1
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Wu T, Brooksby PA, Fitchett CM, Downard AJ. Immobilisation of Iron Porphyrin from an Equilibrium Solution with Diazonium‐Functionalised Axial Ligand: Dependence of Film Composition on Grafting Potential. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Paula A. Brooksby
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Christopher M. Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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2
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3
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Nguyen VQ, Schaming D, Martin P, Lacroix JC. Nanostructured Mixed Layers of Organic Materials Obtained by Nanosphere Lithography and Electrochemical Reduction of Aryldiazonium Salts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15071-15077. [PMID: 31660746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have combined nanosphere lithography with electrochemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts to elaborate nanostructured mixed layers of organic materials. The strategy consists first in the deposition of a close-packed hexagonal monolayer of microbeads used as a mask for the electroreduction of a first aryldiazonium salt. After removing the beads, an ultrathin organic layer with holes remains. Then, a second aryldiazonium salt is electrochemically reduced selectively inside the holes. The relative thickness of the two deposited materials can be changed, leading to mixed layers of different topographies. Moreover, using diazoniums with complementary redox properties, a modified bifunctional electrode acting as a filter for electron transfer with a low potential gap has been obtained. Such layers are similar to low-band-gap organic semiconductors that can be easily n or p doped. Despite this analogy, the oxidation and reduction of redox probes in solution on such nanostructured surfaces occur on completely separated areas of the mixed layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Quynh Nguyen
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086 , 15 rue J.-A. de Baïf , 75013 Paris , France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology , University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Cau Giay, Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Delphine Schaming
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086 , 15 rue J.-A. de Baïf , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Pascal Martin
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086 , 15 rue J.-A. de Baïf , 75013 Paris , France
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4
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Puyo M, Fau P, Kahn ML, Mesguich D, Launay J, Fajerwerg K. Removable Composite Electrode Made of Silver Nanoparticles on Pyrolyzed Photoresist Film for the Electroreduction of 4-Nitrophenol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14194-14202. [PMID: 31550887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Access to removable nanocomposite electrodes for electrosensing of pollutants is of great importance. However, the preparation of reproducible and reliable carbon electrodes decorated with metallic nanoparticles, a prerequisite for trustworthy devices, remains a challenge. Here we describe an innovative and easy method to prepare such electrodes. These latter are silicon-coated with a thin carbon film on which controlled silver nanostructures are grafted. Different silver nanostructures and surface coverage of the carbon electrode (16, 36, 51, and 67%) can be obtained through a careful control of the time of the hydrogenolysis of the N-N' isopropyl butylamidinate silver organometallic precursor (t = 1, 5, 15, and 60 min, respectively). Importantly, all nanocomposite surfaces are efficient for the electrodetection of 4-nitrophenol with a remarkable decrease of the overpotential of the reduction of such molecule up to 330 mV. The surfaces are characterized by atomic force microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect is also observed. The exaltation of the Raman intensity is proportional to the surface coverage of the electrode; the number of hot spots increases with the surface coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Puyo
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Pierre Fau
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Myrtil L Kahn
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - David Mesguich
- CIRIMAT , University of Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul-Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9 , France
| | - Jérôme Launay
- LAAS-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 7 avenue du colonel Roche , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Katia Fajerwerg
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
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5
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Phan TH, Van Gorp H, Li Z, Trung Huynh TM, Fujita Y, Verstraete L, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Uji-I H, Hirsch BE, Mertens SFL, Greenwood J, Ivasenko O, De Feyter S. Graphite and Graphene Fairy Circles: A Bottom-Up Approach for the Formation of Nanocorrals. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5559-5571. [PMID: 31013051 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A convenient covalent functionalization approach and nanopatterning method of graphite and graphene is developed. In contrast to expectations, electrochemically activated dediazotization of a mixture of two aryl diazonium compounds in aqueous media leads to a spatially inhomogeneous functionalization of graphitic surfaces, creating covalently modified surfaces with quasi-uniform spaced islands of pristine graphite or graphene, coined nanocorrals. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry approaches are compared. The average diameter (45-130 nm) and surface density (20-125 corrals/μm2) of these nanocorrals are tunable. These chemically modified nanostructured graphitic (CMNG) surfaces are characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mechanisms leading to the formation of these CMNG surfaces are discussed. The potential of these surfaces to investigate supramolecular self-assembly and on-surface reactions under nanoconfinement conditions is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Hai Phan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Department of Physics , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon , Vietnam
