1
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Fortenberry AW, Jankoski PE, Stacy EK, McCormick CL, Smith AE, Clemons TD. A Perspective on the History and Current Opportunities of Aqueous RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200414. [PMID: 35822936 PMCID: PMC10697073 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has proven itself as a powerful polymerization technique affording facile control of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, architecture, and chain end groups - while maintaining a high level of tolerance for solvent and monomer functional groups. RAFT is highly suited to water as a polymerization solvent, with aqueous RAFT now utilized for applications such as controlled synthesis of ultra-high molecular weight polymers, polymerization induced self-assembly, and biocompatible polymerizations, among others. Water as a solvent represents a non-toxic, cheap, and environmentally friendly alternative to organic solvents traditionally utilized for polymerizations. This, coupled with the benefits of RAFT polymerization, makes for a powerful combination in polymer science. This perspective provides a historical account of the initial developments of aqueous RAFT polymerization at the University of Southern Mississippi from the McCormick Research Group, details practical considerations for conducting aqueous RAFT polymerizations, and highlights some of the recent advances aqueous RAFT polymerization can provide. Finally, some of the future opportunities that this versatile polymerization technique in an aqueous environment can offer are discussed, and it is anticipated that the aqueous RAFT polymerization field will continue to realize these, and other exciting opportunities into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Penelope E Jankoski
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Evan K Stacy
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Charles L McCormick
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Adam E Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Tristan D Clemons
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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2
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McAfee T, Ferron T, Cordova IA, Pickett PD, McCormick CL, Wang C, Collins BA. Label-free characterization of organic nanocarriers reveals persistent single molecule cores for hydrocarbon sequestration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3123. [PMID: 34035289 PMCID: PMC8149835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled molecular nanostructures embody an enormous potential for new technologies, therapeutics, and understanding of molecular biofunctions. Their structure and function are dependent on local environments, necessitating in-situ/operando investigations for the biggest leaps in discovery and design. However, the most advanced of such investigations involve laborious labeling methods that can disrupt behavior or are not fast enough to capture stimuli-responsive phenomena. We utilize X-rays resonant with molecular bonds to demonstrate an in-situ nanoprobe that eliminates the need for labels and enables data collection times within seconds. Our analytical spectral model quantifies the structure, molecular composition, and dynamics of a copolymer micelle drug delivery platform using resonant soft X-rays. We additionally apply this technique to a hydrocarbon sequestrating polysoap micelle and discover that the critical organic-capturing domain does not coalesce upon aggregation but retains distinct single-molecule cores. This characteristic promotes its efficiency of hydrocarbon sequestration for applications like oil spill remediation and drug delivery. Such a technique enables operando, chemically sensitive investigations of any aqueous molecular nanostructure, label-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McAfee
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, NC USA
| | - Thomas Ferron
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Isvar A. Cordova
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, NC USA
| | - Phillip D. Pickett
- grid.267193.80000 0001 2295 628XSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- grid.267193.80000 0001 2295 628XSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, NC USA
| | - Brian A. Collins
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
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3
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Pickett PD, Kasprzak CR, Siefker DT, Abel BA, Dearborn MA, McCormick CL. Amphoteric, Sulfonamide-Functionalized “Polysoaps”: CO2-Induced Phase Separation for Water Remediation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D. Pickett
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Christopher R. Kasprzak
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - David T. Siefker
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Mason A. Dearborn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
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4
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Abstract
