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Erkal-Aytemur A, Mülazımoğlu İE, Üstündağ Z, Caglayan MO. A novel aptasensor platform for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using quartz crystal microbalance. Talanta 2024; 277:126376. [PMID: 38852341 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) aptasensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a well-known biomarker for various cancer types, was reported, utilizing two different aptamers. To achieve this, a nanofilm of 4-mercaptophenyl was electrochemically attached to gold-coated QCM crystal surfaces via the reduction of 4-mercaptobenzenediazonium salt (4 MB-DAT) using cyclic voltammetry. Subsequently, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were affixed to this structure, and then aptamers (antiCEA1 and antiCEA2) modified with SH-functional ends bound to AuNPs completed the modification. The analytical performance of the CEA sensor was evaluated through simultaneous QCM measurements employing CEA solutions ranging from 0.1 ng/mL to 25 ng/mL. The detection limit (LOD) for CEA was determined to be 102 pg/mL for antiCEA1 and 108 pg/mL for antiCEA2 aptamers. Interday and intraday precision and accuracy tests yielded maximum results of 4.3 and + 3.8, respectively, for both aptasensors, as measured by relative standard deviation (RSD%) and relative error (RE%). The kinetic data of the aptasensors resulted in affinity values (KD) of 0.43 ± 0.14 nM for antiCEA1 and 0.75 ± 0.42 nM for antiCEA2. These values were lower than the reported values of 3.9 nM and 37.8 nM for both aptamers, respectively. The selectivity of the aptasensor was evaluated by measuring the signal changes caused by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cancer antigen (CA-125), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-165) individually and together at a concentration of 500 ng/mL, resulting in a maximum 4.1 % change, which was comparable to precision and accuracy values reported in the literature. After confirming the selectivity of the aptamers, recovery experiments were conducted using spiked commercial serum samples to simulate real samples, and the lowest recovery value obtained was 95.4 %. It was determined that two different aptasensors could be successfully used for the QCM-based detection of CEA in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Erkal-Aytemur
- Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, R.K. Faculty of Engineering, Fundamental Science, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Zafer Üstündağ
- Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Oguzhan Caglayan
- Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik, Turkey.
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2
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Wang X, Zhao X, Song X, He J. Diazo-functionalised immunoelectrochemical sensor for the detection of ochratoxin a in foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:699-713. [PMID: 38598095 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2339322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic fungal metabolite that is commonly found in cereals and animal feed. It is economically damaging and potentially hazardous to human health. Herein, we propose an electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid detection of OTA using anti-OTA antibodies and diazonium-functionalized, screen-printed electrodes. We attached 4-aminobenzoic acid to an electrode surface, activated the carboxyl groups on the surface with carbodiimide, and attached an antibody to the diazo layer. Subsequently, we used bovine serum protein as a blocker to prevent non-specific antigens from binding to the antibody. We evaluated the performance of the sensor by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor is highly specific and sensitive, has good linear responses in the range 20-200 ng/mL, a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL, and good recoveries of 90.5%-100.9% in spiked samples. It can be stored at 4 °C for approximately 2 weeks, and is highly stable, with a current response variation of no more than 4.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyi Song
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxing He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
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3
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Kumar A, Nwosu ID, Meunier-Prest R, Lesniewska E, Bouvet M. Tuning of Interfacial Charge Transport in Organic Heterostructures via Aryl Electrografting for Efficient Gas Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3795-3808. [PMID: 38224467 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Modulation of interfacial conductivity in organic heterostructures is a highly promising strategy to improve the performance of electronic devices. In this endeavor, the present work reports the fabrication of a bilayer heterojunction device, combining octafluoro copper phthalocyanine (CuF8Pc) and lutetium bis-phthalocyanine (LuPc2) and tunes the charge transport at the Cu(F8Pc)-(LuPc2) interface by aryl electrografting on the device electrode to improve the device NH3-sensing properties. Dimethoxybenzene (DMB) and tetrafluoro benzene (TFB) electrografted by an aryldiazonium electroreduction method form a few-nanometer-thick organic film on ITO. The conductivity of the heterojunction devices formed by coating a Cu(F8Pc)/LuPc2 bilayer over the aryl-grafted electrode strongly varies according to the electronic effects of the substituents in the aryl. Accordingly, DMB increases while TFB decreases the mobile charges accumulation at the Cu(F8Pc)-(LuPc2) interface. This is explained by the perfect alignment of the frontier molecular orbitals of DMB and Cu(F8Pc), facilitating charge injection into the Cu(F8Pc) layer. On the contrary, TFB behaves like a strong acceptor and reduces the mobile charges accumulation at the Cu(F8Pc)-(LuPc2) interface. Such interfacial conductivity variation influences the device NH3-sensing properties, which increase because of DMB grafting and decrease in the presence of TFB. DMB-based heterojunction devices contain four times higher active sites for NH3 adsorption and could detect NH3 down to 1 ppm with limited interference from humidity, making them suitable for real environment NH3 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
| | - Ikechukwu David Nwosu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
| | - Rita Meunier-Prest
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
| | - Eric Lesniewska
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (LICB), UMR CNRS 6303, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
| | - Marcel Bouvet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
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4
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Billon J, Omelchuk A, Shkirskiy V, Dabos-Seignon S, Alévêque O, Levillain E, Breton T, Gautier C. An innovative method for controlled synthesis of bicomponent monolayer films obtained by reduction of diazonium. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19213-19218. [PMID: 37987201 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03946c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel method based on the electrochemical co-reduction of two aryldiazonium salts, enabling the synthesis of controlled two-component monolayer thin films on carbon in a single step. By introducing a 12-carbon alkyl chain as a spacer between the aryldiazonium function and the functional group, precise control over film thickness and composition was achieved. The alkyl chain effectively standardizes the reduction potential, enabling the equalization of reactivity and precise stoichiometric control. Experimental results from spectroscopic, electrochemical, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses validate the effectiveness of the method in controlling the composition of the mixed layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Billon
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Anna Omelchuk
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | | | | | - Olivier Alévêque
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Eric Levillain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Tony Breton
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
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5
