Precipitation parameters estimated from the in vitro data were inputted into the Simcyp® physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling software and simulated human plasma profiles were compared with previously published pharmacokinetic data. Average Cmax and AUC values estimated using experimentally derived precipitation parameters from the biphasic experiments deviated from corresponding published actual values less than values estimated using the default simulator parameters for precipitation. The slow rate of transport through the biomimetic membrane in the D-P setup limited its usefulness in forecasting the rates of in vivo precipitation used in the modelling of average plasma profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. O’Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK; (P.J.O.); (K.J.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 157 84 Zografou, Greece
| | - Georgios Imanidis
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl J. Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK; (P.J.O.); (K.J.B.)
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 157 84 Zografou, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-727-4678; Fax: +30-210-727-4027
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5
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Experiments and modeling of controlled release behavior of commercial and model polymer-drug formulations using dialysis membrane method. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 10:515-528. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Biopharmaceutic IVIVE-Mechanistic Modeling of Single- and Two-Phase In Vitro Experiments to Obtain Drug-Specific Parameters for Incorporation Into PBPK Models. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1604-1618. [PMID: 30476508 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The physiological relevance of single-phase (aqueous only) and 2-phase (aqueous and organic phase) in vitro dissolution experiments was compared by mechanistic modeling. For orally dosed dipyridamole, stepwise, sequential estimation/confirmation of biopharmaceutical parameters from in vitro solubility-dissolution data was followed, before applying them within a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. The PBPK model predicted clinical dipyridamole luminal and plasma concentration profiles reasonably well for a range of doses only where the precipitation rate constant was derived from the 2-phase experiment. The population model predicted a distribution of maximal precipitated fractions from 0% to 45% of the 90 mg dose (mean 7.6%). Such population information cannot be obtained directly from a few in vitro experiments; however well they may represent an "average" and several extreme subjects (those with low-high luminal fluid volumes, pH, etc.) because there is no indication of outcome likelihood. For this purpose, direct input of in vitro dissolution/precipitation profiles to a PBPK model is insufficient-mechanistic modeling is required. Biopharmaceutical in vitro-in vivo extrapolation tools can also simulate the effect of key experimental parameters (dissolution volumes, pH, paddle speed, etc.) on dissolution/precipitation behavior, thereby helping to identify critical variables, which may impact the number or design of in vitro experiments.
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O'Dwyer PJ, Litou C, Box KJ, Dressman JB, Kostewicz ES, Kuentz M, Reppas C. In vitro methods to assess drug precipitation in the fasted small intestine – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:536-556. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Drug precipitation in vivo poses a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. During the drug development process, the impact of drug supersaturation or precipitation on the in vivo behaviour of drug products is evaluated with in vitro techniques. This review focuses on the small and full scale in vitro methods to assess drug precipitation in the fasted small intestine.
Key findings
Many methods have been developed in an attempt to evaluate drug precipitation in the fasted state, with varying degrees of complexity and scale. In early stages of drug development, when drug quantities are typically limited, small-scale tests facilitate an early evaluation of the potential precipitation risk in vivo and allow rapid screening of prototype formulations. At later stages of formulation development, full-scale methods are necessary to predict the behaviour of formulations at clinically relevant doses. Multicompartment models allow the evaluation of drug precipitation after transfer from stomach to the upper small intestine. Optimisation of available biopharmaceutics tools for evaluating precipitation in the fasted small intestine is crucial for accelerating the development of novel breakthrough medicines and reducing the development costs.