| | - Hans Van Gorp
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon , Vietnam
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Lander Verstraete
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Campus Kortrijk , KU Leuven , Etienne Sabbelaan 53 , 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Campus Kortrijk , KU Leuven , Etienne Sabbelaan 53 , 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Brandon E Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Stijn F L Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB , United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
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6
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Cesbron M, Levillain E, Breton T, Gautier C. Click Chemistry: A Versatile Method for Tuning the Composition of Mixed Organic Layers Obtained by Reduction of Diazonium Cations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37779-37782. [PMID: 30360102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Postfunctionalization of glassy carbon electrodes previously modified by reduction of 4-azidobenzenediazonium was exploited to conveniently synthesize controlled mixed organic layers. Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was used to anchor functional entities to azide platform. By this way, ((4-ethynylphenyl)carbamoyl)ferrocene (ϕ-Fc) was coimmobilized with a set of acetylene derivatives: 1-ethynyl-4-nitrobenzene (ϕ-NO2), 4-ethynylaniline (ϕ-NH2) or ethylnylbenzene (ϕ). The composition of the resulting organic layers was tuned by adjusting the acetylene derivatives ratio in the postfunctionalization binary solution. Electronic properties of the substituents beared by the aromatic rings were found to have a strong impact on the cycloaddition kinetics toward the confined azide moieties. From this study, rules to prepare finely tuned bifunctional organic layers can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Cesbron
- CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou , Université d'Angers , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier , Angers Cedex 49045 , France
| | - Eric Levillain
- CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou , Université d'Angers , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier , Angers Cedex 49045 , France
| | - Tony Breton
- CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou , Université d'Angers , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier , Angers Cedex 49045 , France
| | - Christelle Gautier
- CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou , Université d'Angers , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier , Angers Cedex 49045 , France
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7
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Ünal ÖF, Yeşildağ A, Ekinci D. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles on diazonium-generated heteroaryl films and their electrocatalytic activities. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Richard W, Evrard D, Busson B, Humbert C, Dalstein L, Tadjeddine A, Gros P. The reduction of 4-nitrobenzene diazonium electrografted layer: An electrochemical study coupled to in situ sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Aryldiazonium salt derived mixed organic layers: From surface chemistry to their applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Levrie K, Jans K, Vos R, Ardakanian N, Verellen N, Van Hoof C, Lagae L, Stakenborg T. Multiplexed site-specific electrode functionalization for multitarget biosensors. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 112:61-6. [PMID: 27472099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multitarget biosensors hold great promise to improve point-of-care diagnostics as they enable simultaneous detection of different biomolecular markers. Multiplexed detection of different markers, like genes, proteins, or a combination of both, propels advancement in numerous fields such as genomics, medical diagnosis and therapy monitoring. The functionalization of these biosensors, however, necessitates patterned immobilization of different bioreceptors, which remains challenging and time-consuming. We demonstrate a simple method for the patterned multiplexing of bioreceptors on a multi-electrode chip. By using the lithographically defined electrodes for surface functionalization, additional patterning steps become obsolete. Using the electrodes for self-aligned immobilization provides a spatial resolution that is limited by the electrode patterning process and that cannot be easily obtained by alternative dispensing or coating techniques. Via electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts combined with click chemistry, we achieved site-specific immobilization of two different ssDNA probes side by side on a single chip. This method was experimentally verified by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and specific target recognition was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The combination of the electroaddressability of electrografting with the chemoselectivity of click chemistry, offers a versatile platform for highly efficient site-specific functionalization of multitarget biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Levrie
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | - Niels Verellen
- KU Leuven Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Hoof
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Lagae
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Kuo TM, Shen MY, Huang SY, Li YK, Chuang MC. Facile Fabrication of a Sensor with a Bifunctional Interface for Logic Analysis of the New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase (NDM)-Coding Gene. ACS Sens 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Ming Kuo
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Mo-Yuan Shen