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Huynh TMT, Tahara K, De Feyter S, Phan TH. On the role of functional groups in the formation of diazonium based covalent attachments: dendritic vs. layer-by-layer growth. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24576-24582. [PMID: 37593664 PMCID: PMC10427895 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilayered growth is often observed upon electrografting aryl diazonium derivatives on graphitic substrates due to the reactive nature of aryl radicals. The mechanism of the multilayer formation has been investigated either by measuring the thickness of the grafted layer, the charge transfer, or via simulations. Spectroscopy and in particular microscopy approaches are underrepresented. Herein, we demonstrate a comparative characterization of the multilayer growth of two diazonium derivatives on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite using a combination of cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. While dendritic growth is observed for 4-nitro phenyl diazonium (4-NBD), 4-carboxy phenyl diazonium (4-CBD) shows layer-by-layer growth upon increasing the molecular concentration, revealing the impact of the functional groups on the growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tamaku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven B-3001 Belgium
| | - Thanh Hai Phan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
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6
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Maillot B, Johnson M, Audibert JF, Miomandre F, Brasiliense V. Operando surface optical nanometrology reveals diazonium salts' visible photografting mechanism. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8754-8761. [PMID: 37097707 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High resolution and quantitative surface modification through photografting is a highly desirable strategy towards the preparation of smart surfaces, enabling chemical functions to be precisely located onto specific regions of inert surfaces. Although promising, the mechanisms leading to direct (without the use of any additive) photoactivation of diazonium salts using visible wavelengths are poorly understood, precluding the generalization of popular diazonium-based electrografting strategies into high resolution photografting ones. In this paper, we employ quantitative phase imaging as a nanometrology tool for evaluating the local grafting rate with diffraction-limited resolution and nanometric precision. By carefully measuring the surface modification kinetics under a range of different conditions, we reveal the reaction mechanism while evaluating the influence of key parameters, such as the power density, the radical precursor concentration and the presence of side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Maillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Madelyn Johnson
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Fabien Miomandre
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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7
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A mechanistic approach to the electrografting of carbon surfaces and electrochemical properties of the grafted films – A critical review. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Li T, Ciampi S, Darwish N. The Surface Potential of Zero Charge Controls the Kinetics of Diazonium Salts Electropolymerization. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiexin Li
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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9
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Arshi S, Xiao X, Belochapkine S, Magner E. Electrochemical immobilization of glucose oxidase for the controlled production of H2O2 in a biocatalytic flow reactor. ChemElectroChem 2022; 9:e202200319. [PMID: 36246851 PMCID: PMC9545823 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods can be used to selectively modify the surfaces of electrodes, enabling the immobilisation of enzymes on defined areas on the surfaces of electrodes. Such selective immobilisation methods can be used to pattern catalysts on surfaces in a controlled manner. Using this approach, the selective patterning of the enzyme glucose oxidase on the electrodes was used to develop a flow reactor for the controlled delivery of the oxidant H2O2. GOx was immobilised on a glassy carbon electrode using polypyrrole, silica films, and diazonium linkers. The rate of production of H2O2 and the stability of the response was dependent on the immobilisation method. GOx encapsulated in polypyrrole was selected as the optimal method of immobilisation, with a rate of production of 91±11 μM h−1 for 4 hours of continuous operation. The enzyme was subsequently immobilised on carbon rod electrodes (surface area of 5.76 cm2) using a polypyrrole/Nafion® film and incorporated into a flow reactor. The rate of production of H2O2 was 602±57 μM h−1, with 100 % retention of activity after 7 h of continuous operation, demonstrating that such a system can be used to prepare H2O2 at continuous and stable rate for use in downstream oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Arshi
- University of Limerick Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute IRELAND
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Department of Chemistry DENMARK
| | - Serguei Belochapkine
- University of Limerick Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute IRELAND
| | - Edmond Magner
- University of Limerick Materials and Surface Science Institute Plassey IE Co. Limerick IRELAND
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10
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Koushanpour A, Harvey EJ, Merle G. Atomic Isolation and Anchoring of Commercial Pt/C Nanoparticles, a Promising Pathway for Durable PEMFCs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19285-19294. [PMID: 35452228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the atomic confinement of commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts. While a high electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction is important for proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance, the high stability of the electrocatalyst is essential for real applications under harsh operating conditions. The demands necessitate the development of advanced electrocatalysts that are resistant to corrosion. A combination of diazonium chemistry with Cu electrodeposition permits the selective protection of the carbon surface of the commercial Pt/C to prevent corrosion while improving wettability and ionic transfer. The resulting electrocatalysts exhibit an exceptional ORR stability after accelerated stress testing (AST) with a 250% improvement in comparison with unprotected commercial Pt/C. This novel electrochemical pathway provides a much-needed boost to carbon-based catalytic supports, which still face several stability challenges in energy applications in a harsh environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Koushanpour
- Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Edward J Harvey
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Geraldine Merle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
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11
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Sainz R, Pozo MD, Vázquez L, Vilas-Varela M, Castro-Esteban J, Blanco E, Petit-Domínguez MD, Quintana C, Casero E. Lactate biosensing based on covalent immobilization of lactate oxidase onto chevron-like graphene nanoribbons via diazotization-coupling reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Kaolinite Thin Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition and Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030546. [PMID: 35159894 PMCID: PMC8839438 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, thin films of lamellar clays were deposited by laser techniques (matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD)). The focus of this paper is the optimization of deposition parameters for the production of highly oriented crystalline films. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Contact angle measurements were employed to identify the wetting properties of the deposited thin films. Hydrophobic to superhydrophilic films can be prepared by using different deposition techniques and deposition parameters. MAPLE led to superhydrophilic films with contact angles in the range 4°–8°, depending on the microstructure and surface roughness at micro and nano scale. The 1064 nm PLD had a high deposition rate and produced a textured film while at λ = 193 nm an extremely thin and amorphous layer was depicted. Oriented kaolinite films were obtained by MAPLE even at 5 wt.% kaolinite in the target.