Summary
Despite the progress from compendial quality control dissolution methods, further work is required to validate the usefulness of proposed setups and to increase their biorelevance, particularly in simulating the absorption of drug along the intestinal lumen. Coupling results from in vitro testing with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling holds significant promise and requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Chara Litou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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Kou D, Zhang C, Yiu H, Ng T, Lubach JW, Janson M, Mao C, Durk M, Chinn L, Winter H, Wigman L, Yehl P. In Vitro, in Silico, and in Vivo Assessments of Intestinal Precipitation and Its Impact on Bioavailability of a BCS Class 2 Basic Compound. Mol Pharm 2018. [PMID: 29522347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a multipronged approach of in vitro experiments, in silico simulations, and in vivo studies was developed to evaluate the dissolution, supersaturation, precipitation, and absorption of three formulations of Compound-A, a BCS class 2 weak base with pH-dependent solubility. In in vitro 2-stage dissolution experiments, the solutions were highly supersaturated with no precipitation at the low dose but increasing precipitation at higher doses. No difference in precipitation was observed between the capsules and tablets. The in vitro precipitate was found to be noncrystalline with higher solubility than the crystalline API, and was readily soluble when the drug concentration was lowered by dilution. A gastric transit and biphasic dissolution (GTBD) model was developed to better mimic gastric transfer and intestinal absorption. Precipitation was also observed in GTBD, but the precipitate redissolved and partitioned into the organic phase. In vivo data from the phase 1 clinical trial showed linear and dose proportional PK for the formulations with no evidence of in vivo precipitation. While the in vitro precipitation observed in the 2-stage dissolution appeared to overestimate in vivo precipitation, the GTBD model provided absorption profiles consistent with in vivo data. In silico simulation of plasma concentrations by GastroPlus using biorelevant in vitro dissolution data from the tablets and capsules and assuming negligible precipitation was in line with the observed in vivo profiles of the two formulations. The totality of data generated with Compound-A indicated that the bioavailability differences among the three formulations were better explained by the differences in gastric dissolution than intestinal precipitation. The lack of intestinal precipitation was consistent with several other BCS class 2 basic compounds in the literature for which highly supersaturated concentrations and rapid absorption were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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The Combination of GIS and Biphasic to Better Predict In Vivo Dissolution of BCS Class IIb Drugs, Ketoconazole and Raloxifene. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:307-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Application of an Artificial Stomach-Duodenum Reduced Gastric pH Dog Model for Formulation Principle Assessment and Mechanistic Performance Understanding. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1987-1997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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In vitro biphasic dissolution tests and their suitability for establishing in vitro-in vivo correlations: A historical review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 102:203-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Locher K, Borghardt JM, Frank KJ, Kloft C, Wagner KG. Evolution of a mini-scale biphasic dissolution model: Impact of model parameters on partitioning of dissolved API and modelling of in vivo-relevant kinetics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 105:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Kuentz M, Holm R, Elder DP. Methodology of oral formulation selection in the pharmaceutical industry. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 87:136-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Al Durdunji A, AlKhatib HS, Al-Ghazawi M. Development of a biphasic dissolution test for Deferasirox dispersible tablets and its application in establishing an in vitro–in vivo correlation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 102:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Thiry J, Broze G, Pestieau A, Tatton AS, Baumans F, Damblon C, Krier F, Evrard B. Investigation of a suitable in vitro dissolution test for itraconazole-based solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 85:94-105. [PMID: 26850682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The difficulty to find a relevant in vitro dissolution test to evaluate poorly soluble drugs is a well-known issue. One way to enhance their aqueous solubility is to formulate them as amorphous solid dispersions. In this study, three formulations containing itraconazole (ITZ), a model drug, were tested in seven different conditions (different USP apparatuses and different media). Two of the formulations were amorphous solid dispersions namely Sporanox®, the marketed product, and extrudates composed of Soluplus® and ITZ produced by hot melt extrusion; and the last one was pure crystalline ITZ capsules. After each test, a ranking of the formulations was established. Surprisingly, the two amorphous solid dispersions exhibited very different behavior depending primarily on the dissolution media. Indeed, the extrudates showed a better release profile than Sporanox® in non-sink and in biphasic conditions, whilst Sporanox® showed a higher release profile than the extrudates in sink and fasted simulated gastric conditions. The disintegration, dynamic light scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance results highlighted the presence of interaction between the surfactants and Soluplus®, which slowed down the erosion of the polymer matrix. Indeed, the negative charge of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and bile salts interacted with the surface of the extrudates that formed a barrier through which the water hardly diffused. Moreover, Soluplus® and SDS formed mixed micelles in solution in which ITZ interacts with SDS, but no longer with Soluplus®. Regarding the biphasic dissolution test, the interactions between the octanol dissolved in the aqueous media disrupted the polymer--ITZ system leading to a reduced release of ITZ from Sporanox®, whilst it had no influence on the extrudates. All together these results pointed out the difficulty of finding a suitable in vitro dissolution test due to interactions between the excipients that complicates the prediction of the behavior of these solid dispersions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Thiry
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Guy Broze
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, University of Liege, Chemistry Department, B6a, Sart-Tilman, Liege, Belgium
| | - Aude Pestieau
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Andrew S Tatton
- Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CREMAN), Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - France Baumans
- Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CREMAN), Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christian Damblon
- Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CREMAN), Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Krier
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Tsume Y, Mudie DM, Langguth P, Amidon GE, Amidon GL. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System: subclasses for in vivo predictive dissolution (IPD) methodology and IVIVC. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:152-63. [PMID: 24486482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) has found widespread utility in drug discovery, product development and drug product regulatory sciences. The classification scheme captures the two most significant factors influencing oral drug absorption; solubility and intestinal permeability and it has proven to be a very useful and a widely accepted starting point for drug product development and drug product regulation. The mechanistic base of the BCS approach has, no doubt, contributed to its wide spread acceptance and utility. Nevertheless, underneath the simplicity of BCS are many detailed complexities, both in vitro and in vivo which must be evaluated and investigated for any given drug and drug product. In this manuscript we propose a simple extension of the BCS classes to include sub-specification of acid (a), base (b) and neutral (c) for classes II and IV. Sub-classification for Classes I and III (high solubility drugs as currently defined) is generally not needed except perhaps in border line solubility cases. It is well known that the , pKa physical property of a drug (API) has a significant impact on the aqueous solubility dissolution of drug from the drug product both in vitro and in vivo for BCS Class II and IV acids and bases, and is the basis, we propose for a sub-classification extension of the original BCS classification. This BCS sub-classification is particularly important for in vivo predictive dissolution methodology development due to the complex and variable in vivo environment in the gastrointestinal tract, with its changing pH, buffer capacity, luminal volume, surfactant luminal conditions, permeability profile along the gastrointestinal tract and variable transit and fasted and fed states. We believe this sub-classification is a step toward developing a more science-based mechanistic in vivo predictive dissolution (IPD) methodology. Such a dissolution methodology can be used by development scientists to assess the likelihood of a formulation and dosage form functioning as desired in humans, can be optimized along with parallel human pharmacokinetic studies to set a dissolution methodology for Quality by Design (QbD) and in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVC) and ultimately can be used as a basis for a dissolution standard that will ensure continued in vivo product performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, United States
| | - Deanna M Mudie
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, United States
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz D-55099, Germany
| | - Greg E Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, United States
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, United States.