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chieh Chuang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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12
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Zhou M, Yu Y, Blanchard PY, Mirkin MV. Surface Patterning Using Diazonium Ink Filled Nanopipette. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10956-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Blanchard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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13
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Verberne-Sutton SD, Quarels RD, Zhai X, Garno JC, Ragains JR. Application of Visible Light Photocatalysis with Particle Lithography To Generate Polynitrophenylene Nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14438-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505521k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Verberne-Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232
Choppin Hall, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Rashanique D. Quarels
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232
Choppin Hall, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Xianglin Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232
Choppin Hall, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jayne C. Garno
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232
Choppin Hall, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Justin R. Ragains
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232
Choppin Hall, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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14
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Ghilane J, Hauquier F, Lacroix JC. Oxidative and Stepwise Grafting of Dopamine Inner-Sphere Redox Couple onto Electrode Material: Electron Transfer Activation of Dopamine. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11593-601. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402994u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Ghilane
- Nano-Electro-Chemistry group, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine
de Baïf, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Fanny Hauquier
- Analyse chimique et bioanalyse, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 rue St Martin, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Nano-Electro-Chemistry group, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine
de Baïf, 75205 Paris, France
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15
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Kibena E, Marandi M, Mäeorg U, Venarusso LB, Maia G, Matisen L, Kasikov A, Sammelselg V, Tammeveski K. Electrochemical modification of gold electrodes with azobenzene derivatives by diazonium reduction. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1043-54. [PMID: 23420610 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical study of Au electrodes electrografted with azobenzene (AB), Fast Garnet GBC (GBC) and Fast Black K (FBK) diazonium compounds is presented. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy investigations reveal the formation of multilayer films. The elemental composition of the aryl layers is examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurements reveal a quasi-reversible voltammogram of the Fe(CN)6 (3-/4-) redox couple on bare Au and a sigmoidal shape for the GBC- and FBK-modified Au electrodes, thus demonstrating that electron transfer is blocked due to the surface modification. The electrografted AB layer results in strongest inhibition of the Fe(CN)6 (3-/4-) response compared with other aryl layers. The same tendencies are observed for oxygen reduction; however, the blocking effect is not as strong as in the Fe(CN)6 (3-/4-) redox system. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements allowed the calculation of low charge-transfer rates to the Fe(CN)6 (3-) probe for the GBC- and FBK-modified Au electrodes in relation to bare Au. From these measurements it can be concluded that the FBK film is less compact or presents more pinholes than the electrografted GBC layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elo Kibena
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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16
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Ghilane J, Lacroix JC. Formation of a Bifunctional Redox System Using Electrochemical Reduction of Platinum in Ferrocene Based Ionic Liquid and Its Reactivity with Aryldiazonium. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4722-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310889z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Ghilane
- Nano-Electro-Chemistry Group, Université
Paris
Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue
Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Nano-Electro-Chemistry Group, Université
Paris
Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue
Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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17
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Mixtures of functionalized aromatic groups generated from diazonium chemistry as templates towards bimetallic species supported on carbon electrode surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Richard W, Evrard D, Gros P. New insight into 4-nitrobenzene diazonium reduction process: Evidence for a grafting step distinct from NO2 electrochemical reactivity. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Healy J, Wong K, Sawyer EB, Roux C, Domigan L, Gras SL, Sunde M, Larsen NG, Gerrard J, Vasudevamurthy M. Polymorphism and higher order structures of protein nanofibers from crude mixtures of fish lens crystallins: Toward useful materials. Biopolymers 2012; 97:595-606. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Santos L, Ghilane J, Lacroix JC. Formation of Mixed Organic Layers by Stepwise Electrochemical Reduction of Diazonium Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5476-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja300224c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Santos