RNAi-based technologies are ideal for pest control as they can provide species specificity and spare nontarget organisms. However, in some pests biological barriers prevent use of RNAi, and therefore broad application. In this study we tested the ability of a synthetic cationic polymer, poly-[ N-(3-guanidinopropyl)methacrylamide] (pGPMA), that mimics arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides to trigger RNAi in an insensitive animal- Spodoptera frugiperda. Polymer-dsRNA interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) were found to be efficiently taken up by cells, and to drive highly efficient gene knockdown. These IPECs could also trigger target gene knockdown and moderate larval mortality when fed to S. frugiperda larvae. This effect was sequence specific, which is consistent with the low toxicity we found to be associated with this polymer. A method for oral delivery of dsRNA is critical to development of RNAi-based insecticides. Thus, this technology has the potential to make RNAi-based pest control useful for targeting numerous species and facilitate use of RNAi in pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith H Parsons
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Mosharrof H Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Charles L McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Alex S Flynt
- Department of Biological Sciences , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
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5
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Das PK, Dean DN, Fogel AL, Liu F, Abel BA, McCormick CL, Kharlampieva E, Rangachari V, Morgan SE. Aqueous RAFT Synthesis of Glycopolymers for Determination of Saccharide Structure and Concentration Effects on Amyloid β Aggregation. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3359-3366. [PMID: 28893064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
GM1 ganglioside is known to promote amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation in Alzheimer's disease. The roles of the individual saccharides and their distribution in this process are not understood. Acrylamide-based glycomonomers with either β-d-glucose or β-d-galactose pendant groups were synthesized to mimic the stereochemistry of saccharides present in GM1 and characterized via 1H NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Glycopolymers of different molecular weights were synthesized by aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (aRAFT) polymerization and characterized by NMR and GPC. The polymers were used as models to investigate the effects of molecular weight and saccharide unit type on Aβ aggregation via thioflavin-T fluorescence and PAGE. High molecular weight (∼350 DP) glucose-containing glycopolymers had a profound effect on Aβ aggregation, promoting formation of soluble oligomers of Aβ and limiting fibril production, while the other glycopolymers and negative control had little effect on the Aβ propagation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | | | | | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- School of Polymer Science
and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College
Dr. # 5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- School of Polymer Science
and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College
Dr. # 5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- School of Polymer Science
and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College
Dr. # 5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Robson F. Storey
- School of Polymer Science
and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College
Dr. # 5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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7
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Hoff EA, Abel BA, Tretbar CA, McCormick CL, Patton DL. Aqueous RAFT at pH zero: enabling controlled polymerization of unprotected acyl hydrazide methacrylamides. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A first example of controlled radical polymerization of monomers containing unprotected acyl hydrazide pendent groups was demonstrated using aqueous RAFT polymerization at pH = 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Hoff
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials. The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials. The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Chase A. Tretbar
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials. The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials. The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Derek L. Patton
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials. The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
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8
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Abel BA, McCormick CL. “One-Pot” Aminolysis/Thiol–Maleimide End-Group Functionalization of RAFT Polymers: Identifying and Preventing Michael Addition Side Reactions. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
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9
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Parsons KH, Holley AC, Munn GA, Flynt AS, McCormick CL. Block ionomer complexes consisting of siRNA and aRAFT-synthesized hydrophilic- block-cationic copolymers II: The influence of cationic block charge density on gene suppression. Polym Chem 2016; 7:6044-6054. [PMID: 28239425 DOI: 10.1039/c6py01048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Block ionomer complex (BIC)-siRNA interactions and effectiveness in cell transfection are reported. Aqueous RAFT polymerization was used to prepare a series of hydrophilic-block-cationic copolymers in which the cationic block statistically incorporates increasing amounts of neutral, hydrophilic monomer such that the number of cationic groups remains unchanged but the cationic charge density is diluted along the polymer backbone. Reduced charge density decreases the electrostatic binding strength between copolymers and siRNA with the goal of improving siRNA release after targeted cellular delivery. However, lower binding strength resulted in decreased transfection and RNA interference pathway activation, leading to reduced gene knockdown. Enzymatic siRNA degradation studies with BICs indicated lowered binding strength increases susceptibility to RNases, which is the likely cause for poor gene knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith H Parsons