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Mudie DM, Shi Y, Ping H, Gao P, Amidon GL, Amidon GE. Mechanistic analysis of solute transport in an in vitro physiological two-phase dissolution apparatus. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:378-402. [PMID: 22847296 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro dissolution methodologies that adequately capture the oral bioperformance of solid dosage forms are critical tools needed to aid formulation development. Such methodologies must encompass important physiological parameters and be designed with drug properties in mind. Two-phase dissolution apparatuses, which contain an aqueous phase in which the drug dissolves (representing the dissolution/solubility component) and an organic phase into which the drug partitions (representing the absorption component), have the potential to provide meaningful predictions of in vivo oral bioperformance for some BCS II, and possibly some BCS IV drug products. Before such an apparatus can be evaluated properly, it is important to understand the kinetics of drug substance partitioning from the aqueous to the organic medium. A mass transport analysis was performed of the kinetics of partitioning of drug substance solutions from the aqueous to the organic phase of a two-phase dissolution apparatus. Major assumptions include pseudo-steady-state conditions, a dilute aqueous solution and diffusion-controlled transport. Input parameters can be measured or estimated a priori. This paper presents the theory and derivation of our analysis, compares it with a recent kinetic approach, and demonstrates its effectiveness in predicting in vitro partitioning profiles of three BCS II weak acids in four different in vitro two-phase dissolution apparatuses. Very importantly, the paper discusses how a two-phase apparatus can be scaled to reflect in vivo absorption kinetics and for which drug substances the two-phase dissolution systems may be appropriate tools for measuring oral bioperformance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Mudie
- University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Phillips DJ, Pygall SR, Cooper VB, Mann JC. Overcoming sink limitations in dissolution testing: a review of traditional methods and the potential utility of biphasic systems. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:1549-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The conventional dissolution test, particularly the USP apparatus I and II, remains an important tool in the armory of the pharmaceutical development scientist. For realistic dissolution characterization, sink conditions, where saturation solubility of a drug in the dissolution medium is at least three times more than the drug concentration, are critical. These conditions can be problematic to maintain with formulations containing poorly-soluble actives. This review summarizes the role of the dissolution test in the pharmaceutical industry, together with some traditional techniques/additives used to enhance solubility and facilitate the achievement of sink conditions. The biphasic dissolution system, an innovative model for the treatment of poorly-soluble species, will also be discussed.
Key findings
The biphasic dissolution model utilizes media comprising immiscible aqueous and organic layers whereby the drug, following initial aqueous dissolution, partitions into the organic layer. This step, which acts to remove all dissolved species from the aqueous layer, enables further aqueous dissolution to occur and hence the dissolution–partition cycle continues. Crucially, the aqueous layer does not saturate allowing sink conditions to be maintained and hence the experiment will, in theory, yield complete dissolution.
Summary
This review highlights important concepts regarding solubility/sink limitation and intends to provoke debate among analytical and formulation scientists as to the potential advantages, long-term development and widespread implementation of a biphasic dissolution system in drug development.
