1
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Huang J, Zhou H, Zou Y, Liu H, Chen Q. Ultrasensitive detection of dopamine using Au microelectrodes integrated with mesoporous silica thin films. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 38856368 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00398e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical method was developed for ultrasensitive and selective detection of dopamine in human serum using mesoporous silica thin film modified gold microelectrodes. Vertically aligned mesoporous silica thin films were deposited onto Au microelectrodes by electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA). The mesochannels have uniform pore sizes of 2.1 nm in diameter and a negatively charged wall surface. Cyclic voltammetry reveals effective charge permselectivity through the negatively charged mesoporous channels. By using differential pulse voltammetry, the mesoporous silica thin film modified Au microelectrode can be employed for the ultrasensitive detection of dopamine with a detection limit as low as 0.084 μM. In addition, thanks to the electrostatic and steric effects of the silica mesochannels, excellent anti-interference and anti-fouling properties of the electrochemical sensors are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Huaxu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Yanqi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Huiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Qianjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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2
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Lu SM, Chen M, Wen H, Zhong CB, Wang HW, Yu Z, Long YT. Hydrodynamics-Controlled Single-Particle Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15053-15060. [PMID: 38776531 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis is considered promising in renewable energy conversion and storage, yet numerous efforts rely on catalyst design to advance catalytic activity. Herein, a hydrodynamic single-particle electrocatalysis methodology is developed by integrating collision electrochemistry and microfluidics to improve the activity of an electrocatalysis system. As a proof-of-concept, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is electrocatalyzed by individual palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs), with the development of microchannel-based ultramicroelectrodes. The controlled laminar flow enables the precise delivery of Pd NPs to the electrode-electrolyte interface one by one. Compared to the diffusion condition, hydrodynamic collision improves the number of active sites on a given electrode by 2 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, forced convection enables the enhancement of proton mass transport, thereby increasing the electrocatalytic activity of each single Pd NP. It turns out that the improvement in mass transport increases the reaction rate of HER at individual Pd NPs, thus a phase transition without requiring a high overpotential. This study provides new avenues for enhancing electrocatalytic activity by altering operating conditions, beyond material design limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- Molecular Sensing and Imaging Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Molecular Sensing and Imaging Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huilin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Cheng-Bing Zhong
- Molecular Sensing and Imaging Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Molecular Sensing and Imaging Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Molecular Sensing and Imaging Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Zhang H, Ma Y, Huang M, Mutschke G, Zhang X. Solutal Marangoni force controls lateral motion of electrolytic gas bubbles. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3097-3106. [PMID: 38333960 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical gas-evolving reactions have been widely used for industrial energy conversion and storage processes. Gas bubbles form frequently at the electrode surface due to a small gas solubility, thereby reducing the effective reaction area and increasing the over-potential and ohmic resistance. However, the growth and motion mechanisms for tiny gas bubbles on the electrode remains elusive. Combining molecular dynamics (MD) and fluid dynamics simulations (CFD), we show that there exists a lateral solutal Marangoni force originating from an asymmetric distribution of dissolved gas near the bubble. Both MD and CFD simulations deliver a similar magnitude of the Marangoni force of ∼0.01 nN acting on the bubble. We demonstrate that this force may lead to lateral bubble oscillations and analyze the phenomenon of dynamic self-pinning of bubbles at the electrode boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yunqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Mengyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany.
| | - Gerd Mutschke
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany.
| | - Xianren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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4
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Liu T, Zhao Y, Zhai T. Does a Higher Density of Active Sites Indicate a Higher Reaction Rate? J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6461-6465. [PMID: 38415580 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
A consensus view in catalysis is that a higher density of catalytically active sites indicates a higher reaction rate. Using molecular dynamics simulations capable of mimicking the electrochemical formation of gas molecules, we herein demonstrate that this view is problematic for electrocatalytic gas production. Our simulation results show that a higher density of catalytic active sites does not necessarily indicate a higher reaction rate─a high density of active sites could lead to a reduction in the rate of reaction. Further analysis reveals that this abnormal phenomenon is ascribed to aggregation of the produced gas molecules near catalytic sites. This work challenges the consensus view and lays the groundwork for better developing gas-producing reaction electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yinghe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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5
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Xu B, Meng X, Huang J, Shan Y, Qiu D, Chen Q. Revealing the Heterogeneous Bubble Nucleation at Individual Silica Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38319065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Deep understanding of the bubble nucleation process is universally important in systems, from chemical engineering to materials. However, due to its nanoscale and transient nature, effective probing of nucleation behavior with a high spatiotemporal resolution is prohibitively challenging. We previously reported the measurement of a single nanobubble nucleation at a nanoparticle using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, where the bubble nucleation and formation were inferred from the voltammetric responses. Here, we continue the study of heterogeneous bubble nucleation at interfaces by regulating the local nanostructures using silica nanoparticles with a distinct surface morphology. It is demonstrated that, compared to the smooth spherical silica nanoparticles, the raspberry-like nanoparticles can further significantly reduce the nucleation energy barrier, with a critical peak current about 23% of the bare carbon surfaces. This study advances our understanding of how surface nanostructures direct the heterogeneous nucleation process and may offer a new strategy for surface engineering in gas involved energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaohui Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yun Shan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qianjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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6
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Ma Y, Huang M, Mutschke G, Zhang X. Nucleation of surface nanobubbles in electrochemistry: Analysis with nucleation theorem. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:859-867. [PMID: 37898070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The formation of single bubbles at nanoelectrodes during electrochemical reactions allows to accurately identify the critical nucleus for bubble formation. As demonstrated before, combining nanoelectrode experiments and an analysis approach based on classical nucleation theory (CNT) delivers useful insight into bubble nucleation. In this work we propose an alternative approach to analyze the critical nuclei by applying the nucleation theorem (NT), which is able to overcome the inherent shortcomings of CNT. The size of the critical nucleus can be calculated more accurately by fitting experimental data in a simple form of the NT. Simulating the local gas concentration using a finite element approach, and considering the effect of gas oversaturation on the interfacial tension and the real gas compressibility, we obtain a more realistic estimation of the critical nuclei morphology. With the NT-based analysis presented, we re-analyze the nucleation data reported before. The properties of the critical nuclei obtained here are roughly consistent with those obtained from the CNT-based approach. In addition, we confirm that the critical nucleus for bubble formation in high gas oversaturation is featured with a contact angle much larger than Young's contact angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany.