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13
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Brasiliense V, Audibert JF, Wu T, Tessier G, Berto P, Miomandre F. Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100737. [PMID: 35041288 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification by photo grafting constitutes an interesting strategy to prepare functional surfaces. Precision applications, however, demand quantitative methods able to monitor and control the amount and distribution of surface modifications, which is hard to achieve, particularly in operando conditions. In this paper, a label-free, cost-effective, all-optical method based on wavefront sensing which is able to quantitatively track the evolution of grafted layers in real-time, is presented. By positioning a simple thin diffuser in the close vicinity of a camera, the thickness of grafted patterns is directly evaluated with sub-nanometric sensitivity and diffraction-limited lateral resolution. By performing an in-depth kinetic analysis of the local modification of an inert substrate (glass cover slips) through photografting of arydiazonium salts, different growth regimes are characterized and several parameters are estimated, such as the grafting efficiency, density and the apparent refractive index distribution of the resulting grafted layers. Both focused and widefield-grafting can be quantitatively monitored in real time, providing valuable guidelines to maximize functionalization efficiency. The association of a well-characterized versatile photografting reaction with the proposed flexible and sensitive monitoring strategy enables functional surfaces to be prepared, and puts surface micro- to submicro-structuration within the reach of most laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Brasiliense
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Tengfei Wu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Gilles Tessier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Pascal Berto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Fabien Miomandre
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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14
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Billon J, Shkirskiy V, Dabos-Seignon S, Breton T, Gautier C. No more compromise: A facile route towards functionalized surfaces with stable monolayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14294-14298. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02129c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The results reported in this study clearly show that it is possible to easily control the formation of a functional monolayer by spontaneous reduction of an aryldiazonium salt on gold...
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15
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Wu T, Fitchett CM, Downard AJ. Para-Fluoro-Thiol Reaction on Anchor Layers Grafted from an Aryldiazonium Salt: A Tool for Surface Functionalization with Thiols. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11397-11405. [PMID: 34520216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new coupling reaction, the para-fluoro-thiol (PFT) reaction, activated by base at room temperature, is reported for carbon surface functionalization. 4-Nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) and (3-nitrobenzyl)mercaptan (3-NBM) were coupled to pentafluorophenyl (F5-Ph) anchor layers grafted from the aryldiazonium ion formed in situ. The relative yields of the PFT reactions, estimated from the electrochemical responses of coupled nitrophenyl (NP) and nitrobenzyl (NB) groups, depended on the nucleophilicity of the thiolate and the strength of the base. The highest surface concentration (4.6 × 10-10 mol cm-2) was obtained using 3-NBM in the presence of [Bu4N]OH; this concentration corresponds to the maximum that is typically achieved for other high-yielding coupling reactions at aryldiazonium ion anchor layers. The PFT reaction is expected to be applicable to the numerous thiol derivatives commonly restricted to self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation at gold and other noble metals, thereby opening a simple new approach for interface design on carbon substrates. The strategy may also have advantages for modification of gold surfaces: the layer prepared by coupling 3-NBM to F5-Ph films on gold was found to be more stable to storage under ambient conditions than self-assembled monolayers of 3-NBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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16
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Wu T, Brooksby PA, Fitchett CM, Downard AJ. Immobilisation of Iron Porphyrin from an Equilibrium Solution with Diazonium‐Functionalised Axial Ligand: Dependence of Film Composition on Grafting Potential. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Paula A. Brooksby
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Christopher M. Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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17
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Yao X, Vonesch M, Combes M, Weiss J, Sun X, Lacroix JC. Single-Molecule Junctions with Highly Improved Stability. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6540-6548. [PMID: 34286999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule junctions (SMJs) have been fabricated using layers generated by diazonium electroreduction. This process creates a C-Au covalent bond between the molecule and the electrode. Rigid oligomers of variable length, based on porphyrin derivatives in their free base or cobalt complex forms, have been grafted on the surface. The conductance of the oligomers has been studied by a scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STM-bj) technique and G(t) measurements, and the lifetime of the SMJs has been investigated. The conductance histograms indicate that charge transport in the porphyrins is relatively efficient and influenced by the presence of the cobalt center. With both systems, random telegraph G(t) signals are easily recorded, showing SMJ on/off states. The SMJs then stabilize and exhibit a surprisingly long lifetime around 10 s, and attenuation plots, obtained by both G(t) and STM-bj measurements, give identical values. This work shows that highly stable SMJs can be prepared using a diazonium grafting approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yao
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Maxime Vonesch
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maïwenn Combes
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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18
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Iannaci A, Myles A, Philippon T, Barrière F, Scanlan EM, Colavita PE. Controlling the Carbon-Bio Interface via Glycan Functional Adlayers for Applications in Microbial Fuel Cell Bioanodes. Molecules 2021; 26:4755. [PMID: 34443344 PMCID: PMC8400688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface modification of electrodes with glycans was investigated as a strategy for modulating the development of electrocatalytic biofilms for microbial fuel cell applications. Covalent attachment of phenyl-mannoside and phenyl-lactoside adlayers on graphite rod electrodes was achieved via electrochemically assisted grafting of aryldiazonium cations from solution. To test the effects of the specific bio-functionalities, modified and unmodified graphite rods were used as anodes in two-chamber microbial fuel cell devices. Devices were set up with wastewater as inoculum and acetate as nutrient and their performance, in terms of output potential (open circuit and 1 kΩ load) and peak power output, was monitored over two months. The presence of glycans was found to lead to significant differences in startup times and peak power outputs. Lactosides were found to inhibit the development of biofilms when compared to bare graphite. Mannosides were found, instead, to promote exoelectrogenic biofilm adhesion and anode colonization, a finding that is supported by quartz crystal microbalance experiments in inoculum media. These differences were observed despite both adlayers possessing thickness in the nm range and similar hydrophilic character. This suggests that specific glycan-mediated bioaffinity interactions can be leveraged to direct the development of biotic electrocatalysts in bioelectrochemical systems and microbial fuel cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaci
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; (A.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Adam Myles
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; (A.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Timothé Philippon
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes-UMR 6226, CNRS, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Frédéric Barrière
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes-UMR 6226, CNRS, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; (A.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Paula E. Colavita
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; (A.I.); (A.M.)