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Gao P. Design and Development of Self-Emulsifying Lipid Formulations for Improving Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble and Lipophilic Drugs. FORMULATING POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1144-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Shi Y, Gao P, Gong Y, Ping H. Application of a Biphasic Test for Characterization of In Vitro Drug Release of Immediate Release Formulations of Celecoxib and Its Relevance to In Vivo Absorption. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1458-65. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Global Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois 60064, and School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 49001
| | - Ping Gao
- Global Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois 60064, and School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 49001
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Global Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois 60064, and School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 49001
| | - Haili Ping
- Global Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois 60064, and School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 49001
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Gabriëls M, Plaizier-Vercammen J. Design of a dissolution system for the evaluation of the release rate characteristics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin from tablets. Int J Pharm 2004; 274:245-60. [PMID: 15072800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As none of the pharmacopoeial dissolution methods are suitable to evaluate the release rate of artemether and dihydroartemisinin from tablets, a 'two-phase partition-dissolution' method, based on the one of [J. Pharm. Sci. 85 (1996) 1060] was developed. It consists of an organic solvent in the upper part and the aqueous phase, in which the dissolution test was executed. The main requirements for the selection of the solvent are: the density should be lower than 1; the analyte should dissolve in the organic part as much as required for 'sink' conditions; if possible, the cut off should be near 200 nm, which allows direct HPLC measurement at 215 nm. The most suitable solvent for artemether is isooctane in a ratio of 100/150 ml aqueous phase. Samples could be analysed without further treatment. For dihydroartemisinin, chlorobutane was selected in a ratio 150/150 ml water. In the latter method, the solvent disturbed in the HPLC analysis and therefore samples were evaporated and then reconstituted in methanol. Repeatability of the test was satisfactory and discrimination ability tests on Artenam tablet batches and self-made dihydroartemisinin tablets, respectively, showed good results, confirmed via calculation of the similarity factor f2 (value <50). Dissolution determination of Cotecxin tablets was proven not to be conform as immediate-release tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriëls
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Grassi M, Coceani N, Magarotto L. Modelling partitioning of sparingly soluble drugs in a two-phase liquid system. Int J Pharm 2002; 239:157-69. [PMID: 12052701 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a proper mathematical model able to describe the kinetics partitioning of a drug between a polar (water buffer) and an apolar (n-octanol) liquid phase. In particular, attention is focussed on sparingly soluble drugs in one or both environments. Basically, we suppose that drug fluxes occurring between the polar and apolar phase depend also on drug solubility, and not only on both the kinetics constants and the instantaneous drug concentration in the two phases. The proposed model adequately describes the drug partitioning of sparingly water soluble drugs (piroxicam and nimesulide) as proven by the comparison of the predicted and experimental data. Moreover, it indicates the unsuitability of a previous approach (Chem. Pharm. Bull. 29 (1961) 2718) in describing the partitioning kinetics unless sink conditions in both phases are attained, this being difficult to achieve when working with sparingly soluble drugs. Consequently, the model represents a simple and reliable tool to study the drug partitioning kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Grassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering (DICAMP), University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Grassi M, Coceani N, Magarotto L. Mathematical Modeling of Drug Release from Microemulsions: Theory in Comparison with Experiments. J Colloid Interface Sci 2000; 228:141-150. [PMID: 10882504 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2000.6945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The topic of this paper is the study of the drug release from a drug-loaded microemulsion by reverting to a new mathematical model overcoming some drawbacks of previously proposed models. In particular, attention is focused on the mathematical expression of the drug fluxes existing between the oil and water phases during drug release. Indeed, not only the drug release kinetics, but also the drug oil-water partition coefficient strongly depend on these fluxes. Two microemulsion are considered: the first is composed by water, Tween80 as surfactant, and Triacetin as oil phase, while the second is composed by water, Tween80 as surfactant, and a Triacetin-benzylic alcohol mixture (1 : 1) as oil phase. Both of them are loaded by Nimesulide, an oil-soluble drug of considerable industrial relevance. The drug release is performed by resorting to a permeation experiment (Franz cells apparatus) as it demonstrated to be the most reliable methodology. The good agreement between the experimental permeation data and the model best-fitting ensures that the most important phenomena ruling this kind of drug release were properly accounted for by the new proposed model. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste, I-34127, Italy
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Ngo TH, Quintens I, Roets E, Declerck PJ, Hoogmartens J. Bioavailability of different artemisinin tablet formulations in rabbit plasma--correlation with results obtained by an in vitro dissolution method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 16:185-9. [PMID: 9408832 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The demonstration of a good overall correlation with in vivo data is the ultimate proof of qualification for any dissolution-rate test. For artemisinin, a very hydrophobic compound at a high content in oral solid dosage forms, all official dissolution apparatus were estimated unsuitable. A modified two phase partition-dissolution method was applied to solve this problem. This study reports on the bioavalability of three different formulations of artemisinin tablets in rabbit plasma. Artemisinin concentrations in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography. A linear correlation between results obtained by the partition-dissolution method described and the obtained in vivo data confirmed the validity of the dissolution method.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ngo
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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