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern, Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Andrew C Holley
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern, Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Munn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern, Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Alex S Flynt
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Charles L McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern, Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
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10
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Hoff EA, Abel BA, Tretbar CA, McCormick CL, Patton DL. RAFT Polymerization of “Splitters” and “Cryptos”: Exploiting Azole-N-carboxamides As Blocked Isocyanates for Ambient Temperature Postpolymerization Modification. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Hoff
- School of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- School of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Chase A. Tretbar
- School of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- School of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Derek L. Patton
- School of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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11
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Abel BA, McCormick CL. Mechanistic Insights into Temperature-Dependent Trithiocarbonate Chain-End Degradation during the RAFT Polymerization of N-Arylmethacrylamides. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
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12
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Exley SE, Paslay LC, Sahukhal GS, Abel BA, Brown TD, McCormick CL, Heinhorst S, Koul V, Choudhary V, Elasri MO, Morgan SE. Antimicrobial Peptide Mimicking Primary Amine and Guanidine Containing Methacrylamide Copolymers Prepared by Raft Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3845-52. [PMID: 26558609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) display the ability to eliminate a wide variety of bacteria, without toxicity to the host eukaryotic cells. Synthetic polymers containing moieties mimicking lysine and arginine components found in AMPs have been reported to show effectiveness against specific bacteria, with the mechanism of activity purported to depend on the nature of the amino acid mimic. In an attempt to incorporate the antimicrobial activity of both amino acids into a single water-soluble copolymer, a series of copolymers containing lysine mimicking aminopropyl methacrylamide (APMA) and arginine mimicking guanadinopropyl methacrylamide (GPMA) were prepared via aqueous RAFT polymerization. Copolymers were prepared with varying ratios of the comonomers, with degree of polymerization of 35-40 and narrow molecular weight distribution to simulate naturally occurring AMPs. Antimicrobial activity was determined against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria under conditions with varying salt concentration. Toxicity to mammalian cells was assessed by hemolysis of red blood cells and MTT assays of MCF-7 cells. Antimicrobial activity was observed for APMA homopolymer and copolymers with low concentrations of GPMA against all bacteria tested, with low toxicity toward mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Exley
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Lea C Paslay
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Gyan S Sahukhal
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Brooks A Abel
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tyler D Brown
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Charles L McCormick
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sabine Heinhorst
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Veena Koul
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Veena Choudhary
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Mohamed O Elasri
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, ‡Biological Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, and #Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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13
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Moskowitz JD, Abel BA, McCormick CL, Wiggins JS. High molecular weight and low dispersity polyacrylonitrile by low temperature RAFT polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Moskowitz
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials; The University of Southern Mississippi; 118 College Drive #5050 Hattiesburg Mississippi 39401
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials; The University of Southern Mississippi; 118 College Drive #5050 Hattiesburg Mississippi 39401
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials; The University of Southern Mississippi; 118 College Drive #5050 Hattiesburg Mississippi 39401