- Nano-Electro-Chemistry
Group, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR
7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13,
France
| | - Jalal Ghilane
- Nano-Electro-Chemistry
Group, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR
7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13,
France
| | - Jean Christophe Lacroix
- Nano-Electro-Chemistry
Group, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR
7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13,
France
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21
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22
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Surface patterning based on nanosphere lithography and electroreduction of in situ generated diazonium cation. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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23
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Leroux YR, Hui F, Noël JM, Roux C, Downard AJ, Hapiot P. Design of robust binary film onto carbon surface using diazonium electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11222-11228. [PMID: 21774535 DOI: 10.1021/la202250y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The electroreduction of functionalized aryldiazonium salts combined with a protection-deprotection method was evaluated for the fabrication of organized mixed layers covalently bound onto carbon substrates. The first modification consists of the grafting of a protected 4-((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)benzene layer onto the carbon surface on which the introduction of a second functional group is possible without altering the first grafted functional group. After deprotection, we obtained an ultrathin robust layer presenting high densities of both active ethynylbenzene groups (available for "click" chemistry) and the second functional group. The strategy was successfully demonstrated using azidomethylferrocene to react with ethynyl moieties in the binary film by "click" chemistry, and NO(2)-phenyl as the second functional group. Two possible modification pathways with different orderings of the various steps were considered to show the influence and importance of the protection-deprotection process on the final surface obtained. Using mild conditions for the grafting of the second layer maintains a concentration of active ethynyl groups similar to that obtained for a one-component monolayer while achieving a high surface concentration of the second modifier. Considering the wide range of functional aryldiazonium salts that could be electrodeposited onto carbon surfaces and the versatility and specificity of the "click" chemistry, this approach appears very promising for the preparation of mixed layers in well-controlled conditions without altering the reactivity of either functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann R Leroux
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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De Volder MFL, Vansweevelt R, Wagner P, Reynaerts D, Van Hoof C, Hart AJ. Hierarchical carbon nanowire microarchitectures made by plasma-assisted pyrolysis of photoresist. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6593-6600. [PMID: 21739995 DOI: 10.1021/nn201976d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach for the fabrication and integration of vertically aligned forests of amorphous carbon nanowires (CNWs), using only standard lithography, oxygen plasma treatment, and thermal processing. The simplicity and scalability of this process, as well as the hierarchical organization of CNWs, provides a potential alternative to the use of carbon nanotubes and graphene for applications in microsystems and high surface area materials. The CNWs are highly branched at the nanoscale, and novel hierarchical microstructures with CNWs connected to a solid amorphous core are made by controlling the plasma treatment time. By multilayer processing we demonstrate deterministic joining of CNW micropillars into 3D sensing networks. Finally we show that these networks can be chemically functionalized and used for measurement of DNA binding with increased sensitivity.
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Bélanger D, Pinson J. Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3995-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gold nanoparticles modified electrode via simple electrografting of in situ generated mercaptophenyl diazonium cations for development of DNA electrochemical biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:1947-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fontaine O, Ghilane J, Martin P, Lacroix JC, Randriamahazaka H. Ionic liquid viscosity effects on the functionalization of electrode material through the electroreduction of diazonium. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18542-18549. [PMID: 21062077 DOI: 10.1021/la103000u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of 4-nitrophenyl diazonium, NPD, in different ionic liquids presenting different viscosities has been investigated. The electrochemical studies show that the reduction of diazonium leading to the formation of its corresponding radical occurs whatever the viscosity of the grafting media. Following that, the presence of an organic layer attached to the electrode after electrochemical treatment was evidenced by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in acidic media thanks to the presence of nitro groups. Moreover, infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm the presence of a nitrophenyl (NP) layer attached to the electrode material. Next, the examination of the electrochemical data through the measurement of the charge, corresponding to the reduction of the attached nitrophenyl (NP) moieties, shows that the surface concentration of NP, Γ(NP), decreases when the viscosity, η, of the grafting media increases. Additionally, in the case of the more viscous ionic liquid, N-tributyl-N-methylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bu(3)MeN] [NTf(2)], a cosolvent has been added leading to fine decrease of the viscosity. The IR and CV investigations of the modified electrodes demonstrate the decrease of the amount of the attached molecules when the viscosity of the grafting media increases. In addition, a correlation between Γ(NP) as function of 1/η was observed. Finally, XPS and AFM experiments lead to an estimate of the thickness of the attached layer. As a result, both methods are in perfect agreement and thicknesses of 4 and 1 nm are measured after grafting in acetonitrile and in pure ionic liquid [Bu(3)MeN] [NTf(2)], respectively. By comparison with classical solvent, the use of viscous ionic liquid for the grafting leads to a decrease in the amount of the attached molecules and conduce to the formation of thinner or less dense layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fontaine
- Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS Laboratory, NanoElectroChemistry Group, CNRS, UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
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Yeşildağ A, Ekinci D. Covalent attachment of pyridine-type molecules to glassy carbon surfaces by electrochemical reduction of in situ generated diazonium salts. Formation of ruthenium complexes on ligand-modified surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Sharma CS, Verma A, Kulkarni MM, Upadhyay DK, Sharma A. Microfabrication of carbon structures by pattern miniaturization in resorcinol-formaldehyde gel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:2193-2197. [PMID: 20681561 DOI: 10.1021/am100512c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A simple and novel method to fabricate and miniaturize surface and subsurface microstructures and micropatterns in glassy carbon is proposed and demonstrated. An aqueous resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) sol is employed for micromolding of the master pattern to be replicated, followed by controlled drying and pyrolysis of the gel to reproduce an isotropically shrunk replica in carbon. The miniaturized version of the master pattern thus replicated in carbon is about 1 order of magnitude smaller than original master by repeating three times the above cycle of molding and drying. The microfabrication method proposed will greatly enhance the toolbox for a facile fabrication of a variety of carbon-MEMS and C-microfluidic devices.
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Lehr J, Garrett DJ, Paulik MG, Flavel BS, Brooksby PA, Williamson BE, Downard AJ. Patterning of Metal, Carbon, and Semiconductor Substrates with Thin Organic Films by Microcontact Printing with Aryldiazonium Salt Inks. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7027-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101785c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lehr
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - David J. Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew G. Paulik
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bryce E. Williamson
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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31
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Electrochemical and impedance spectroscopy studies of various diazonium salts on a glassy carbon electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Sequential anodic oxidations of aliphatic amines in aqueous medium on pyrolyzed photoresist film surfaces for the covalent immobilization of cyclam derivatives. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Flavel BS, Gross AJ, Garrett DJ, Nock V, Downard AJ. A simple approach to patterned protein immobilization on silicon via electrografting from diazonium salt solutions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1184-1190. [PMID: 20423137 DOI: 10.1021/am100020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A highly versatile method utilizing diazonium salt chemistry has been developed for the fabrication of protein arrays. Conventional ultraviolet mask lithography was used to pattern micrometer sized regions into a commercial photoresist on a highly doped p-type silicon (100) substrate. These patterned regions were used as a template for the electrochemical grafting of the in situ generated p-aminobenzenediazonium cation to form patterns of aminophenyl film on silicon. Immobilization of biomolecules was demonstrated by coupling biotin to the aminophenyl regions followed by reaction with fluorescently labeled avidin and visualization with fluorescence microscopy. This simple patterning strategy is promising for future application in biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Flavel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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34
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Lee GS, Lee JH, Choi H, Ahn DJ. Fabrication of CdS thin films assisted by Langmuir deposition, self-assembly, and dip-pen nanolithography. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-010-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Chrétien JM, Ghanem M, Bartlett P, Kilburn J. Covalent Modification of Glassy Carbon Surfaces by Using Electrochemical and Solid-Phase Synthetic Methodologies: Application to Bi- and Trifunctionalisation with Different Redox Centres. Chemistry 2009; 15:11928-36. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Malmos K, Dong M, Pillai S, Kingshott P, Besenbacher F, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Using a Hydrazone-Protected Benzenediazonium Salt to Introduce a Near-Monolayer of Benzaldehyde on Glassy Carbon Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4928-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809816x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Malmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Saju Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen U. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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37