| | - Gerd Mutschke
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Xianren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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7
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Park S, Liu L, Demirkır Ç, van der Heijden O, Lohse D, Krug D, Koper MTM. Solutal Marangoni effect determines bubble dynamics during electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1532-1540. [PMID: 37563325 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and manipulating gas bubble evolution during electrochemical water splitting is a crucial strategy for optimizing the electrode/electrolyte/gas bubble interface. Here gas bubble dynamics are investigated during the hydrogen evolution reaction on a well-defined platinum microelectrode by varying the electrolyte composition. We find that the microbubble coalescence efficiency follows the Hofmeister series of anions in the electrolyte. This dependency yields very different types of H2 gas bubble evolution in different electrolytes, ranging from periodic detachment of a single H2 gas bubble in sulfuric acid to aperiodic detachment of small H2 gas bubbles in perchloric acid. Our results indicate that the solutal Marangoni convection, induced by the anion concentration gradient developing during the reaction, plays a critical role at practical current density conditions. The resulting Marangoni force on the H2 gas bubble and the bubble departure diameter therefore depend on how surface tension varies with concentration for different electrolytes. This insight provides new avenues for controlling bubble dynamics during electrochemical gas bubble formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghak Park
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luhao Liu
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Çayan Demirkır
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Krug
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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8
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Suvira M, Ahuja A, Lovre P, Singh M, Draher GW, Zhang B. Imaging Single H 2 Nanobubbles Using Off-Axis Dark-Field Microscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15893-15899. [PMID: 37851536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A robust and detailed physicochemical description of electrochemically generated surface nanobubbles and their effects on electrochemical systems remains at large. Herein, we report the development and utilization of an off-axis, dark-field microscopy imaging tool for probing the dynamic process of generating single H2 nanobubbles at the surface of a carbon nanoelectrode. A change in the direction of the incident light is made to significantly reduce the intensity of the background light, which enables us to image both the nanoelectrode and nanobubble on the electrode surface or the metal nanoparticles in the vicinity of the electrode. The correlated electrochemical and optical response provides novel insights regarding bubble nucleation and dissolution on a nanoelectrode previously unattainable solely from its current-voltage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milomir Suvira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Ananya Ahuja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Pascal Lovre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Mantak Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Gracious Wyatt Draher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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9
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Wang M, Xu Q, Nie T, Luo X, She Y, Guo L. Growth characteristics and the mass transfer mechanism of single bubble on a photoelectrode at different electrolyte concentrations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28497-28509. [PMID: 37847077 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03016d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In the photoelectrochemical water splitting reaction, the bubble attached to the working electrode is an essential factor affecting the reaction resistance, current density and gas-liquid mass transfer. An experimental measurement system based on an electrochemical workstation synchronously coupled with a high-speed microscopic camera was proposed and used to systematically study the growth kinetics and mass transfer mechanism of single oxygen bubbles at different electrolyte concentrations (Na2SO4, 0.1-2.0 M) on the TiO2 photoanode surface. Under constant voltage and constant current control conditions, when the electrolyte concentration increases, the bubble detachment diameter and the bubble detachment frequency gradually decrease. The bubble coverage equation expressed in terms of gas evolution efficiency is proposed and is associated with the photocurrent and bubble radius. The average bubble coverage and average gas evolution efficiency decrease when the electrolyte concentration is increased. According to the Sherwood dimensionless number, various mass transfer coefficients during bubble growth were calculated. The results show that the average total mass transfer coefficient is positively correlated with the change trend of the electrolyte concentration, and the mass transfer coefficient of single-phase natural convection is one order of magnitude larger than the mass transfer coefficient of bubble-induced convection. Finally, a conclusion on the transient mass transfer process in the bubble evolution process was obtained, that is, the mass transfer coefficient of single-phase natural convection and the total mass transfer coefficient remain high during the first growth stage, and gradually decrease during the second growth stage. Therefore, regulating the electrolyte concentration can effectively promote the gas-liquid mass transfer in the photoelectrochemical water splitting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Tengfei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xinyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yonglu She
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Liejin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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10
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Godeffroy L, Shkirskiy V, Noël JM, Lemineur JF, Kanoufi F. Fuelling electrocatalysis at a single nanoparticle by ion flow in a nanoconfined electrolyte layer. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:441-465. [PMID: 37427498 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
We explore the possibility of coupling the transport of ions and water in a nanochannel with the chemical transformation of a reactant at an individual catalytic nanoparticle (NP). Such configuration could be interesting for constructing artificial photosynthesis devices coupling the asymmetric production of ions at the catalytic NP, with the ion selectivity of the nanochannels acting as ion pumps. Herein we propose to observe how such ion pumping can be coupled to an electrochemical reaction operated at the level of an individual electrocatalytic Pt NP. This is achieved by confining a (reservoir) droplet of electrolyte to within a few micrometres away from an electrocatalytic Pt NP on an electrode. While the region of the electrode confined by the reservoir and the NP are cathodically polarised, operando optical microscopy reveals the growth of an electrolyte nanodroplet on top of the NP. This suggests that the electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction operates at the NP and that an electrolyte nanochannel is formed - acting as an ion pump - between the reservoir and the NP. We have described here the optically imaged phenomena and their relevance to the characterization of the electrolyte nanochannel linking the NPs to the electrolyte microreservoir. Additionally, we have addressed the capacity of the nanochannel to transport ions and solvent flow to the NP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, F-75013 Paris, France.