| | - Jeffrey S. Wiggins
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials; The University of Southern Mississippi; 118 College Drive #5050 Hattiesburg Mississippi 39401
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Michael B. Sims
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
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15
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Holley AC, Parsons KH, Wan W, Lyons DF, Bishop GR, Correia JJ, Huang F, McCormick CL. Block ionomer complexes consisting of siRNA and aRAFT-synthesized hydrophilic-block-cationic copolymers: the influence of cationic block length on gene suppression. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Wan WM, Pickett PD, Savin DA, McCormick CL. Structurally controlled “polysoaps” via RAFT copolymerization of AMPS and n-dodecyl acrylamide for environmental remediation. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01073b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Holley AC, Ray JG, Wan W, Savin DA, McCormick CL. Endolytic, pH-responsive HPMA-b-(L-Glu) copolymers synthesized via sequential aqueous RAFT and ring-opening polymerizations. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3793-9. [PMID: 24044682 DOI: 10.1021/bm401205y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A facile synthetic pathway for preparing block copolymers with pH-responsive L-glutamic acid segments for membrane disruption is reported. Aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (aRAFT) polymerization was first used to prepare biocompatible, nonimmunogenic poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]. This macro chain transfer agent (CTA) was then converted into a macroinitiator via simultaneous aminolysis and thiol-ene Michael addition using the primary amine substituted N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide. This macroinitiator was subsequently utilized in the ring-opening polymerization of the N-carboxyanhydride monomer of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate. After deprotection, the pH-dependent coil-to-helix transformations of the resulting HPMA-b-(L-Glu) copolymers were monitored via circular dichroism spectroscopy. HPMA segments confer water solubility and biocompatibility while the L-glutamic acid repeats provide reversible coil-to-helix transitions at endosomal pH values (~5-6). The endolytic properties of these novel [HPMA-b-(L-Glu)] copolymers and their potential as modular components in drug carrier constructs was demonstrated utilizing red blood cell hemolysis and fluorescein release from POPC vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Holley
- The Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and §The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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18
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Paslay LC, Abel BA, Brown TD, Koul V, Choudhary V, McCormick CL, Morgan SE. Antimicrobial Poly(methacrylamide) Derivatives Prepared via Aqueous RAFT Polymerization Exhibit Biocidal Efficiency Dependent upon Cation Structure. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2472-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3007083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea C. Paslay
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tyler D. Brown
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Veena Koul
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Veena Choudhary
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sarah E. Morgan
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
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19
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Treat NJ, Smith D, Teng C, Flores JD, Abel BA, York AW, Huang F, McCormick CL. Guanidine-Containing Methacrylamide (Co)polymers via aRAFT: Toward a Cell Penetrating Peptide Mimic(). ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:100-104. [PMID: 22639734 DOI: 10.1021/mz200012p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and controlled radical homo- and block copolymerization of 3-guanidinopropyl methacrylamide (GPMA) utilizing aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (aRAFT) polymerization. The resulting homopolymer and block copolymer with N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) were prepared to mimic the behavior of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) and poly(arginine) (> 6 units) which have been shown to cross cell membranes. The homopolymerization mediated by 4-cyano-4-(ethylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid (CEP) in aqueous buffer exhibited pseudo-first-order kinetics and linear growth of molecular weight with conversion. Retention of the "living" thiocarbonylthio ω-end-group was demonstrated through successful chain extension of the GPMA macroCTA yielding GPMA(37)-b-GPMA(61) (M(w)/M(n) =1.05). Block copolymers of GPMA with the non-immunogenic, biocompatible HPMA were synthesized yielding HPMA(271)-b-GPMA(13) (M(w)/M(n) = 1.15). Notably, intracellular uptake was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and flow cytometry experiments after 2.5 h incubation with KB cells at 4 °C and at 37 °C utilizing FITC-labeled, GPMA-containing copolymers. The observed facility of cellular uptake and the structural control afforded by aRAFT polymerization suggest significant potential for these synthetic (co)polymers as drug delivery vehicles in targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Treat