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19
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Tavakkoli Z, Goljani H, Sepehrmansourie H, Nematollahi D, Zolfigol MA. New insight into the electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25811-25815. [PMID: 35479439 PMCID: PMC9037153 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied in this work and it is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion. The results of this research indicate that the reduction of aryldiazonium salts takes place in two single-electron steps. Our data show that when the substituted group on the phenyl ring is H, Cl, OH, NO2, OCH3 or SO3−, the corresponding diazonium salt shows poor adsorption characteristics, but when the substituted group is methyl, the corresponding diazonium salt shows strong adsorption characteristics. In the latter case, the voltammogram exhibits three cathodic peaks. In addition, the effect of various substitutions on the aryldiazonium reduction was studied by Hammett's method. The data are show that with increasing electron withdrawing capacity of the substituent, the reduction of corresponding diazonium salt becomes easier. Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied. It is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tavakkoli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
| | - Hamed Goljani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
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20
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Ciogli L, Zumpano R, Poloznikov AA, Hushpulian DM, Tishkov VI, Andreu R, Gorton L, Mazzei F, Favero G, Bollella P. Highly Sensitive Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Tobacco Peroxidase Immobilized on
p
‐Phenylenediamine Diazonium Cation Grafted Carbon Nanotubes: Preventing Fenton‐like Inactivation at Negative Potential. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ciogli
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Rosaceleste Zumpano
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Andrey A. Poloznikov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology National Research University Higher School of Economics 13/4 Myasnitskaya str. Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Dmitry M. Hushpulian
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology National Research University Higher School of Economics 13/4 Myasnitskaya str. Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Tishkov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33, bld. 2 Moscow 119071 Russia
- Department of Chemical Enzymology School of Chemistry M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Rafael Andreu
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Sevilla Profesor García González 1 41012 Sevilla Spain
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology Lund University P.O. Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Franco Mazzei
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699-5810 United States
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari A. Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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21
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Bastide M, Frath D, Gam‐Derouich S, Lacroix J. Electrochemical and Plasmon‐induced Grafting of n‐Dopable π‐Conjugated Oligomers. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bastide
- Université de Paris ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086 15 rue J.-A. de Baïf 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Denis Frath
- Université de Paris ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086 15 rue J.-A. de Baïf 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Sarra Gam‐Derouich
- Université de Paris ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086 15 rue J.-A. de Baïf 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
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22
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Shkirskiy V, Levillain E, Gautier C. Capacitive Impedance for Following In-Situ Grafting Kinetics of Diazonium Salts. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1074-1078. [PMID: 33780116 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new method to follow in-situ grafting kinetics of diazonium compounds based on imposing small amplitude high frequency AC oscillations at grafting potential, is outlined. This enables the time-resolved measurements of capacitive impedance concomitantly with the growth of the organic layer at the working electrode. The impedance values were quantitatively correlated with the ex-situ (from voltammograms) and in-situ (from quartz crystal microbalance) measured surface coverages, providing a validation of the new methodology. The versatility of the developed approach was demonstrated on the grafting via reduction of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium on Au and glassy carbon (GC) substrates and via deposition of in-situ generated diazonium salts from 1-aminoanthraquinone and 4-ferrocenylaniline on GC. The capacitive impedance measurements are simple, fast, and non-destructive, making it an appealing methodology for an exploration of grafting kinetics of a wide range of diazonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Shkirskiy
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Eric Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Christelle Gautier
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
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23
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Wu T, Fitchett CM, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ. Building Tailored Interfaces through Covalent Coupling Reactions at Layers Grafted from Aryldiazonium Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11545-11570. [PMID: 33683855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium ions are widely used reagents for surface modification. Attractive aspects of their use include wide substrate compatibility (ranging from plastics to carbons to metals and metal oxides), formation of stable covalent bonding to the substrate, simplicity of modification methods that are compatible with organic and aqueous solvents, and the commercial availability of many aniline precursors with a straightforward conversion to the active reagent. Importantly, the strong bonding of the modifying layer to the surface makes the method ideally suited to further on-surface (postfunctionalization) chemistry. After an initial grafting from a suitable aryldiazonium ion to give an anchor layer, a target species can be coupled to the layer, hugely expanding the range of species that can be immobilized. This strategy has been widely employed to prepare materials for numerous applications including chemical sensors, biosensors, catalysis, optoelectronics, composite materials, and energy conversion and storage. In this Review our goal is first to summarize how a target species with a particular functional group may be covalently coupled to an appropriate anchor layer. We then review applications of the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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24
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Tuning the Covering on Gold Surfaces by Grafting Amino-Aryl Films Functionalized with Fe(II) Phthalocyanine: Performance on the Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061631. [PMID: 33804112 PMCID: PMC7998582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current selective modification methods, coupled with functionalization through organic or inorganic molecules, are crucial for designing and constructing custom-made molecular materials that act as electroactive interfaces. A versatile method for derivatizing surfaces is through an aryl diazonium salt reduction reaction (DSRR). A prominent feature of this strategy is that it can be carried out on various materials. Using the DSRR, we modified gold surface electrodes with 4-aminebenzene from 4-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (NBTF), regulating the deposited mass of the aryl film to achieve covering control on the electrode surface. We got different degrees of covering: monolayer, intermediate, and multilayer. Afterwards, the ArNO2 end groups were electrochemically reduced to ArNH2 and functionalized with Fe(II)-Phthalocyanine to study the catalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The thickness of the electrode covering determines its response in front of ORR. Interestingly, the experimental results showed that an intermediate covering film presents a better electrocatalytic response for ORR, driving the reaction by a four-electron pathway.