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Harper JC, Polsky R, Wheeler DR, Lopez DM, Arango DC, Brozik SM. A multifunctional thin film Au electrode surface formed by consecutive electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3282-3288. [PMID: 19437729 DOI: 10.1021/la803215z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional thin film surface capable of immobilizing two diverse molecules on a single gold electrode was prepared by consecutive electrodeposition of nitrophenyl and phenylboronic acid pinacol ester (PBA-PE) diazonium salts. Activation of the stacked film toward binding platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and yeast cells occurred via chemical deprotection of the pinacol ester followed by electroreduction of nitro to amino groups. FTIR spectral analysis was used to study and verify film composition at each stage of preparation. The affect of electrodeposition protocol over the thickness of the nitrophenyl and PBA-PE layers was explored and had a profound impact on the film properties. Thicker nitrophenyl films led to diminished PBA-PE diazonium reduction currents during assembly and decreased phenylboronic acid (PBA) layer thickness while allowing for higher PtNP loading and catalytic currents from PtNP-mediated peroxide reduction. Multilayer PBA films could be formed over the nitrophenyl film; however, only submonlayer PBA films permitted access to the underlying layer. The sequence of functional group activation toward binding was also shown to be significant, as perchlorate used to remove pinacol ester also converted aminophenyl groups accessible to the solution to nitrophenyl groups, preventing electrostatic PtNP binding. Finally, SEM images show PtNPs immobilized in close proximity (nanometers) to captured yeast cells on the PBA-aminophenyl-Au film. Such multibinding functionality films that maintain conductivity for subsequent electrochemical measurements hold promise for the development of electrochemical and/or optical platforms for fundamental cell studies, genomic and proteomic analysis, and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Harper
- Biosensors & Nanomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, MS-0892, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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38
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Pellissier M, Zigah D, Barrière F, Hapiot P. Optimized preparation and scanning electrochemical microscopy analysis in feedback mode of glucose oxidase layers grafted onto conducting carbon surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9089-9095. [PMID: 18624418 DOI: 10.1021/la801150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An optimized immobilization procedure based on the electroreduction of aryldiazonium salt followed by covalent attachment of a cross-linked hydrogel was used to graft glucose oxidase on a carbon surface. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and cyclic voltammetry were used to follow the construction steps of the modified electrode. By adjusting the compactness of the layer through the electrografting reaction, the penetration of the mediator through the layer can be controlled to allow the monitoring of the enzymatic activity by both cyclic voltammetry and SECM in feedback mode. The enzymatic activity of the film is finally characterized by SECM.
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39
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McCreery RL. Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2646-87. [PMID: 18557655 DOI: 10.1021/cr068076m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1418] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L McCreery
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada.
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40
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Actis P, Caulliez G, Shul G, Opallo M, Mermoux M, Marcus B, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Functionalization of glassy carbon with diazonium salts in ionic liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6327-6333. [PMID: 18476667 DOI: 10.1021/la703714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports on the chemical functionalization of glassy carbon electrodes with 4-bromobenzene (4-BBDT) and 4-(4'-nitrophenylazo)benzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate (4-NAB) salts in ionic liquids. The reaction was carried out at room temperature in air without any external electrical bias in either hydrophobic (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) or hydrophilic (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate) ionic liquids. The resulting surfaces were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. Electrochemical reduction of the terminal nitro groups allowed the determination of surface coverage and formation of an amine-terminated carbon surfaces. The results were compared to glassy carbon chemically modified in an aqueous solution in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with the same diazonium salt. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical measurements allowed to distinguish between the reduction of -NO2 to -NH2 group and the -N=N- to -NH-NH- bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Actis
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physicochimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, CNRS-INPG-UJF, 1130 Rue de la Piscine, BP 75, 38402 St. Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
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41
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Fairman C, Yu SSC, Liu G, Downard AJ, Hibbert DB, Gooding JJ. Exploration of variables in the fabrication of pyrolysed photoresist. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Louault C, D'Amours M, Bélanger D. The Electrochemical Grafting of a Mixture of Substituted Phenyl Groups at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Surface. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:1164-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Gooding J. Advances in Interfacial Design for Electrochemical Biosensors and Sensors: Aryl Diazonium Salts for Modifying Carbon and Metal Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Charlier J, Palacin S, Leroy J, Del Frari D, Zagonel L, Barrett N, Renault O, Bailly A, Mariolle D. Local silicon doping as a promoter of patterned electrografting of diazonium for directed surface functionalization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b800572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Zigah D, Pellissier M, Barrière F, Downard AJ, Hapiot P. SECM imaging of micropatterned organic films on carbon surfaces. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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46