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - DeeDee Smith
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Chengwen Teng
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Joel D. Flores
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Adam W. York
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Faqing Huang
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
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Xu X, Flores JD, McCormick CL. Reversible Imine Shell Cross-Linked Micelles from Aqueous RAFT-Synthesized Thermoresponsive Triblock Copolymers as Potential Nanocarriers for “pH-Triggered” Drug Release. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102804h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Joel D. Flores
- Department of Polymer Science and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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Flores JD, Treat NJ, York AW, McCormick CL. Facile, modular transformations of RAFT block copolymers via sequential isocyanate and thiol-ene reactions. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kirkland-York S, Zhang Y, Smith AE, York AW, Huang F, McCormick CL. Tailored design of Au nanoparticle-siRNA carriers utilizing reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1052-9. [PMID: 20337403 DOI: 10.1021/bm100020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of polymer-stabilized Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) capable of forming neutral, sterically stable complexes with small interfering RNA (siRNA) is reported. The amine-containing cationic block of poly(N-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide(70)-block-N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide(24)) [P(HPMA(70)-b-DMAPMA(24))] was utilized to promote the in situ reduction of Au(3+) to AuNPs and subsequently bind small interfering RNA, while the nonimmunogenic, hydrophilic block provided steric stabilization. The ratio of [DMAPMA](0)/[Au(3+)](0) utilized in the reduction reaction was found to be critical to the production of polymer-stabilized AuNPs capable of complexing siRNA. Significant protection ( approximately 100 times) against nucleases was demonstrated by enzymatic tests, while gene down-regulation experiments indicated successful delivery of siRNA to cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Kirkland-York
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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24
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Kellum MG, Smith AE, York SK, McCormick CL. Reversible Interpolyelectrolyte Shell Cross-Linked Micelles from pH/Salt-Responsive Diblock Copolymers Synthesized via RAFT in Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100983p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Sogabe A, Flores JD, McCormick CL. Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization in an Inverse Microemulsion: Partitioning of Chain Transfer Agent (CTA) and Its Effects on Polymer Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1008463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Alidedeoglu AH, York AW, Rosado DA, McCormick CL, Morgan SE. Bioconjugation of D-glucuronic acid sodium salt to well-defined primary amine-containing homopolymers and block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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York AW, Huang F, McCormick CL. Rational design of targeted cancer therapeutics through the multiconjugation of folate and cleavable siRNA to RAFT-synthesized (HPMA-s-APMA) copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:505-14. [PMID: 20050670 PMCID: PMC2819026 DOI: 10.1021/bm901249n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A well-defined N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-s-N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA-s-APMA) copolymer, synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, was utilized for the rational design of multiconjugates containing both a gene therapeutic, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and a cancer cell targeting moiety, folate. The copolymer contains a biocompatible poly(HPMA) portion (91 mol %) and a primary amine, APMA, portion (9 mol %). A fraction (20 mol %) of the APMA repeats were converted to activated thiols utilizing the amine- and sulfhydryl-reactive molecule N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP). 5'-Thiolated sense strand RNAs were then coupled to the polymer through a disulfide exchange with pendant pyridyldithio moieties, giving an 89 +/- 4% degree of conjugation. The unmodified APMA units (80 mol %) were subsequently coupled to amine reactive folates with 81 +/- 1% efficiency. This yielded a multiconjugate copolymer with 91 mol % HPMA, 2 mol % RNA, and 6 mol % folate. siRNA formation was achieved by annealing antisense strands to the conjugated RNA sense strands. Subsequent siRNA cleavage under intracellular conditions demonstrated the potential utility of this carrier in gene delivery. The multiconjugate copolymer and siRNA release were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. York
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Faqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