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25
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Lenne Q, Andrieux V, Levanen G, Bergamini JF, Nicolas P, Paquin L, Lagrost C, Leroux YR. Electrochemical grafting of aryl diazonium salts in deep eutectic solvents. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Phal S, Shimizu K, Mwanza D, Mashazi P, Shchukarev A, Tesfalidet S. Electrografting of 4-Carboxybenzenediazonium on Glassy Carbon Electrode: The Effect of Concentration on the Formation of Mono and Multilayers. Molecules 2020; 25:E4575. [PMID: 33036378 PMCID: PMC7582525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting of electrodes with diazonium salts using cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a well-established procedure for surface modification. However, little is known about the effect of the concentration of the diazonium salt on the number of layers grafted on the electrode surface. In this work, the impact of concentration on the grafting of 4-carboxybenzenediazonium (4-CBD) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is elucidated. The number of layers grafted on the GCE was linearly dependent on the concentration of 4-CBD and varied between 0.9 and 4.3 when the concentration was varied between 0.050 and 0.30 mmol/L at 0.10 V.s-1. Characterization of modified glassy carbon surface with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the grafting of carboxyphenyl layer on the surface. Grafting with 0.15 mmol/L 4-CBD (1 CV cycle) did not form a detectable amount of carboxyphenyl (CP) moieties at the surface, while a single scan with higher concentration (2.5 mmol/L) or multiple scans (22 cycles) gave detectable signals, indicating formation of multilayers. We also demonstrate the possibility of removing the thin layer grafted on a glassy carbon electrode by applying high oxidation potential +1.40 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereilakhena Phal
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.P.); (K.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Kenichi Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.P.); (K.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel Mwanza
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (D.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Philani Mashazi
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (D.M.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Andrey Shchukarev
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.P.); (K.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Solomon Tesfalidet
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.P.); (K.S.); (A.S.)
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27
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Rodríguez González MC, Brown A, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Self-limiting covalent modification of carbon surfaces: diazonium chemistry with a twist. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18782-18789. [PMID: 32970069 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of carbon surfaces has regained traction in recent years in view of its applicability towards covalent modification of a variety of (2D) materials. A general requisite is the formation of a dense and well-defined monolayer of aryl groups covalently bound to the surface. Given the use of reactive chemistries however, it is often not easy to achieve precise control over the monolayer growth while maintaining high grafting densities. Here we present a straightforward experimental protocol for the fabrication of well-defined covalent monolayers onto the surface of graphite. Using a combination of surface analytical tools, we demonstrate that the ascorbic acid mediated dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts leads to self-limiting growth of monolayers with high grafting densities. The aryl radicals preferentially attach to the basal plane of the substrate and once the surface is covered with a covalent monolayer, the surface reaction does not proceed further to an appreciable extent. The layer thickness of the covalent films was measured using atomic force microscopy whereas the grafting efficiencies were assessed using Raman spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the grafted films was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy whereas scanning tunneling microscopy provided nanometer scale insight into the structure of the covalent films. Mechanistic aspects of the process are also discussed. The self-terminating chemistry described here is a new addition to the synthetic armory for covalent modification of materials and sets a strong foundation for achieving precise nanoscale control over the covalent functionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Rodríguez González
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Yao X, Sun X, Lafolet F, Lacroix JC. Long-Range Charge Transport in Diazonium-Based Single-Molecule Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6899-6907. [PMID: 32786941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thin layers of cobalt and ruthenium polypyridyl-oligomers with thicknesses between 2 and 8 nm were deposited on gold by electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts. A scanning tunneling microscope was used to create single-molecule junctions (SMJs). The charge transport properties of the Au-[Co(tpy)2]n-Au (n = 1-4) SMJs do not depend markedly on the oligomer length, have an extremely low attenuation factor (β ∼ 0.19 nm-1), and do not show a thickness-dependent transition between two mechanisms. Resonant charge transport is proposed as the main transport mechanism. The SMJ conductance decreases by 1 order of magnitude upon changing the metal from Co to Ru. In Au-[Ru(tpy)2]n-Au and Au-[Ru(bpy)3]n-Au SMJs, a charge transport transition from direct tunneling to hopping is evidenced by a break in the length-dependent β-plot. The three different mechanisms observed are a clear molecular signature on transport in SMJs. Most importantly, these results are in good agreement with those obtained on large-area molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yao
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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29
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Subrata A, Veksha A, Pong ZY, Lisak G, Webster RD. Electrografting of Sterically Bulky Tetramethylaniline Groups on Glassy Carbon Electrodes through Aryldiazonium Chemistry: Reasons for the Formation of Multilayers. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Subrata
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Andrei Veksha
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3 C)Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI)Nanyang Technological University (NTU) 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One Singapore 637141 Singapore
| | - Zhi Yi Pong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3 C)Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI)Nanyang Technological University (NTU) 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One Singapore 637141 Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNanyang Technological University (NTU) 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 637371 Singapore
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30
