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Treat NJ, Smith D, Teng C, Flores JD, Abel BA, York AW, Huang F, McCormick CL. Guanidine-Containing Methacrylamide (Co)polymers via aRAFT: Toward a Cell Penetrating Peptide Mimic(). ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:100-104. [PMID: 22639734 DOI: 10.1021/mz200012p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and controlled radical homo- and block copolymerization of 3-guanidinopropyl methacrylamide (GPMA) utilizing aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (aRAFT) polymerization. The resulting homopolymer and block copolymer with N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) were prepared to mimic the behavior of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) and poly(arginine) (> 6 units) which have been shown to cross cell membranes. The homopolymerization mediated by 4-cyano-4-(ethylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid (CEP) in aqueous buffer exhibited pseudo-first-order kinetics and linear growth of molecular weight with conversion. Retention of the "living" thiocarbonylthio ω-end-group was demonstrated through successful chain extension of the GPMA macroCTA yielding GPMA(37)-b-GPMA(61) (M(w)/M(n) =1.05). Block copolymers of GPMA with the non-immunogenic, biocompatible HPMA were synthesized yielding HPMA(271)-b-GPMA(13) (M(w)/M(n) = 1.15). Notably, intracellular uptake was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and flow cytometry experiments after 2.5 h incubation with KB cells at 4 °C and at 37 °C utilizing FITC-labeled, GPMA-containing copolymers. The observed facility of cellular uptake and the structural control afforded by aRAFT polymerization suggest significant potential for these synthetic (co)polymers as drug delivery vehicles in targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Treat
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - DeeDee Smith
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Chengwen Teng
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Joel D. Flores
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Adam W. York
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Faqing Huang
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi
39406, United States
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Xu X, Flores JD, McCormick CL. Reversible Imine Shell Cross-Linked Micelles from Aqueous RAFT-Synthesized Thermoresponsive Triblock Copolymers as Potential Nanocarriers for “pH-Triggered” Drug Release. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102804h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Joel D. Flores
- Department of Polymer Science and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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Flores JD, Treat NJ, York AW, McCormick CL. Facile, modular transformations of RAFT block copolymers via sequential isocyanate and thiol-ene reactions. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sogabe A, Flores JD, McCormick CL. Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization in an Inverse Microemulsion: Partitioning of Chain Transfer Agent (CTA) and Its Effects on Polymer Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1008463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Flores JD, Shin J, Hoyle CE, McCormick CL. Direct RAFT polymerization of an unprotected isocyanate-containing monomer and subsequent structopendant functionalization using “click”-type reactions. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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