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Smith AE, Xu X, Kirkland-York SE, Savin DA, McCormick CL. “Schizophrenic” Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Synthesized via Aqueous RAFT Polymerization: From Micelles to Vesicles†Paper number 143 in a series on Water-Soluble Polymers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Smith AE, Xu X, Savin DA, McCormick CL. Reversible gold “locked” synthetic vesicles derived from stimuli-responsive diblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Flores JD, Shin J, Hoyle CE, McCormick CL. Direct RAFT polymerization of an unprotected isocyanate-containing monomer and subsequent structopendant functionalization using “click”-type reactions. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Alidedeoglu AH, York AW, McCormick CL, Morgan SE. Aqueous RAFT polymerization of 2-aminoethyl methacrylate to produce well-defined, primary amine functional homo- and copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Sogabe A, McCormick CL. Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization in an Inverse Microemulsion System: Homopolymerization, Chain Extension, and Block Copolymerization†Paper no. 140 in a series on Water-Soluble Polymers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sogabe
- Department of Polymer Science
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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York AW, Zhang Y, Holley AC, Guo Y, Huang F, McCormick CL. Facile synthesis of multivalent folate-block copolymer conjugates via aqueous RAFT polymerization: targeted delivery of siRNA and subsequent gene suppression. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:936-43. [PMID: 19290625 PMCID: PMC2723843 DOI: 10.1021/bm8014768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell specific delivery of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) using well-defined multivalent folate-conjugated block copolymers is reported. Primary amine functional, biocompatible, hydrophilic-block-cationic copolymers were synthesized via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (HPMA), a permanently hydrophilic monomer, was copolymerized with a primary amine containing monomer, N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (APMA). Poly(HPMA) confers biocompatibility, while APMA provides amine functionality, allowing conjugation of folate derivatives. HPMA-stat-APMA was chain extended with a cationic block, poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide), to promote electrostatic complexation between the copolymer and the negatively charged phosphate backbone of siRNA. Notably, poly(HPMA) stabilizes the neutral complexes in aqueous solution, while APMA allows the conjugation of a targeting moiety, thus, dually circumventing problems associated with the delivery of genes via cationically charged complexes (universal transfection). Fluorescence microscopy and gene down-regulation studies indicate that these neutral complexes can be specifically delivered to cancer cells that overexpress folate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Faqing Huang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: or
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35
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Smith AE, Xu X, Abell TU, Kirkland SE, Hensarling RM, McCormick CL. Tuning Nanostructure Morphology and Gold Nanoparticle “Locking” of Multi-Responsive Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers † Paper No. 138 in a series on Water Soluble Polymers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802827p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam E. Smith
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Xuewei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Thomas U. Abell
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Stacey E. Kirkland
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Ryan M. Hensarling
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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36
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Xu X, Smith AE, McCormick CL. Facile 'One-Pot' Preparation of Reversible, Disulfide-Containing Shell Cross-Linked Micelles from a RAFT-Synthesized, pH-Responsive Triblock Copolymer in Water at Room Temperature. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A pH-responsive triblock copolymer, α-methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide)-β-poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (mPEO-PAPMA-PDPAEMA), was synthesized via aqueous RAFT polymerization. This triblock copolymer dissolves in aqueous solution at low pH (<5.0) due to protonation of primary amine residues on the PAPMA block and tertiary amine residues on the PDPAEMA block. Above pH 6.0, the copolymer unimers self-assemble into micelles consisting of PDPAEMA cores, PAPMA shells, and mPEO coronas. Dynamic light scattering studies indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 92 nm at pH 9.0. A bifunctional, reversible cross-linker, dimethyl 3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), was used to cross-link the micelles. The ‘one-pot’ formation of shell cross-linked (SCL) micelles was accomplished at room temperature in water by mixing the triblock copolymers and DTBP at pH 3.0, and slowly increasing the solution pH to 9.0 leading to the simultaneous formation of micelles and cross-linking. These SCL micelles are readily cleaved by the addition of the reducing agent, dithiothreitol, and can be re-cross-linked simply by exposure to air. Such SCL micelles have potential as nanocarriers for controlled release of therapeutic and diagnostic agents because the in situ cleavage of the disulfide linkages would not only allow release of bioactive agents, but also permit renal clearance of the resulting unimeric components.