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11
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Jelenčič M, Orthaber U, Mur J, Petelin J, Petkovšek R. Evidence of laser-induced nanobubble formation mechanism in water. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106537. [PMID: 37531836 PMCID: PMC10415793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Principles of laser-induced nanobubble formation in water are studied and presented. Nanobubbles were generated by laser light at intensities below threshold for laser-induced breakdown and subsequently expanded by a rarefaction wave to facilitate their observation and analysis. Different methods were used to study nanobubble formation and characteristics. Firstly, probability of nanobubble formation as a function of water sample purity was examined. Secondly, relation between laser fluence at different wavelengths and the number of generated nanobubbles was investigated. Thirdly, measurements of nanobubble lifetime were conducted indicating a contradiction to the Epstein-Plesset equation-based prediction of free bubble dissociation. Accumulated evidence suggests that the presence of physical impurities is a prerequisite for nanobubble formation. Consequently, a lack of impurities results in the absence of nanobubbles in contrast to assumptions by existing studies. The findings presented in this paper provide new insights into the fundamental properties of laser-induced nanobubbles in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Jelenčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Orthaber
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Mur
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Petelin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Petkovšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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12
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Dinh TD, Park K, Hwang S. Variable Nanoelectrode at the Air/Water Interface by Hydrogel-Integrated Atomic Force Microscopy Electrochemical Platform. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37468162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A nanoelectrode with a controllable area was developed using commercial atomic force microscopy and a hydrogel. Although tremendous advantages of small electrodes from micrometer scale down to nanometer scale have been previously reported for a wide range of applications, precise and high-throughput fabrication remains an obstacle. In this work, the set-point feedback current in a modified scanning ionic conductance microscopy system controlled the formation of electrodes with a nanometer-sized area by contact between the boron-doped diamond (BDD) tip and the agarose hydrogel. The modulation of the electroactive area of the BDD-coated nanoelectrode in the hydrogel was successively investigated by the finite element method and cyclic voltammetry with the use of a redox-contained hydrogel. Moreover, this nanoelectrode enables the simultaneous imaging of both the topography and electrochemical activity of a polymeric microparticle embedded in a hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Duc Dinh
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Kyungsoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Seongpil Hwang
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
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13
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Yang R, Kvetny M, Brown W, Ogbonna EN, Wang G. A Single-Entity Method for Actively Controlled Nucleation and High-Quality Protein Crystal Synthesis. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37243709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lack of controls and understanding in nucleation, which proceeds crystal growth and other phase transitions, has been a bottleneck challenge in chemistry, materials, biology, and other fields. The exemplary needs for better methods for biomacromolecule crystallization include (1) synthesizing crystals for high-resolution structure determinations in fundamental research and (2) tuning the crystal habit and thus the corresponding properties in materials and pharmaceutical applications. Herein, a deterministic method is established capable of sustaining the nucleation and growth of a single crystal using the protein lysozyme as a prototype. The supersaturation is localized at the interface between a sample and a precipitant solution, spatially confined by the tip of a single nanopipette. The exchange of matter between the two solutions determines the supersaturation, which is controlled by electrokinetic ion transport driven by an external potential waveform. Nucleation and subsequent crystal growth disrupt the ionic current limited by the nanotip and are detected. The nucleation and growth of individual single crystals are measured in real time. Electroanalytical and optical signatures are elucidated as feedbacks with which active controls in crystal quality and method consistency are achieved: five out of five crystals diffract at a true atomic resolution of up to 1.2 Å. As controls, those synthesized under less optimized conditions diffract poorly. The crystal habits during the growth process are tuned successfully by adjusting the flux. The universal mechanism of nano-transport kinetics, together with the correlations of the diffraction quality and crystal habit with the crystallization control parameters, lay the foundation for the generalization to other materials systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Maksim Kvetny
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Warren Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Edwin N Ogbonna
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Gangli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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14
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Jiang H, Sun Y, You B. Dynamic Electrodeposition on Bubbles: An Effective Strategy toward Porous Electrocatalysts for Green Hydrogen Cycling. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37229761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusClosed-loop cycling of green hydrogen is a promising alternative to the current hydrocarbon economy for mitigating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. It stores energy from renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower into the chemical bond of dihydrogen (H2) via (photo)electrochemical water splitting, and then the stored energy can be released on demand through the reverse reactions in H2-O2 fuel cells. The sluggish kinetics of the involved half-reactions like hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) limit its realization. Moreover, considering the local gas-liquid-solid triphase microenvironments during H2 generation and utilization, rapid mass transport and gas diffusion are critical as well. Accordingly, developing cost-effective and active electrocatalysts featuring three-dimensional hierarchically porous structures are highly desirable to promote the energy conversion efficiency. Traditionally, the synthetic approaches of porous materials include soft/hard templating, sol-gel, 3D printing, dealloying, and freeze-drying, which often need tedious procedures, high temperature, expensive equipment, and/or harsh physiochemical conditions. In contrast, dynamic electrodeposition on bubbles using the in situ formed bubbles as templates can be conducted at ambient conditions with an electrochemical workstation. Moreover, the whole preparation process can be finished within minutes/hours, and the resulting porous materials can be employed as catalytic electrodes directly, avoiding the use of polymeric binders like Nafion and the consequent issues like limited catalyst loading, reduced conductivity, and inhibited mass transport.In this Account, we summarize our contributions to the dynamic electrodeposition on bubbles toward advanced porous electrocatalysts for green hydrogen cycling. These dynamic electrosynthesis strategies include potentiodynamic electrodeposition that linearly scans the applied potentials, galvanostatic electrodeposition that fixes the applied currents, and electroshock which quickly switches the applied potentials. The resulting porous electrocatalysts range from transition metals to alloys, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, and their hybrids. We mainly focus on the 3D porosity design of the electrocatalysts by tuning the electrosynthesis parameters to tailor the behaviors of bubble co-generation and thus the reaction interface. Then, their electrocatalytic applications for HER, OER, overall water splitting (OWS), biomass oxidation (to replace OER), and HOR are introduced, with a special emphasis on the porosity-promoted activity. Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspective are also discussed. We hope this Account will encourage more efforts into this attractive research field of dynamic electrodeposition on bubbles for various energy catalytic reactions like carbon dioxide/monoxide reduction, nitrate reduction, methane oxidation, chlorine evolution, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry, and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Bo You
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry, and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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15
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Wang Y, Xiao W, Qin W. Nanobubble Enhances Rutile Flotation Separation in Styrene Phosphoric Acid System. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the weak hydrophobicity of styrene phosphoric acid (SPA), the amount used as a collector for rutile flotation is too large, resulting in high beneficiation costs. In this study, SPA was modified by nanobubbles to enhance its hydrophobicity. In this paper, the modification of SPA by nanobubbles and the adsorption mechanism of SPA on rutile surface before and after modification were studied by means of nanoparticle tracking analysis, micro-bubble flotation test, contact angle test, zeta potential test, etc. The results show that SPA can significantly increase the concentration of bulk nanobubbles, increase the flotation recovery of rutile from 55% to 69%, and reduce the dosage of SPA from 101 mg/L to 70 mg/L. Nanobubbles interact with SPA in the form of water drainage, significantly reducing the zeta potential of the rutile surface and increasing the solid–liquid interface contact angle of rutile surface. A model of the interaction between nanobubbles, SPA, and rutile surface is established, which is helpful to understand the process mechanism of nanobubble flotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghai Wang
- School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Xi’an Northwest Nonferrous Geological Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Wenqing Qin
- School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Sun Z, Gu Z, Ma W. Confined Electrochemical Behaviors of Single Platinum Nanoparticles Revealing Ultrahigh Density of Gas Molecules inside a Nanobubble. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3613-3620. [PMID: 36775911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the basic physicochemical properties of gas molecules confined within nanobubbles is of fundamental importance for chemical and biological processes. Here, we successfully monitored the nanobubble-confined electrochemical behaviors of single platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) at a carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode in HClO4 and H2O2 solution. Due to the catalytic decomposition of H2O2, a single oxygen nanobubble was formed on individual PtNPs to block the active surface of particles for proton reduction and to suppress their stochastic motion, resulting in significantly distinguished current traces. Furthermore, the combination of theoretical calculations and high-resolution electrochemical measurements allowed the nanobubble size and the oxygen gas density inside a single nanobubble to be quantified. Moreover, the ultrahigh oxygen density inside (1046 kg/m3) was revealed, indicating that gas molecules in a nanosized space existed with a high state of aggregation. Our approach sheds light on the gas aggregation behaviors of nanoscale bubbles using single-entity electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhihao Gu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Zhang C, Xu Z, Han N, Tian Y, Kallio T, Yu C, Jiang L. Superaerophilic/superaerophobic cooperative electrode for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction via enhanced mass transfer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6978. [PMID: 36652519 PMCID: PMC9848275 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), as an effective method to produce green hydrogen, is greatly impeded by inefficient mass transfer, i.e., bubble adhesion on electrode, bubble dispersion in the vicinity of electrode, and poor dissolved H2 diffusion, which results in blocked electrocatalytic area and large H2 concentration overpotential. Here, we report a superaerophilic/superaerophobic (SAL/SAB) cooperative electrode to efficiently promote bubble transfer by asymmetric Laplace pressure and accelerate dissolved H2 diffusion through reducing diffusion distance. Benefiting from the enhanced mass transfer, the overpotential for the SAL/SAB cooperative electrode at -10 mA cm-2 is only -19 mV, compared to -61 mV on the flat Pt electrode. By optimizing H2SO4 concentration, the SAL/SAB cooperative electrode can achieve ultrahigh current density (-1867 mA cm-2) at an overpotential of -500 mV. We can envision that the SAL/SAB cooperative strategy is an effective method to improve HER efficiency and stimulate the understanding of various gas-involved processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nana Han
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Ye Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tanja Kallio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Cunming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author. (C.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author. (C.Y.); (L.J.)