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Xia Y, Martin C, Seibel J, Eyley S, Thielemans W, van der Auweraer M, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Iodide mediated reductive decomposition of diazonium salts: towards mild and efficient covalent functionalization of surface-supported graphene. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11916-11926. [PMID: 32478349 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene is highly sought after, not only in view of the potential applications of the chemically modified material, but also because it brings fundamental insight into the chemistry of graphene. Thus, strategies that yield chemically modified graphene with densely grafted films of aryl groups via simple experimental protocols have been the focus of intense research. Here we report a mild, straightforward and efficient approach to graphene/graphite functionalization using iodide mediated reductive dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts. The experimental protocol employs aqueous solutions of the reagents. The reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature without the need of any environmental or electrochemical control. The covalently modified surfaces were characterized at the nanometer scale using a combination of complementary surface analytical techniques. The degree of covalent functionalization, and the morphology, as well as the thickness of the grafted films were studied at the molecular level using Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, respectively. Furthermore, solution phase UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to understand the mechanistic aspects. This work demonstrates a facile and scalable covalent modification method compatible for both bulk and monolayer functionalization of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Mark van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Chen B, Zhang B, Chen C, Hu J, Qi J, He T, Tian P, Zhang X, Ni G, Cheng MMC. Penetrating glassy carbon neural electrode arrays for brain-machine interfaces. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:43. [PMID: 32504225 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a fabrication method for glassy carbon neural electrode arrays that combines 3D printing and chemical pyrolysis technology. The carbon electrodes have excellent biological compatibility and can be used in neural signal recording. A pretreated Si wafer is used as the substrate for 3D printing, and then, stereolithography 3D printing technology is employed to print photosensitive resin into a cone shape. Next, chemical pyrolysis is applied to convert the 3D prints into glassy carbon electrodes and modify the electrochemical performance of the carbon electrodes. Finally, the glassy carbon electrodes are packed with conductive wires and PDMS. The proposed fabrication method simplifies the manufacturing process of carbon materials, and electrodes can be fabricated without the need of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The height of the carbon electrodes is 1.5 mm, and the exposure area of the tips is 0.78 mm2, which is convenient for the implantation procedure. The specific capacitance of the glassy carbon arrays is higher than that of a platinum electrode (9.18 mF/cm2 vs 3.32 mF/cm2, respectively), and the impedance at 1 kHz is lower (7.1 kΩ vs 8.8 kΩ). The carbon electrodes were tested in vivo, and they showed excellent performance in neural signal recording. The signal-to-noise ratio of the carbon electrodes is 50.73 ± 6.11, which is higher than that of the Pt electrode (20.15 ± 5.32) under the same testing conditions. The proposed fabrication method of glassy carbon electrodes provides a novel approach to manufacture penetrating electrodes for nerve interfaces in biomedical engineering and microelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Boshen Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China Capital Medical University affiliate Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxin Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mark Ming-Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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32
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Médard J, Berisha A, Decorse P, Kanoufi F, Combellas C, Pinson J, Podvorica FI. Electrografting of methylamine through C–H activation or oxidation to give highly aminated surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Cesbron M, Dabos-Seignon S, Gautier C, Breton T. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity on TEMPO mixed film grafted by diazonium reduction. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Yates ND, Dowsett MR, Bentley P, Dickenson-Fogg JA, Pratt A, Blanford CF, Fascione MA, Parkin A. Aldehyde-Mediated Protein-to-Surface Tethering via Controlled Diazonium Electrode Functionalization Using Protected Hydroxylamines. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5654-5664. [PMID: 31721585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a diazonium electro-grafting method for the covalent modification of conducting surfaces with aldehyde-reactive hydroxylamine functionalities that facilitate the wiring of redox-active (bio)molecules to electrode surfaces. Hydroxylamine near-monolayer formation is achieved via a phthalimide-protection and hydrazine-deprotection strategy that overcomes the multilayer formation that typically complicates diazonium surface modification. This surface modification strategy is characterized using electrochemistry (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Thus-modified glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond, and gold surfaces are all shown to ligate to small molecule aldehydes, yielding surface coverages of 150-170, 40, and 100 pmol cm-2, respectively. Bioconjugation is demonstrated via the coupling of a dilute (50 μM) solution of periodate-oxidized horseradish peroxidase enzyme to a functionalized gold surface under biocompatible conditions (H2O solvent, pH 4.5, 25 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Yates
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Dowsett
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Bentley
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A Dickenson-Fogg
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pratt
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher F Blanford
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Fascione
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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35
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Médard J, Decorse P, Mangeney C, Pinson J, Fagnoni M, Protti S. Simultaneous Photografting of Two Organic Groups on a Gold Surface by using Arylazo Sulfones as Single Precursors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2786-2793. [PMID: 32090577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arylazo sulfones have been exploited as photoactivatable substrates for the simultaneous photografting of both aryl and methanesulfonyl groups on a gold surface. The obtained samples have been characterized by different spectroscopic techniques including ellipsometry and electrochemistry, infrared reflection absorption, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and AFM. Grafting occurs through a simple N-S cleavage and not, as usually observed with aromatic precursors, by electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Médard
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Philippe Decorse
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Claire Mangeney
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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36
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Dithienylpyrrole Electrografting on a Surface through the Electroreduction of Diazonium Salts. ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of the interface and the adhesion process are key issues for the development of new application based on electrochromic materials. In this work the functionalization of an electrode’s surface through electroreduction of diazonium generated in situ from 4-(2,5-di-thiophen-2-yl-pyrrol-1-yl)-phenylamine (SNS-An) has been proposed. The synthesis of the aniline derivative SNS-An was performed and the electrografting was investigated by cyclic voltammetry on various electrodes. Then the organic thin film was fully characterized by several techniques and XPS analysis confirms the presence of an organic film based on the chemical composition of the starting monomer and allows an estimation of its thickness confirmed by AFM scratching measurements. Depending on the number of electrodeposition cycles, the thickness varies from 2 nm to 10 nm, which corresponds to a few grafted oligomers. In addition, the grafted film showed a good electrochemical stability depending on the scan rates up to 400 V/s and the electrochemical response of the modified electrode towards several redox probes showed that the attached layer acts as a conductive switch. Therefore, the electrode behaves as a barrier to electron transfer when the standard redox potential of the probe is below the layer switching potential, whereas the layer can be considered as transparent towards the electron transfer for redox probes with a redox potential above it.