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37
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Xu X, Smith AE, Kirkland SE, McCormick CL. Aqueous RAFT Synthesis of pH-Responsive Triblock Copolymer mPEO−PAPMA−PDPAEMA and Formation of Shell Cross-Linked Micelles. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801725w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Adam E. Smith
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Stacey E. Kirkland
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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38
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McConaughy SD, Kirkland SE, Treat NJ, Stroud PA, McCormick CL. Tailoring the Network Properties of Ca2+ Crosslinked Aloe vera Polysaccharide Hydrogels for in Situ Release of Therapeutic Agents. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3277-87. [DOI: 10.1021/bm8008457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. McConaughy
- Department of Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
| | - Stacey E. Kirkland
- Department of Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
| | - Nicolas J. Treat
- Department of Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
| | - Paul A. Stroud
- Department of Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
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McConaughy SD, Stroud PA, Boudreaux B, Hester RD, McCormick CL. Structural Characterization and Solution Properties of a Galacturonate Polysaccharide Derived from Aloe vera Capable of in Situ Gelation. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:472-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bm7009653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. McConaughy
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
| | - Paul A. Stroud
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
| | - Brent Boudreaux
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
| | - Roger D. Hester
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and DelSite Biotechnologies, Irving, Texas 75038
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Kirkland SE, Hensarling RM, McConaughy SD, Guo Y, Jarrett WL, McCormick CL. Thermoreversible hydrogels from RAFT-synthesized BAB triblock copolymers: steps toward biomimetic matrices for tissue regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2007; 9:481-6. [PMID: 18166013 DOI: 10.1021/bm700968t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Narrowly dispersed, temperature-responsive BAB block copolymers capable of forming physical gels under physiological conditions were synthesized via aqueous reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The use of a difunctional trithiocarbonate facilitates the two-step synthesis of BAB copolymers with symmetrical outer blocks. The outer B blocks of the triblock copolymers consist of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and the inner A block consists of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). The copolymers form reversible physical gels above the phase transition temperature of PNIPAM at concentrations as low as 7.5 wt % copolymer. Mechanical properties similar to collagen, a naturally occurring polypeptide used as a three-dimensional in vitro cell growth scaffold, have been achieved. Herein, we report the mechanical properties of the gels as a function of solvent, polymer concentration, and inner block length. Structural information about the gels was obtained through pulsed field gradient NMR experiments and confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Kirkland
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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41
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Li Y, Smith AE, Lokitz BS, McCormick CL. In Situ Formation of Gold-“Decorated” Vesicles from a RAFT-Synthesized, Thermally Responsive Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071488s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0076
| | - Adam E. Smith
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0076
| | - Brad S. Lokitz
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0076
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0076
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42
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Lowe AB, Wang R, Tiriveedhi V, Butko P, McCormick CL. RAFT Synthesis and Solution Properties of pH-Responsive Styrenic-Based AB Diblock Copolymers of 4-Vinylbenzyltrimethylphosphonium Chloride with N
,N
-Dimethylbenzylvinylamine. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Lokitz BS, York AW, Stempka JE, Treat ND, Li Y, Jarrett WL, McCormick CL. Aqueous RAFT Synthesis of Micelle-Forming Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Containing N-Acryloylvaline. Dual Mode, Temperature/pH Responsiveness, and “Locking” of Micelle Structure through Interpolyelectrolyte Complexation. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070921v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad S. Lokitz
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Adam W. York
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Jonathan E. Stempka
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Neil D. Treat
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - William L. Jarrett
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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York AW, Scales CW, Huang F, McCormick CL. Facile Synthetic Procedure for ω, Primary Amine Functionalization Directly in Water for Subsequent Fluorescent Labeling and Potential Bioconjugation of RAFT-Synthesized (Co)Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2337-41. [PMID: 17645310 DOI: 10.1021/bm700514q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a facile method to amine functionalize and subsequently fluorescently label polymethacrylamides synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. RAFT-generated poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide-b-N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide) (poly(HPMA-b-DMAPMA)), a water soluble biocompatible polymer, is first converted to a polymeric thiol and functionalized with a primary amine through a disulfide exchange reaction with cystamine