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18
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Bai S, You Y, Chen X, Liu C, Wang L. Monitoring Bipolar Electrochemistry and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of a Single Gold Microparticle under Sub-Micropipette Confinement. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2054-2061. [PMID: 36625753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an approach to track the process of autorepeating bipolar reactions and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on a micro gold bipolar electrode (BPE) is established. Once blocking the channel of the sub-micropipette tip, the formed gold microparticle is polarized into the wireless BPE, which induces the dissolution of the gold at the anode and the HER at the cathode. The current response shows a periodic behavior with three regions: the bubble generation region (I), the bubble rupture/generation region (II), and the channel opening region (III). After a stable low baseline current of region I, a series of positive spike signals caused by single H2 nanobubbles rupture/generation are recorded standing for the beginning of region II. Meanwhile, the dissolution of the gold blocking at the orifice will create a new channel, increasing the baseline current for region III, where the synthesis of gold occurs again, resulting in another periodic response. Finite element simulations are applied to unveil the mechanism thermodynamically. In addition, the integral charge of the H2 nanobubbles in region II corresponds to the consumption of the anode gold. It simultaneously monitors autorepeating bipolar reactions of a single gold microparticle and HER of a single H2 nanobubble electrochemically, which reveals an insightful physicochemical mechanism in nanoscale confinement and makes the glass nanopore an ideal candidate to further reveal the heterogeneity of catalytic capability at the single particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silan Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Yongtao You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- Jewelry Institute, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou511483, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
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Chen R, Liu S, Zhang Y. A nanoelectrode-based study of water splitting electrocatalysts. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:52-64. [PMID: 36485037 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01143c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-cost and efficient catalytic materials for key reactions like water splitting, CO2 reduction and N2 reduction is crucial for fulfilling the growing energy consumption demands and the pursuit of renewable and sustainable energy. Conventional electrochemical measurements at the macroscale lack the potential to characterize single catalytic entities and nanoscale surface features on the surface of a catalytic material. Recently, promising results have been obtained using nanoelectrodes as ultra-small platforms for the study of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on innovative catalytic materials at the nanoscale. In this minireview, we summarize the recent progress in the nanoelectrode-based studies on the HER and OER on various nanostructured catalytic materials. These electrocatalysts can be generally categorized into two groups: 0-dimensional (0D) single atom/molecule/cluster/nanoparticles and 2-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Controlled growth as well as the electrochemical characterization of single isolated atoms, molecules, clusters and nanoparticles has been achieved on nanoelectrodes. Moreover, nanoelectrodes greatly enhanced the spatial resolution of scanning probe techniques, which enable studies at the surface features of 2D nanomaterials, including surface defects, edges and nanofacets at the boundary of a phase. Nanoelectrode-based studies on the catalytic materials can provide new insights into the reaction mechanisms and catalytic properties, which will facilitate the pursuit of sustainable energy and help to solve CO2 release issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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20
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Nie T, Li Z, Luo X, She Y, Liang L, Xu Q, Guo L. Single bubble dynamics on a TiO2 photoelectrode surface during photoelectrochemical water splitting. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Pan Z, Liu W, Yu L, Xie Z, Sun Q, Zhao P, Chen D, Fang W, Liu B. Resonance-Induced Reduction of Interfacial Tension of Water-Methane and Improvement of Methane Solubility in Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13594-13601. [PMID: 36299165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the effect of the periodic oscillating electric field on the interface between water and methane. We propose a new strategy that utilizes oscillating electric fields to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between water and methane and increase the solubility of methane in water simultaneously. These are attributed to the hydrogen bond resonance induced by an electric field with a frequency close to the natural frequency of the hydrogen bond. The resonance breaks the hydrogen bond network among water molecules to the maximum, which destroys the hydration shell and reduces the cohesive action of water, thus resulting in the decrease of IFT and the increase of methane solubility. As the frequency of the electric field is close to the optimum resonant frequency of hydrogen bonds, IFT decreases from 56.43 to 5.66 mN/m; water and methane are miscible because the solubility parameter of water reduces from 47.63 to 2.85 MPa1/2, which is close to that of methane (3.43 MPa1/2). Our results provide a new idea for reducing the water-gas IFT and improving the solubility of insoluble gas in water and theoretical guidance in the fields of natural gas exploitation, hydrate generation, and nanobubble nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Pan
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Leyang Yu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Zhiyang Xie
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Qing Sun
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Peihe Zhao
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Dongmeng Chen
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Wenjing Fang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
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22
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Wang J, Guo Y, Jiao Z, Tan J, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Gu N. Generation of micro-nano bubbles by magneto induced internal heat for protecting cells from intermittent hypoxic damage. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Chen Q, Zhao J, Deng X, Shan Y, Peng Y. Single-Entity Electrochemistry of Nano- and Microbubbles in Electrolytic Gas Evolution. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6153-6163. [PMID: 35762985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gas bubbles are found in diverse electrochemical processes, ranging from electrolytic water splitting to chlor-alkali electrolysis, as well as photoelectrochemical processes. Understanding the intricate influence of bubble evolution on the electrode processes and mass transport is key to the rational design of efficient devices for electrolytic energy conversion and thus requires precise measurement and analysis of individual gas bubbles. In this Perspective, we review the latest advances in single-entity measurement of gas bubbles on electrodes, covering the approaches of voltammetric and galvanostatic studies based on nanoelectrodes, probing bubble evolution using scanning probe electrochemistry with spatial information, and monitoring the transient nature of nanobubble formation and dynamics with opto-electrochemical imaging. We emphasize the intrinsic and quantitative physicochemical interpretation of single gas bubbles from electrochemical data, highlighting the fundamental understanding of the heterogeneous nucleation, dynamic state of the three-phase boundary, and the correlation between electrolytic bubble dynamics and nanocatalyst activities. In addition, a brief discussion of future perspectives is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoli Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yun Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Majumdar P, Gao R, White HS. Electroprecipitation of Nanometer-Thick Films of Ln(OH) 3 [Ln = La, Ce, and Lu] at Pt Microelectrodes and Their Effect on Electron-Transfer Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8125-8134. [PMID: 35715230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report investigations of the deposition of nanometer-thick Ln(OH)3 films (Ln = La, Ce, and Lu) and their effect on outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron-transfer reactions. Insoluble Ln(OH)3 films are deposited from aqueous solutions of LaCl3 onto the surface of 12.5 μm radius Pt microdisk electrodes during water or oxygen reduction. Both reactions produce interfacial OH-, which complexes with Ln3+, resulting in the precipitation of Ln(OH)3. Surface analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy indicate the formation of a 1-2 nm thick uniform film. Outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions (Ru(NH3)63+ reduction, FcMeOH oxidation, and Fe(CN)64-/3- oxidation/reduction) were investigated at Ln(OH)3-modified electrodes of different film thicknesses. The results demonstrate that the steady-state transport-limited current for these reactions decreases with an increase in the film thickness. Moreover, the degree of blockage depends upon the redox species, suggesting that the Ln(OH)3 films are free from pinholes greater than the size of the redox molecules. This suggests that the films are either ionically conducting or that electron tunneling occurs across these thin layers. A similar blocking effect was observed for the inner-sphere reductions of H2O and O2. We further demonstrate that the thickness of La(OH)3 films can be controlled by anodic dissolution. Additionally, we show that La3+ lowers the supersaturation of dissolved H2 required to nucleate a stable nanobubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Hewage SA, Meegoda JN. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Of Bulk Nanobubbles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Frenkel-defected monolayer MoS 2 catalysts for efficient hydrogen evolution. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2193. [PMID: 35459263 PMCID: PMC9033855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defect engineering is an effective strategy to improve the activity of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide base planes toward electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Here, we report a Frenkel-defected monolayer MoS2 catalyst, in which a fraction of Mo atoms in MoS2 spontaneously leave their places in the lattice, creating vacancies and becoming interstitials by lodging in nearby locations. Unique charge distributions are introduced in the MoS2 surface planes, and those interstitial Mo atoms are more conducive to H adsorption, thus greatly promoting the HER activity of monolayer MoS2 base planes. At the current density of 10 mA cm−2, the optimal Frenkel-defected monolayer MoS2 exhibits a lower overpotential (164 mV) than either pristine monolayer MoS2 surface plane (358 mV) or Pt-single-atom doped MoS2 (211 mV). This work provides insights into the structure-property relationship of point-defected MoS2 and highlights the advantages of Frenkel defects in tuning the catalytic performance of MoS2 materials. While material defect sites are active for chemical reactions, it is important to understand how different defect types impact reactivity. Here, authors prepare Frenkel-defected MoS2 monolayers and demonstrate improved performances for H2 evolution electrocatalysis than pristine or doped MoS2.
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Recent Developments in Generation, Detection and Application of Nanobubbles in Flotation. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews recent developments in the fundamental understating of ultrafine (nano) bubbles (NBs) and presents technological advances and reagent types used for their generation in flotation. The generation of NBs using various approaches including ultrasonication, solvent exchange, temperature change, hydrodynamic cavitation, and electrolysis was assessed. Most importantly, restrictions and opportunities with respect to the detection of NBs were comprehensively reviewed, focusing on various characterization techniques such as the laser particle size analyzer (LPSA), nanoparticle tracking (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta-phase light scattering (ZPALS), and zeta sizer. As a key feature, types and possible mechanisms of surfactants applied to stabilize NBs were also explored. Furthermore, flotation-assisted nano-bubbles was reported as an efficient method for recovering minerals, with a special focus on flotation kinetics. It was found that most researchers reported the existence and formation of NBs by different techniques, but there is not enough information on an accurate measurement of their size distribution and their commonly used reagents. It was also recognized that a suitable method for generating NBs, at a high rate and with a low cost, remains a technical challenge in flotation. The application of hydrodynamic cavitation based on a venturi tube and using the LPSA and NTA in laboratory scales were identified as the most predominant approaches for the generation and detection of NBs, respectively. In this regard, neither pilot- nor industrial-scale case studies were found in the literature; they were only highlighted as future works. Although the NB-stabilizing effects of electrolytes have been well-explored, the mechanisms related to surfactants remain the issue of further investigation. The effectiveness of the NB-assisted flotation processes has been mostly addressed for single minerals, and only a few works have been reported for bulk materials. Finally, we believe that the current review paves the way for an appropriate selection of generating and detecting ultrafine bubbles and shines the light on a profound understanding of its effectiveness.
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Maheshwari S, Shetty S, Ratnakar R, Sanyal S. Role of Computational Science in Materials and Systems Design for Sustainable Energy Applications: An Industry Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Scale Effect on Producing Gaseous and Liquid Chemical Fuels via CO2 Reduction. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15010335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Producing chemical fuels from sunlight is a sustainable way to utilize solar energy and reduce carbon emissions. Within the current photovoltaic-electrolysis or photoelectrochemical-based solar fuel generation system, electrochemical CO2 reduction is the key step. Although there has been important progress in developing new materials and devices, scaling up electrochemical CO2 reduction is essential to promote the industrial application of this technology. In this work, we use Ag and In as the representative electrocatalyst for producing gas and liquid products in both small and big electrochemical cells. We find that gas production is blocked more easily than liquid products when scaling up the electrochemical cell. Simulation results show that the generated gas product, CO, forms bubbles on the surface of the electrocatalyst, thus blocking the transport of CO2, while there is no such trouble for producing the liquid product such as formate. This work provides methods for studying the mass transfer of CO, and it is also an important reference for scaling up solar fuel generation devices that are constructed based on electrochemical CO2 reduction.