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37
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Ramírez‐Delgado V, Morales‐Martínez D, González FJ. Associative and Proton Transfer Effects on the Voltammetric Behaviour of Chemically Grafted Films Bearing Nitrophenyl Groups. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ramírez‐Delgado
- Departamento de QuímicaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Mexico City 07360 Mexico
| | - Daniel Morales‐Martínez
- Departamento de QuímicaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Mexico City 07360 Mexico
| | - Felipe J. González
- Departamento de QuímicaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Mexico City 07360 Mexico
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38
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Puyo M, Fau P, Kahn ML, Mesguich D, Launay J, Fajerwerg K. Removable Composite Electrode Made of Silver Nanoparticles on Pyrolyzed Photoresist Film for the Electroreduction of 4-Nitrophenol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14194-14202. [PMID: 31550887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Access to removable nanocomposite electrodes for electrosensing of pollutants is of great importance. However, the preparation of reproducible and reliable carbon electrodes decorated with metallic nanoparticles, a prerequisite for trustworthy devices, remains a challenge. Here we describe an innovative and easy method to prepare such electrodes. These latter are silicon-coated with a thin carbon film on which controlled silver nanostructures are grafted. Different silver nanostructures and surface coverage of the carbon electrode (16, 36, 51, and 67%) can be obtained through a careful control of the time of the hydrogenolysis of the N-N' isopropyl butylamidinate silver organometallic precursor (t = 1, 5, 15, and 60 min, respectively). Importantly, all nanocomposite surfaces are efficient for the electrodetection of 4-nitrophenol with a remarkable decrease of the overpotential of the reduction of such molecule up to 330 mV. The surfaces are characterized by atomic force microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect is also observed. The exaltation of the Raman intensity is proportional to the surface coverage of the electrode; the number of hot spots increases with the surface coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Puyo
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Pierre Fau
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Myrtil L Kahn
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - David Mesguich
- CIRIMAT , University of Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul-Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9 , France
| | - Jérôme Launay
- LAAS-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 7 avenue du colonel Roche , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Katia Fajerwerg
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
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39
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Payne NA, Mauzeroll J. Identifying Nanoscale Pinhole Defects in Nitroaryl Layers with Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Payne
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, QC Canada H3 A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, QC Canada H3 A 0B8
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40
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Wu T, Lankshear ER, Downard AJ. Simultaneous Electro‐Click and Electrochemically Mediated Polymerization Reactions for One‐Pot Grafting from a Controlled Density of Anchor Sites. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Ethan R. Lankshear
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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41
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Peiris CR, Vogel YB, Le Brun AP, Aragonès AC, Coote ML, Díez-Pérez I, Ciampi S, Darwish N. Metal-Single-Molecule-Semiconductor Junctions Formed by a Radical Reaction Bridging Gold and Silicon Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14788-14797. [PMID: 31455076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report molecular films terminated with diazonium salts moieties at both ends which enables single-molecule contacts between gold and silicon electrodes at open circuit via a radical reaction. We show that the kinetics of film grafting is crystal-facet dependent, being more favorable on ⟨111⟩ than on ⟨100⟩, a finding that adds control over surface chemistry during the device fabrication. The impact of this spontaneous chemistry in single-molecule electronics is demonstrated using STM-break junction approaches by forming metal-single-molecule-semiconductor junctions between silicon and gold source and drain, electrodes. Au-C and Si-C molecule-electrode contacts result in single-molecule wires that are mechanically stable, with an average lifetime at room temperature of 1.1 s, which is 30-400% higher than that reported for conventional molecular junctions formed between gold electrodes using thiol and amine contact groups. The high stability enabled measuring current-voltage properties during the lifetime of the molecular junction. We show that current rectification, which is intrinsic to metal-semiconductor junctions, can be controlled when a single-molecule bridges the gap in the junction. The system changes from being a current rectifier in the absence of a molecular bridge to an ohmic contact when a single molecule is covalently bonded to both silicon and gold electrodes. This study paves the way for the merging of the fields of single-molecule and silicon electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramalika R Peiris
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional molecules and Interfaces , Curtin University , Bentley , Western Australia 6102 , Australia
| | - Yan B Vogel
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional molecules and Interfaces , Curtin University , Bentley , Western Australia 6102 , Australia
| | - Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) , Lucas Heights , New South Wales 2234 , Australia
| | - Albert C Aragonès
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences , King's College London , Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street , London SE1 1DB , United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
| | - Ismael Díez-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences , King's College London , Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street , London SE1 1DB , United Kingdom
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional molecules and Interfaces , Curtin University , Bentley , Western Australia 6102 , Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional molecules and Interfaces , Curtin University , Bentley , Western Australia 6102 , Australia
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42
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López I, Dabos-Seignon S, Breton T. Use of Selective Redox Cross-Inhibitors for the Control of Organic Layer Formation Obtained via Diazonium Salt Reduction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11048-11055. [PMID: 31299159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The controlled electrochemical deposition of a series of four diazonium salts (4-bromobenzene, 4-iodobenzene, 4-methoxybenzene, and 4-diethylaminobenzene diazonium) on carbon surfaces has been achieved by exploiting the use of three redox mediators: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, chloranil, and dichlone. The efficiency of the method rests on a fast redox cross-reaction in the diffusion layer between the diazonium compound and the reduced form of the selected inhibitor, characterized by an outer-sphere electron transfer. The effect of the inhibitor addition in the deposition solution was characterized using electrochemical techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Near-monolayers are obtained when the potential of the redox mediator is at least 100 mV lower than the reduction potential of the diazonium salt concerned. A judicious choice of the redox entity can allow, via a fine control of the experimental conditions, to modulate the thickness of organic layers by varying the grafting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro López
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
| | - Sylvie Dabos-Seignon
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
| | - Tony Breton
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
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43
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Pichereau L, López I, Cesbron M, Dabos-Seignon S, Gautier C, Breton T. Controlled diazonium electrografting driven by overpotential reduction: a general strategy to prepare ultrathin layers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:455-457. [PMID: 30543211 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A global and extremely simple strategy to prepare a covalently attached monolayered organic film on a carbon surface is presented. The approach is centered on the strict control of the radical polymerization traditionally observed when aryldiazonium salts are reduced. By exploiting the reductive properties of superoxide ions generated from atmospheric dioxygen at the grafting potential, the diazonium concentration is drastically lowered at the substrate/solution interface, resulting in the formation of ultrathin films. As the presented approach does not require any specific synthesis or any redox mediator addition, and is only diffusion controlled by the dissolved dioxygen, it is suitable for the preparation of a large range of functional surfaces on the nanometric scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pichereau
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 du CNRS, Université d'Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers F-49045 Cedex, France.
