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Maretti E, Rustichelli C, Miselli P, Leo E, Truzzi E, Iannuccelli V. Self-assembled organogelators as artificial stratum corneum models: Key-role parameters for skin permeation prediction. Int J Pharm 2019; 557:314-328. [PMID: 30599224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled organogelators were explored as artificial stratum corneum (SC) models for the in vitro skin permeation assessment. Four SC models consisting of binary (organogels) or ternary (microemulsion-based organogels) mixtures were developed using stearic acid, tristearin, or sorbitan tristearate, at two different concentrations, gelled in squalene. The permeation of lipophilic butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane and hydrophilic methylene blue as the permeant compounds across the SC models was compared with ex vivo experiments using excised porcine ear skin. A multi-analytical approach was adopted to provide detailed understanding about organogelator organization within the SC models and find possible parameters playing key-roles in SC permeation prediction. The SC models were investigated for gelling properties and microstructure. Parameters such as gel occurrence, organogelator concentration, and rheological properties appeared as negligible conditions for skin permeation prediction. Conversely, arrangement packing, interactions, and crystallinity extent of the self-assembled organogelator were found to play a fundamental role in the simulation of SC barrier function according to the permeant feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Maretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Miselli
- Department of Engineering Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Eliana Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Truzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Iannuccelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Li Q, Li X, Lee DH, Fan Y, Nam BU, Lee JE, Cho UR. Hybrid of bamboo charcoal and silica by tetraethoxysilane hydrolysis over acid catalyst reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Li
- Research Center of Eco-Friendly & High Performance Chemical Materials; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
| | - Xiangxu Li
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
| | - Dam-Hee Lee
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
| | - Yuan Fan
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Nam
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Lee
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
| | - Ur-Ryong Cho
- Research Center of Eco-Friendly & High Performance Chemical Materials; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan Chungnam 31253 Korea
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Lian Y, Ding LJ, Zhang W, Zhang XA, Zhang YL, Lin ZZ, Wang XD. Synthesis of highly stable cyanine-dye-doped silica nanoparticle for biological applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:034002. [PMID: 29570093 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aab930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanine dyes are widely used in biological labeling and imaging because of their narrow near infrared emission, good brightness and high flexibility in functionalization, which not only enables multiplex analysis and multi-color imaging, but also greatly reduces autofluorescence from biological matter and increases signal-to-noise ratio. Unfortunately, their poor chemical- and photo-stability strongly limits their applications. The incorporation of cyanine dyes in silica nanoparticles provides a solution to the problem. On one hand, the incorporation of cyanine dyes in silica matrix can enhance their chemical- and photo-stability and increase brightness of the nanomaterials. On the other hand, silica matrix provides an optimized condition to host the dye, which helps to maintain their fluorescent properties during application. In addition, the well-established silane technique provides numerous functionalities for diverse applications. However, commercially available cyanine dyes are not very stable at high alkaline conditions, which will gradually lose their fluorescence over time. Our results showed that cyanine dyes are very vulnerable in the reverse micelle system, in which they will lose their fluorescence in less than half an hour. The existence of surfactant could greatly promote degradation of cyanine dyes. Fluorescent silica nanoparticles cannot be obtained at the high alkaline condition with the existence of surfactant. In contrast, the cyanine dyes are relatively stable in Stöber media. Owing to the fast formation of silica particles in Stöber media, the exposure time of cyanine dye in alkaline solution was greatly reduced, and highly fluorescent particles with good morphology and size distribution could be obtained via Stöber approach. However, the increasing water content in the Stöber could reduce the stability of cyanine dyes, which should be avoided. This research here provides a clear guidance on how to successfully synthesize cyanine dye-doped silica nanoparticles with good morphology, size distribution, stability and brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhang W, Ma M, Zhang XA, Zhang ZY, Saleh SM, Wang XD. Fluorescent proteins as efficient tools for evaluating the surface PEGylation of silica nanoparticles. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:024003. [PMID: 28387212 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa64e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface PEGylation is essential for preventing non-specific binding of biomolecules when silica nanoparticles are utilized for in vivo applications. Methods for installing poly(ethylene glycol) on a silica surface have been widely explored but varies from study to study. Because there is a lack of a satisfactory method for evaluating the properties of silica surface after PEGylation, the prepared nanoparticles are not fully characterized before use. In some cases, even non-PEGylated silica nanoparticles were produced, which is unfortunately not recognized by the end-user. In this work, a fluorescent protein was employed, which acts as a sensitive material for evaluating the surface protein adsorption properties of silica nanoparticles. Eleven different methods were systematically investigated for their reaction efficiency towards surface PEGylation. Results showed that both reaction conditions (including pH, catalyst) and surface functional groups of parent silica nanoparticles play critical roles in producing fully PEGylated silica nanoparticles. Great care needs to be taken in choosing the proper coupling chemistry for surface PEGylation. The data and method shown here will guarantee high-quality PEGylated silica nanoparticles to be produced and guide their applications in biology, chemistry, industry and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Lin CH, Chang JH, Yeh YQ, Wu SH, Liu YH, Mou CY. Formation of hollow silica nanospheres by reverse microemulsion. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9614-26. [PMID: 25952307 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01395j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Uniform hollow silica nanospheres (HSNs) synthesized with reverse microemulsion have great application potential as nanoreactors because enzymes or nanocatalysts can be easily encapsulated de novo in synthesis. Water-in-oil (w/o) reverse microemulsions comprising the polymeric surfactant polyoxyethylene (5) isooctylphenyl ether (Igepal CA-520), ammonia and water in a continuous oil phase (alkanes) coalesce into size-tunable silica nanoparticles via diffusion aggregation after the introduction of silica precursors. Here, we elucidate in detail the growth mechanism for silica nanoparticles via nucleation of ammonium-catalyzed silica oligomers from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and nanoporous aminopropyltrimethoxy silane (APTS) in the reverse microemulsion system. The formation pathway was studied in situ with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We find a four-stage process showing a sigmoidal growth behavior in time with a crossover from the induction period, early nucleation stage, coalescence growth and a final slowing down of growth. Various characterizations (TEM, N2 isotherm, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, NMR, elemental analysis) reveal the diameters, scattering length density (SLD), mesoporosity, surface potentials and chemical compositions of the HSNs. Oil phases of alkanes with different alkyl chains are systematically employed to tune the sizes of HSNs by varying oil molar volumes, co-solvent amounts or surfactant mixture ratios. Silica condensation is incomplete in the core region, with the silica source of TEOS and APTS leading to the hollow silica nanosphere after etching with warm water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Lin
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences and Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China.
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Wang J, Sugawara-Narutaki A, Fukao M, Yokoi T, Shimojima A, Okubo T. Two-phase synthesis of monodisperse silica nanospheres with amines or ammonia catalyst and their controlled self-assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1538-44. [PMID: 21480630 DOI: 10.1021/am200104m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A significant progress has recently been made in the synthesis of monodisperse silica nanoparticles less than 30 nm in diameter by using basic amino acids (e.g., lysine) as a base catalyst for hydrolysis of silicon alkoxide. Alternatively, a more versatile and economical amino acid-free method has been developed to synthesize uniform silica nanospheres (SNSs) with low polydispersity (<12%) in liquid-liquid biphasic systems containing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), water, and primary amine (or ammonia) under precisely controlled pH conditions (pH 10.8-11.4). The diameter of the SNSs determined from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be tuned from ∼12 to ∼36 nm by simply changing the initial pH of the aqueous phase in the reaction mixtures. Furthermore, the as-synthesized sol was taken as the starting material for studying the influences of the type of base catalysts on the solvent evaporation-induced three-dimensional (3D) self-assembly of SNSs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption are used to characterize the degree of packing of the resulting 3D arrays. The assembled SNSs with large interparticle mesopores with the diameter of ca. 8.1 nm and low packing fraction of ca. 66.1% are observed upon solvent evaporation of as-synthesized sol in the presence of primary amine. This indicates that SNSs are loosely packed, compared with the packing fraction of 74% for a face-centered cubic array of ideal hard spheres. In contrast, with the aid of an organic buffer or lysine as additives, the assembly of SNSs having smaller mesopores (ca. 3.9 nm) and higher packing fraction of 70.5-71.5% are achieved. It is suggested that the chemical additives with the ability to maintain relatively strong repulsive interaction until the final stage of evaporation play a vital role in the fabrication of well-ordered SNSs arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Wang
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Asaro F, Savko N. Resolution of a nonionic surfactant oligomeric mixture by means of DOSY with inverse micelle assistance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49:195-198. [PMID: 21387400 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
DOSY is a recognized, efficient technique in the analysis of mixtures. It relies on the differences in self-diffusion coefficients, which are determined by the molecular size. Nowadays, efforts are directed towards devising matrices able to interact with the components of the mixture with differential affinity, and therefore capable to interfere with the diffusion processes and to display resolving power towards species of close, or even equal molecular weight, like isomers. Usually, commercial nonionic surfactants are mixtures of oligomeric species, since the head group, which is a short polyoxyehtylene chain, is somewhat polydisperse. The embedment of Igepal CA-520, 5 polyoxyethylene iso-octylphenyl ether, in an inverse microemulsion led to the separation of (1)H signals of the various oligomeric components. This ensued from the differential partitioning between the oil and the surface of the inverse micelles, which depends on the ethyleneoxide number (EON) of the head groups. Thus, it was possible to ascertain that the length distribution of the polyethyleneoxide chains is ingood agreement with the Poisson distribution theoretically predicted for the polymerization of ethylene oxide. The DOSY spectrum contributed to the assignment of the signals and afforded the partition degree, between the two environments, for each individual oligomeric species, providing further insight into nonionic inverse microemulsions, at present widely employed reaction media in the nanotechnological syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioretta Asaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Controlled synthesis of various hierarchical nanostructures of copper sulfide by a facile microwave irradiation method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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