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Bashkatov A, Hossain SS, Mutschke G, Yang X, Rox H, Weidinger IM, Eckert K. On the growth regimes of hydrogen bubbles at microelectrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26738-26752. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Beside classical growth (regime I), depending on potential and concentration, new growth regimes of hydrogen bubbles were found. These differ with respect to the existence of a carpet of microbubbles underneath and of current oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Bashkatov
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
- Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
- Hydrogen Lab, School of Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Syed Sahil Hossain
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Gerd Mutschke
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Xuegeng Yang
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Hannes Rox
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Inez M. Weidinger
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Eckert
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
- Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
- Hydrogen Lab, School of Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
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Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Meloni GN, Morris P, Lemineur JF, McPherson IJ, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. Hybrid scanning electrochemical cell microscopy-interference reflection microscopy (SECCM-IRM): tracking phase formation on surfaces in small volumes. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:122-148. [PMID: 34909815 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the combination of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and interference reflection microscopy (IRM) to produce a compelling technique for the study of interfacial processes and to track the SECCM meniscus status in real-time. SECCM allows reactions to be confined to well defined nm-to-μm-sized regions of a surface, and for experiments to be repeated quickly and easily at multiple locations. IRM is a highly surface-sensitive technique which reveals processes happening (very) close to a substrate with temporal and spatial resolution commensurate with typical electrochemical techniques. By using thin transparent conductive layers on glass as substrates, IRM can be coupled to SECCM, to allow real-time in situ optical monitoring of the SECCM meniscus and of processes that occur within it at the electrode/electrolyte interface. We first use the technique to assess the stability of the SECCM meniscus during voltammetry at an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode at close to neutral pH, demonstrating that the meniscus contact area is rather stable over a large potential window and reproducible, varying by only ca. 5% over different SECCM approaches. At high cathodic potentials, subtle electrowetting is easily detected and quantified. We also look inside the meniscus to reveal surface changes at extreme cathodic potentials, assigned to the possible formation of indium nanoparticles. Finally, we examine the effect of meniscus size and driving potential on CaCO3 precipitation at the ITO electrode as a result of electrochemically-generated pH swings. We are able to track the number, spatial distribution and morphology of material with high spatiotemporal resolution and rationalise some of the observed deposition patterns with finite element method modelling of reactive-transport. Growth of solid phases on surfaces from solution is an important pathway to functional materials and SECCM-IRM provides a means for in situ or in operando visualisation and tracking of these processes with improved fidelity. We anticipate that this technique will be particularly powerful for the study of phase formation processes, especially as the high throughput nature of SECCM-IRM (where each spot is a separate experiment) will allow for the creation of large datasets, exploring a wide experimental parameter landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Peter Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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32
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Suvira M, Zhang B. Single-Molecule Interactions at a Surfactant-Modified H 2 Surface Nanobubble. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13816-13823. [PMID: 34788049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In schematics and cartoons, the gas-liquid interface is often drawn as solid lines that aid in distinguishing the separation of the two phases. However, on the molecular level, the structure, shape, and size of the gas-liquid interface remain elusive. Furthermore, the interactions of molecules at gas-liquid interfaces must be considered in various contexts, including atmospheric chemical reactions, wettability of surfaces, and numerous other relevant phenomena. Hence, understanding the structure and interactions of molecules at the gas-liquid interface is critical for further improving technologies that operate between the two phases. Electrochemically generated surface nanobubbles provide a stable, reproducible, and high-throughput platform for the generation of a nanoscale gas-liquid boundary. We use total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to image single-fluorophore labeling of surface nanobubbles in the presence of a surfactant. The accumulation of a surfactant on the nanobubble surface changes the interfacial properties of the gas-liquid interface. The single-molecule approach reveals that the fluorophore adsorption and residence lifetime at the interface is greatly impacted by the charge of the surfactant layer at the bubble surface. We demonstrate that the fluorescence readout is either short- or long-lived depending on the repulsive or attractive environment, respectively, between fluorophores and surfactants. Additionally, we investigated the effect of surfactant chain length and salt type and concentration on the fluorophore lifetime at the nanobubble surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milomir Suvira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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33
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Peng Z, Zhang B. Nanobubble Labeling and Imaging with a Solvatochromic Fluorophore Nile Red. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15315-15322. [PMID: 34751561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the use of a polarity-sensitive, solvatochromic fluorophore Nile red to label and probe individual hydrogen nanobubbles on the surface of an indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Nanobubbles are generated from the reduction of water on ITO and fluorescently imaged from the transient adsorption and desorption process of single Nile red molecules at the nanobubble surface. The ability to label and fluorescently image individual nanobubbles with Nile red suggests that the gas/solution interface is hydrophobic in nature. Compared to the short labeling events using rhodamine fluorophores, Nile red-labeled events appear to be longer in duration, suggesting that Nile red has a higher affinity to the bubble surface. The stronger fluorophore-bubble interaction also leads to certain nanobubbles being co-labeled by multiple Nile red molecules, resulting in the observation of super-bright and long-lasting labeling events. Based on these interesting observations, we hypothesize that Nile red molecules may start clustering and form some kind of molecular aggregates when they are co-adsorbed on the same nanobubble surface. The ability to observe super-bright and long-lasting multifluorophore labeling events also allows us to verify the high stability and long lifetime of electrochemically generated surface nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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34
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Substrate colonization by an emulsion drop prior to spreading. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5734. [PMID: 34593803 PMCID: PMC8484436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical wetting, the spreading of an emulsion drop on a surface is preceded by the formation of a bridge connecting the drop and the surface across the sandwiched film of the suspending medium. However, this widely accepted mechanism ignores the finite solubility of the drop phase in the medium. We present experimental evidence of a new wetting mechanism, whereby the drop dissolves in the medium, and nucleates on the surface as islands that grow with time. Island growth is predicated upon a reduction in solubility near the contact line due to attractive interactions between the drop and the surface, overcoming Ostwald ripening. Ultimately, wetting is manifested as a coalescence event between the parent drop and one of the islands, which can result in significantly large critical film heights and short hydrodynamic drainage times prior to wetting. This discovery has broad relevance in areas such as froth flotation, liquid-infused surfaces, multiphase flows and microfluidics. In classical wetting, the spreading of a drop on a surface is preceded by a bridge directly connecting the drop and the surface, yet it ignores the solubility of the drop phase in the medium. Here, the authors show that dissolved drop fluid from the parent drop can nucleate on the surface as islands, one of which coalesces with the parent drop to effect wetting.