and subsequently reacted with the amine-functionalized fluorescent dye, 6-(fluorescein-5-carboxamido)hexanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (5-SFX). Poly(HPMA258-b-DMAPMA13) (Mn = 39 700 g/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.06), previously synthesized by RAFT polymerization, was used to demonstrate this facile labeling method. The problem with labeling the omega-terminal chain end of a RAFT-synthesized polymethacrylamide is that the reduced end yields a tertiary thiol with low reactivity. The key to labeling poly(HPMA-b-DMAPMA) is to first reduce the dithioester chain end with a strong reducing agent such as NaBH4, and then functionalize the tertiary polymeric thiol with a primary amine through a disulfide exchange reaction with dihydrochloride cystamine. We show that the disulfide exchange reaction is efficient and that the amine-functionalized poly(HPMA-b-DMAPMA) can be easily labeled with the fluorescent dye, 5-SFX. This concept is proven by using a ninhydrin assay to detect primary amines and UV-vis spectroscopy to measure the degree of conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W York
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization and the synthesis of water-soluble (co)polymers under homogeneous conditions in organic and aqueous media. Prog Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bae WS, Convertine AJ, McCormick CL, Urban MW. Effect of sequential layer-by-layer surface modifications on the surface energy of plasma-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane). Langmuir 2007; 23:667-72. [PMID: 17209618 DOI: 10.1021/la062281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated grafting of N,N-dimethylacrylamide, styrenesulfonate (SS), and (ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride (VBTAC) from microwave plasma carboxylated, initiator-functionalized poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces was accomplished utilizing reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Surface spectroscopic attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FT-IR analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were utilized to determine surface grafting and morphological surface features. The VBTAC-grafted PDMS provided a smooth, hydrophilic cationic surface for creating layer-by-layer (LBL) surfaces via alternating deposition of well-defined poly(SS) and poly(VBTAC), also prepared via aqueous RAFT. Comparisons of the ATR FT-IR spectra of the LBL assemblies and those of respective anionic poly(SS) and cationic poly(VBTAC) components confirmed strong electrostatic complexation of a fraction of the sulfonate and quarternary ammonium species in the layers as well as the existence of noncomplexed species. AFM images of surface topology indicated the presence of domains, likely phase-separated segments of the respective homopolymers, as well as interlayer mixing. The employed LBL methodology results in formation of stable, highly hydrophilic surfaces on a PDMS substrate. To our knowledge, this is the first study that illustrates surface functionalization of PDMS using microwave plasma and RAFT polymerization, followed by LBL deposition of polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sung Bae
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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Morgan SE, Jones P, Lamont AS, Heidenreich A, McCormick CL. Layer-by-layer assembly of pH-responsive, compositionally controlled (co)polyelectrolytes synthesized via RAFT. Langmuir 2007; 23:230-40. [PMID: 17190509 DOI: 10.1021/la061638c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Homo- and block copolyelectrolytes that have well-defined structures and are responsive to pH were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and employed to produce layer-by-layer (LBL) films. Acrylamido monomers with carboxylate, sulfonate, and amine functionality were utilized to provide both strong and weak homopolyelectrolytes and mixed strong/weak copolyelectrolyte systems. Multilayer films were prepared under specified conditions of pH and ionic strength and analyzed via atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry to study the effects of changes in the local molecular environment on film morphologies. The pH responsiveness and integrity of the multilayer assemblies were investigated by exposing films to solutions of varying pH in a fluid cell and performing in situ AFM analysis. The multilayer dimensions, morphology, and integrity were found to depend on the molecular architecture of the polyelectrolytes, with changes in segmental type and repeating unit distribution producing dramatic differences in film characteristics. These results suggest the possibility of producing LBL assemblies of precisely controlled dimensions and properties by specifically tailoring copolymer structure. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LBL assembly of RAFT-synthesized homo- and copolyelectrolyte multilayer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Morgan
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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Ezell RG, McCormick CL. Electrolyte- and pH-responsive polyampholytes with potential as viscosity-control agents in enhanced petroleum recovery. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCormick CL, Kirkland SE, York AW. Synthetic Routes to Stimuli‐Responsive Micelles, Vesicles, and Surfaces via Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization∗. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15583720600945428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lokitz BS, Convertine AJ, Ezell RG, Heidenreich A, Li Y, McCormick CL. Responsive Nanoassemblies via Interpolyelectrolyte Complexation of Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Micelles. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061672y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad S. Lokitz
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Anthony J. Convertine
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Ryan G. Ezell
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Andrew Heidenreich
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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