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44
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Schuurman JC, McNeill AR, Martinez-Gazoni RF, Scott JI, Reeves RJ, Allen MW, Downard AJ. The effect of covalently bonded aryl layers on the band bending and electron density of SnO2 surfaces probed by synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17913-17922. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A downward to upward surface band bending change can be induced by grafted 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups on SnO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C. Schuurman
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Alexandra R. McNeill
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Rodrigo F. Martinez-Gazoni
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Jonty I. Scott
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Roger J. Reeves
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Martin W. Allen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Wellington 6012
- New Zealand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Canterbury
| | - Alison J. Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
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45
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Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Pinson J, Podvorica FI. Indirect electrografting of aryl iodides. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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46
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Tatli F, Uzun D, Calam TT, Gündüzalp AB, Hasdemir E. Preparation and characterization of 3-[(1H
-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylimino)methyl]naphtalene-2-ol film at the platinum surface for selective voltammetric determination of dopamine in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Tatli
- Chemistry Teacher Education; Marmara University; İstanbul Turkey
| | - Demet Uzun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry; Gazi University; Ankara Turkey
| | | | | | - Erdoğan Hasdemir
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry; Gazi University; Ankara Turkey
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47
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Jacques A, Saad A, Chehimi MM, Poleunis C, Delcorte A, Delhalle J, Mekhalif Z. Nitinol Modified by In Situ Generated Diazonium Salts as Adhesion Promoters for Photopolymerized Pyrrole. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amory Jacques
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Surfaces (CES)University of Namur rue de Bruxelles, 61 B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Ali Saad
- Laboratory of MaterialsMolecules and Applications, IPESTUniversity of Carthage Sidi Bou Said road, B.P. 51 2070 La Marsa Tunisia
| | | | - Claude Poleunis
- Université Catholique de LouvainInstitute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Croix du Sud 1 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Arnaud Delcorte
- Université Catholique de LouvainInstitute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Croix du Sud 1 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Joseph Delhalle
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Surfaces (CES)University of Namur rue de Bruxelles, 61 B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Zineb Mekhalif
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Surfaces (CES)University of Namur rue de Bruxelles, 61 B-5000 Namur Belgium
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48
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Rodríguez González MC, Rivera LM, Pastor E, Hernández Creus A, García G. A facile method for the fabrication of hierarchical nanosized metal catalysts. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Richard W, Evrard D, Busson B, Humbert C, Dalstein L, Tadjeddine A, Gros P. The reduction of 4-nitrobenzene diazonium electrografted layer: An electrochemical study coupled to in situ sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Wei H, Ni S, Cao C, Yang G, Liu G. Graphene Oxide Signal Reporter Based Multifunctional Immunosensing Platform for Amperometric Profiling of Multiple Cytokines in Serum. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1553-1561. [PMID: 30022657 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are small proteins and form complicated cytokine networks to report the status of our health. Thus, accurate profiling and sensitive quantification of multiple cytokines is essential to have a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the complex physiological and pathological conditions in the body. In this study, we demonstrated a robust electrochemical immunosensor for the simultaneous detection of three cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. First, graphene oxides (GO) were loaded with redox probes nile blue (NB), methyl blue (MB), and ferrocene (Fc), followed by covalent attachment of anti-cytokine antibodies for IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, respectively, to obtain Ab2-GO-NB, Ab2-GO-MB, and Ab2-GO-Fc, acting as the signal reporters. The sensing interface was fabricated by attachment of mixed layers of 4-carboxylic phenyl and 4-aminophenyl phosphorylcholine (PPC) to glassy carbon surfaces. After that, the capture monoclonal antibody for IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α was modified to the carboxylic acid terminated sensing interface. And finally a sandwich assay was developed. The quantitative detection of three cytokines was achieved by observing the change in electrochemical signal from signal reporters Ab2-GO-NB, Ab2-GO-MB, and Ab2-GO-Fc. The designed system has been successfully used for detection of three cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) simultaneously with desirable performance in sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, and recovery of 93.6%-105.5% was achieved for determining cytokines spiked in the whole mouse serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Chaomin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guangfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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