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35
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Liu Y, Lu X, Peng Y, Chen Q. Electrochemical Visualization of Gas Bubbles on Superaerophobic Electrodes Using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12337-12345. [PMID: 34460230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic gas evolution reactions, where gaseous molecules are electrogenerated by reduction or oxidation of a species, play a central role in many energy conversion systems. Superaerophobic electrodes, usually constructed by their surface microstructures, have demonstrated excellent performance for electrochemical gas evolution reactions due to their bubble-repellent properties. Understanding and quantification of the gas bubble behavior including nucleation and dynamics on such microstructured electrodes is an important but underexplored issue. In this study, we reported a scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) investigation of individual gas bubble nucleation and dynamics on nanoscale electrodes. A classic Pt film and a nonconventional transition-metal dichalcogenide MoS2 film with different surface topologies were employed as model substrates for both H2 and N2 bubble electrochemical studies. Interestingly, the nanostructured catalyst surface exhibit significantly less supersaturation for gas bubble nucleation and a notable increase of bubble detachment compared to its flat counterpart. Electrochemical mapping results reveal that there is no clear correlation between bubble nucleation and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity, regardless of local electrode surface microstructures. Our results also indicate that while the hydrophobicity of the nanostructured MoS2 surface promotes bubble nucleation, it has little effect on bubble dynamics. This work introduces a new method for nanobubble electrochemistry on broadly interesting catalysts and suggests that the deliberate microstructure on a catalyst surface is a promising strategy for improving electrocatalytic gas evolution both in terms of bubble nucleation and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu Peng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qianjin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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36
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Xi W, Feng H, Liu D, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li Q. Electrocatalytic generation and tuning of ultra-stable and ultra-dense nanometre bubbles: an in situ molecular dynamics study. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11242-11249. [PMID: 34152337 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01588e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic generation of nanometre gas bubbles (nanobubbles) and their tuning are important for many energy and chemical processes. Studies have sought to use indirect or ex situ methods to investigate the dynamics and properties of nanobubbles, which are of fundamental interest. Alternatively, we present a molecular dynamics simulation method, which features in situ and high spatial resolution, to directly address these fundamentals. Particularly, our simulations can quantitatively reproduce the generation of ultra-stable and ultra-dense nanobubbles observed in electrochemical experiments. More importantly, our results demonstrate that the classical nucleation theory is still valid even for the scale down to several nanometres, to predict the dynamics and properties of nanobubbles. This provides general guidelines to design efficient nanocatalysts and nanoelectrodes. In our specific case, nanoelectrodes with wetting angles below 71° can suppress the generation of surface nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xi
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Hao Feng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Longfei Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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37
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Chen N, Fang C, Li X, Hu W. Mechanism and kinetics of cathodic corrosion of fluorine-doped tin oxide revealed by in situ oblique incident reflectivity difference. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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38
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39
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Suvira M, Zhang B. Effect of Surfactant on Electrochemically Generated Surface Nanobubbles. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5170-5176. [PMID: 33733748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants, mimics of contamination, play an important role in nanobubble nucleation, stability, and growth at the electrode surface. Herein, we utilize single-molecule fluorescence microscopy as a sensitive imaging tool to monitor nanobubble dynamics in the presence of a surfactant. Our results show that the presence of anionic and nonionic surfactants increase the rate of nanobubble nucleation at all potentials in a voltage scan. The fluorescence and electrochemical responses indicate the successful lowering of the critical gas concentration needed for nanobubble nucleation across all voltages. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the accumulation of surfactants at the gas-liquid interface changes the interaction of fluorophores with the nanobubble surface. Specifically, differences in fluorophore intensity and residence lifetime at the nanobubble surface suggest that the labeling of nanobubbles is affected by the nature of the nanobubble (size, shape, etc.) and the structure of the gas-liquid interface (surfactant charge, hydrophobicity, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milomir Suvira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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40
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Bunkin NF, Shkirin AV, Penkov NV, Goltayev MV, Ignatiev PS, Gudkov SV, Izmailov AY. Effect of Gas Type and Its Pressure on Nanobubble Generation. Front Chem 2021; 9:630074. [PMID: 33869139 PMCID: PMC8044797 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.630074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dependence of the volume number density of ion-stabilized gas nanobubbles (bubstons) on the type of gas and the pressure created by this gas in deionized water and saline solution has been investigated. The range of external pressures from the saturated water vapor (17 Torr) to 5 atm was studied. It turned out that the growth rate of the volume number density of bubstons is controlled by the magnitude of the molecular polarizability of dissolved gases. The highest densities of bubstons were obtained for gases whose molecules have a dipole moment. At fixed external pressure and the polarizability of gas molecules, the addition of external ions leads to a sharp increase in the content of bubstons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai F Bunkin
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia.,Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Shkirin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita V Penkov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Goltayev
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel S Ignatiev
- JSC "Production Association "Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant named after E.S. Yalamov" (UOMZ), Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sergey V Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM"(FSAC VIM), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Yu Izmailov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM"(FSAC VIM), Moscow, Russia
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41
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Ma Y, Guo Z, Chen Q, Zhang X. Dynamic Equilibrium Model for Surface Nanobubbles in Electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2771-2779. [PMID: 33576638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gas bubbles are ubiquitous in electrochemical processes, particularly in water electrolysis. Due to the development of gas-evolving electrocatalysis and energy conversion technology, a deep understanding of gas bubble behaviors at the electrode surface is highly desirable. In this work, by combining theoretical analysis and molecular simulations, we study the behaviors of a single nanobubble electrogenerated at a nanoelectrode. With the dynamic equilibrium model, the stability criteria for stationary surface nanobubbles are established. We show theoretically that a slight change in either the gas solubility or solute concentration results in various nanobubble dynamic states at a nanoelectrode: contact line pinning in aqueous and ethylene glycol solutions, oscillation of pinning states in dimethyl sulfoxide, and mobile nanobubbles in methanol. The above complex nanobubble behavior at the electrode/electrolyte interface is explained by the competition between gas influx into the nanobubble and outflux from the nanobubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenjiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qianjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xianren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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42
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Liu Y, Jin C, Liu Y, Ruiz KH, Ren H, Fan Y, White HS, Chen Q. Visualization and Quantification of Electrochemical H 2 Bubble Nucleation at Pt, Au, and MoS 2 Substrates. ACS Sens 2021; 6:355-363. [PMID: 32449344 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrolytic gas evolution is a significant phenomenon in many electrochemical technologies from water splitting, chloralkali process to fuel cells. Although it is known that gas evolution may substantially affect the ohmic resistance and mass transfer, studies focusing on the electrochemistry of individual bubbles are critical but also challenging. Here, we report an approach using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) with a single channel pipet to quantitatively study individual gas bubble nucleation on different electrode substrates, including conventional polycrystalline Pt and Au films, as well as the most interesting two-dimensional semiconductor MoS2. Due to the confinement effect of the pipet, well-defined peak-shaped voltammetric features associated with single bubble nucleation and growth are consistently observed. From stochastic bubble nucleation measurement and finite element simulation, the surface H2 concentration corresponding to bubble nucleation is estimated to be ∼218, 137, and 157 mM, with critical nuclei contact angles of ∼156°, ∼161°, and ∼160° at polycrystalline Pt, Au, and MoS2 substrates, respectively. We further demonstrated the surface faceting at polycrystalline Pt is not specifically correlated with the bubble nucleation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Karla Hernandez Ruiz
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Yuchi Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Henry S. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Qianjin Chen