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Bae WS, Convertine AJ, McCormick CL, Urban MW. Effect of sequential layer-by-layer surface modifications on the surface energy of plasma-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:667-72. [PMID: 17209618 DOI: 10.1021/la062281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated grafting of N,N-dimethylacrylamide, styrenesulfonate (SS), and (ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride (VBTAC) from microwave plasma carboxylated, initiator-functionalized poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces was accomplished utilizing reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Surface spectroscopic attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FT-IR analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were utilized to determine surface grafting and morphological surface features. The VBTAC-grafted PDMS provided a smooth, hydrophilic cationic surface for creating layer-by-layer (LBL) surfaces via alternating deposition of well-defined poly(SS) and poly(VBTAC), also prepared via aqueous RAFT. Comparisons of the ATR FT-IR spectra of the LBL assemblies and those of respective anionic poly(SS) and cationic poly(VBTAC) components confirmed strong electrostatic complexation of a fraction of the sulfonate and quarternary ammonium species in the layers as well as the existence of noncomplexed species. AFM images of surface topology indicated the presence of domains, likely phase-separated segments of the respective homopolymers, as well as interlayer mixing. The employed LBL methodology results in formation of stable, highly hydrophilic surfaces on a PDMS substrate. To our knowledge, this is the first study that illustrates surface functionalization of PDMS using microwave plasma and RAFT polymerization, followed by LBL deposition of polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sung Bae
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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48
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Oxygen electroreduction on chemically modified glassy carbon electrodes in alkaline solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Bae WS, Urban MW. Creating patterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfaces with amoxicillin and poly(ethylene glycol). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:10277-83. [PMID: 17107033 DOI: 10.1021/la061571t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a simple microwave plasma patterning of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces, which is accomplished by allowing selective surface areas to microwave plasma exposure in the presence of gaseous monomer. When maleic anhydride is used for microwave plasma reaction in the presence of physical barrier on the PDMS substrate, the resulting patterned surfaces with chemically bonded maleic anhydride and carboxylic acid groups are generated. In this particular study we attached amoxicillin via ammonolysis under weak base conditions in the presence of a catalyst as well as poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG). A combination of internal reflection IR imaging (IRIRI) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that amoxicillin and PEG can be readily reacted on the microwave plasma patterned PDMS surfaces. Surface areas directly exposed to microwave plasmons exhibit the highest reactivity due to higher content of functional groups. These studies also show that molecular weight of PEG has also significant effect on kinetics of surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sung Bae
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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50
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Hunger R, Jaegermann W, Merson A, Shapira Y, Pettenkofer C, Rappich J. Electronic Structure of Methoxy-, Bromo-, and Nitrobenzene Grafted onto Si(111). J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:15432-41. [PMID: 16884265 DOI: 10.1021/jp055702v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The properties of Si(111) surfaces grafted with benzene derivatives were investigated using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The investigated materials were nitro-, bromo-, and methoxybenzene layers (-C(6)H(4)-X, with X = NO(2), Br, O-CH(3)) deposited from diazonium salt solutions in a potentiostatic electrochemical process. The UPS spectra of the valence band region are governed by the molecular orbital density of states of the adsorbates, which is modified from the isolated state in the gas phase due to molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interaction. Depending on the adsorbate, clearly different emission features are observed. The analysis of XPS intensities clearly proves multilayer formation for bromo- and nitrobenzene in agreement with the amount of charge transferred during the grafting process. Methoxybenzene forms only a sub-monolayer coverage. The detailed analysis of binding energy shifts of the XPS emissions for determining the band bending and the secondary electron onset in UPS spectra for determining the work function allow one to discriminate between surface dipole layers--changing the electron affinity--and band bending, affecting only the work function. Thus, complete energy band diagrams of the grafted Si(111) surfaces can be constructed. It was found that silicon surface engineering can be accomplished by the electrochemical grafting process using nitrobenzene and bromobenzene: silicon-derived interface gap states are chemically passivated, and the adsorbate-related surface dipole effects an increase of the electron affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Hunger
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 23, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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