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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43
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Lemineur JF, Ciocci P, Noël JM, Ge H, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Imaging and Quantifying the Formation of Single Nanobubbles at Single Platinum Nanoparticles during the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2643-2653. [PMID: 33523639 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While numerous efforts have been made toward the design of sustainable and efficient nanocatalysts of the hydrogen evolution reaction, there is a need for the operando observation and quantification of the formation of gas nanobubbles (NBs) involved in this electrochemical reaction. It is achieved herein through interference reflection microscopy coupled to electrochemistry and optical modeling. In addition to analyzing the geometry and growth rate of individual NBs at single nanocatalysts, the toolbox offered by superlocalization and quantitative label-free optical microscopy allows analyzing the geometry (contact angle and footprint with surface) of individual NBs and their growth rate. It turns out that, after a few seconds, NBs are steadily growing while they are fully covering the Pt nanoparticles that allowed their nucleation and their pinning on the electrode surface. It then raises relevant questions related to gas evolution catalysts, such as, for example, does the evaluation of NB growth at the single nanocatalyst really reflect its electrochemical activity?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Hongxin Ge
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
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44
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Martini MB, Fernández JL, Adam CG. Insights on the catalytic behaviour of sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) in transesterification reactions - voltammetric characterization of sulfonic task-specific ILs with bisulfate anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2731-2741. [PMID: 33491717 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05674j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work shows for the first time the link between the amount of free sulfuric acid (as detected by cyclic voltammetry) and the activity of sulfonic-acid-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) as acid catalysts for a transesterification reaction, and demonstrates that sulfonic acid groups, while are not directly involved in the catalysis, release the free acid during the reaction. Two imidazolic ILs with bisulfate as the counterion and their corresponding task-specific ILs (TSILs) that resulted from the addition of a sulfonic acid group inside the imidazolic-base structure were studied. The outstanding catalytic activity at room temperature of the TSILs 1-(4-sulfonic acid)-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bisulfate ([bsmim]HSO4) and 1-(4-sulfonic acid)-butyl-imidazolium bisulfate ([bsHim]HSO4) for the transesterification of p-nitrophenyl acetate with methanol was associated to the significant amounts of free sulfuric acid in equilibria with the ionic pairs. It was concluded that these TSILs function as reservoirs for releasing the free acid, which is the actual acid catalyst. In contrast, the corresponding non-sulfonic ILs supply very little amounts of free acid and consequently present low catalytic activities at room temperature, which in fact can be improved by increasing the reaction temperature up to 100 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Martini
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - José L Fernández
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina. and Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica (PRELINE), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Adam
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L. Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
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46
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Abstract
We present the results of acid–base experiments performed at the single ion (H+ or OH−) limit in ∼6 aL volume nanopores incorporating electrochemical zero-mode waveguides (E-ZMWs). At pH 3 each E-ZMW nanopore contains ca. 3600H+ ions, and application of a negative electrochemical potential to the gold working electrode/optical cladding layer reduces H+ to H2, thereby depleting H+ and increasing the local pH within the nanopore. The change in pH was quantified by tracking the intensity of fluorescein, a pH-responsive fluorophore whose intensity increases with pH. This behavior was translated to the single ion limit by changing the initial pH of the electrolyte solution to pH 6, at which the average pore occupancy 〈n〉pore ∼3.6H+/nanopore. Application of an electrochemical potential sufficiently negative to change the local pH to pH 7 reduces the proton nanopore occupancy to 〈n〉pore ∼0.36H+/nanopore, demonstrating that the approach is sensitive to single H+ manipulations, as evidenced by clear potential-dependent changes in fluorescein emission intensity. In addition, at high overpotential, the observed fluorescence intensity exceeded the value predicted from the fluorescence intensity-pH calibration, an observation attributed to the nucleation of H2 nanobubbles as confirmed both by calculations and the behavior of non-pH responsive Alexa 488 fluorophore. Apart from enhancing fundamental understanding, the approach described here opens the door to applications requiring ultrasensitive ion sensing, based on the optical detection of H+ population at the single ion limit. Visualizing dynamic change in the number of protons during electroreduction of protons in attoliter volume zero-mode waveguides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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Li Y, Huang W, Li Y, Chiu W, Cui Y. Opportunities for Cryogenic Electron Microscopy in Materials Science and Nanoscience. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9263-9276. [PMID: 32806083 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was the basis for the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its profound impact on the field of structural biology by freezing and stabilizing fragile biomolecules for near atomic-resolution imaging in their native states. Beyond life science, the development of cryo-EM for the physical sciences may offer access to previously inaccessible length scales for materials characterization in systems that would otherwise be too sensitive for high-resolution electron microscopy and spectroscopy. Weakly bonded and reactive materials that typically degrade under electron irradiation and environmental exposure can potentially be stabilized by cryo-EM, opening up exciting opportunities to address many central questions in materials science. New discoveries and fundamental breakthroughs in understanding are likely to follow. In this Perspective, we identify six major areas in materials science that may benefit from the interdisciplinary application of cryo-EM: (1) batteries, (2) soft polymers, (3) metal-organic frameworks, (4) perovskite solar cells, (5) electrocatalysts, and (6) quantum materials. We highlight long-standing questions in each of these areas that cryo-EM can potentially address, which would firmly establish the powerful tool's broad scope and utility beyond biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yuzhang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wah Chiu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Gadea ED, Perez Sirkin YA, Molinero V, Scherlis DA. Electrochemically Generated Nanobubbles: Invariance of the Current with Respect to Electrode Size and Potential. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6573-6579. [PMID: 32692923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas-producing electrochemical reactions are key to energy conversion and generation technologies. Bubble formation dramatically decreases gas-production rates on nanoelectrodes, by confining the reaction to the electrode boundary. This results in the collapse of the current to a stationary value independent of the potential. Startlingly, these residual currents also appear to be insensitive to the nanoelectrode diameter in the 5 to 500 nm range. These results are counterintuitive, as it may be expected that the current be proportional to the circumference of the electrode, i.e., the length of the three-phase line where the reaction occurs. Here, we use molecular simulations and a kinetic model to elucidate the origin of current insensitivity with respect to the potential and establish its relationship to the size of nanoelectrodes. We provide critical insights for the design and operation of nanoscale electrochemical devices and demonstrate that nanoelectrode arrays maximize conversion rates compared to macroscopic electrodes with same total area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban D Gadea
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Analı́tica y Quı́mica Fı́sica/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Yamila A Perez Sirkin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Analı́tica y Quı́mica Fı́sica/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Damian A Scherlis
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Analı́tica y Quı́mica Fı́sica/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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Ferraro G, Jadhav AJ, Barigou M. A Henry's law method for generating bulk nanobubbles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15869-15879. [PMID: 32696779 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03332d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new technique for generating bulk nanobubble suspensions has been developed based on Henry's law which states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid. This principle which forms the basis of vacuum degasification has been exploited here to produce stable bulk nanobubbles in excess of 109 bubble mL-1 in pure water, through successive expansion/compression strokes inside a sealed syringe. We provide evidence that the observed nano-entities must be gas-filled nanobubbles by showing that: (i) they cannot be attributed to organic or inorganic impurities; (ii) they disappear gradually over time whilst their mean size remains unchanged; (iii) their number density depends on the concentration of dissolved gas in water and its solubility; and (iv) added sparging of gas enhances process yield. We study the properties of these nanobubbles including the effects of type of dissolved gas, water pH and the presence of different valence salts on their number density and stability. Given the potential of the technique for large scale production of nanobubble suspensions, we describe a successfully tested automated model and outline the basis for process scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ferraro
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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