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Zoppellaro G, Medveď M, Hrubý V, Zbořil R, Otyepka M, Lazar P. Solvent Controlled Generation of Spin Active Polarons in Two-Dimensional Material under UV Light Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15010-15018. [PMID: 38696712 PMCID: PMC11157526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Polarons belong to a class of extensively studied quasiparticles that have found applications spanning diverse fields, including charge transport, colossal magnetoresistance, thermoelectricity, (multi)ferroism, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics. It is notable, though, that their interaction with the local environment has been overlooked so far. We report an unexpected phenomenon of the solvent-induced generation of polaronic spin active states in a two-dimensional (2D) material fluorographene under UV light. Furthermore, we present compelling evidence of the solvent-specific nature of this phenomenon. The generation of spin-active states is robust in acetone, moderate in benzene, and absent in cyclohexane. Continuous wave X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy experiments revealed a massive increase in the EPR signal for fluorographene dispersed in acetone under UV-light irradiation, while the system did not show any significant signal under dark conditions and without the solvent. The patterns appeared due to the generation of transient magnetic photoexcited states of polaronic character, which encompassed the net 1/2 spin moment detectable by EPR. Advanced ab initio calculations disclosed that polarons are plausibly formed at radical sites in fluorographene which interact strongly with acetone molecules in their vicinity. Additionally, we present a comprehensive scenario for multiplication of polaronic spin active species, highlighting the pivotal role of the photoinduced charge transfer from the solvent to the electrophilic radical centers in fluorographene. We believe that the solvent-tunable polaron formation with the use of UV light and an easily accessible 2D nanomaterial opens up a wide range of future applications, ranging from molecular sensing to magneto-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medveď
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, Banská Bystrica 974 01, Slovak
Republic
| | - Vítězslav Hrubý
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB − Technical
University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
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2
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Hrubý V, Zaoralová D, Medveď M, Bakandritsos A, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. Emerging graphene derivatives as active 2D coordination platforms for single-atom catalysts. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13490-13499. [PMID: 36070404 PMCID: PMC9520671 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03453k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) based on graphene derivatives are an emerging and growing class of materials functioning as two-dimensional (2D) metal-coordination scaffolds with intriguing properties. Recently, owing to the rich chemistry of fluorographene, new avenues have opened toward graphene derivatives with selective, spacer-free, and dense functionalization, acting as in-plane or out-of-plane metal coordination ligands. The particular structural features give rise to intriguing phenomena occurring between the coordinated metals and the graphene backbone. These include redox processes, charge transfer, emergence, and stabilization of rare or otherwise unstable metal valence states, as well as metal-support and metal-metal synergism. The vast potential of such systems has been demonstrated as enzyme mimics for cooperative mixed-valence SACs, ethanol fuel cells, and CO2 fixation; however, it is anticipated that their impact will further expand toward diverse fields, e.g., advanced organic transformations, electrochemical energy storage, and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítězslav Hrubý
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Zaoralová
- IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medveď
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Aristeidis Bakandritsos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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3
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Jeong JH, Kang S, Kim N, Joshi RK, Lee GH. Recent trends in covalent functionalization of 2D materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10684-10711. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of the surface is more crucial in 2D materials than in conventional bulk materials because of their atomic thinness, large surface-to-volume ratio, and uniform surface chemical potential. Because...
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Chen X, Fan K, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu X, Feng W, Wang X. Recent Advances in Fluorinated Graphene from Synthesis to Applications: Critical Review on Functional Chemistry and Structure Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101665. [PMID: 34658081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated graphene (FG), as an emerging member of the graphene derivatives family, has attracted wide attention on account of its excellent performances and underlying applications. The introduction of a fluorine atom, with the strongest electronegativity (3.98), greatly changes the electron distribution of graphene, resulting in a series of unique variations in optical, electronic, magnetic, interfacial properties and so on. Herein, recent advances in the study of FG from synthesis to applications are introduced, and the relationship between its structure and properties is summarized in detail. Especially, the functional chemistry of FG has been thoroughly analyzed in recent years, which has opened a universal route for the functionalization and even multifunctionalization of FG toward various graphene derivatives, which further broadens its applications. Moreover, from a particular angle, the structure engineering of FG such as the distribution pattern of fluorine atoms and the regulation of interlayer structure when advanced nanotechnology gets involved is summarized. Notably, the elaborated structure engineering of FG is the key factor to optimize the corresponding properties for potential applications, and is also an up-to-date research hotspot and future development direction. Finally, perspectives and prospects for the problems and challenges in the study of FG are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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5
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of hydroxyl modified fluorinated graphene with high fluorine content and its high load-bearing capacity as water lubricant additive for ceramic/steel contact. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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6
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Liu X, Li X, Li Y, Qin R, Huang F, Wang X, Liu X. Regulating the Bonding Nature and Location of C–F Bonds in Fluorinated Graphene by Doping Nitrogen Atoms. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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7
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Whang DR. Immobilization of molecular catalysts for artificial photosynthesis. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:37. [PMID: 33252707 PMCID: PMC7704885 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis offers a way of producing fuels or high-value chemicals using a limitless energy source of sunlight and abundant resources such as water, CO2, and/or O2. Inspired by the strategies in natural photosynthesis, researchers have developed a number of homogeneous molecular systems for photocatalytic, photoelectrocatalytic, and electrocatalytic artificial photosynthesis. However, their photochemical instability in homogeneous solution are hurdles for scaled application in real life. Immobilization of molecular catalysts in solid supports support provides a fine blueprint to tackle this issue. This review highlights the recent developments in (i) techniques for immobilizing molecular catalysts in solid supports and (ii) catalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, and O2 reduction with the support-immobilized molecular catalysts. Remaining challenges for molecular catalyst-based devices for artificial photosynthesis are discussed in the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ryeol Whang
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, 34054, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Bao L, Zhao B, Lloret V, Halik M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Spatially Resolved Bottom-Side Fluorination of Graphene by Two-Dimensional Substrate Patterning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6700-6705. [PMID: 32107875 PMCID: PMC7187324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Patterned functionalization can, on the one hand, open the band gap of graphene and, on the other hand, program demanding designs on graphene. The functionalization technique is essential for graphene-based nanoarchitectures. A new and highly efficient method was applied to obtain patterned functionalization on graphene by mild fluorination with spatially arranged AgF arrays on the structured substrate. Scanning Raman spectroscopy (SRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to characterize the functionalized materials. For the first time, chemical patterning on the bottom side of graphene was realized. The chemical nature of the patterned functionalization was determined to be the ditopic scenario with fluorine atoms occupying the bottom side and moieties, such as oxygen-containing groups or hydrogen atoms, binding on the top side, which provides information about the mechanism of the fluorination process. Our strategy can be conceptually extended to pattern other functionalities by using other reactants. Bottom-side patterned functionalization enables utilization of the top side of a material, thereby opening up the possibilities for applications in graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer MaterialInterdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergCauerstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer MaterialInterdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergCauerstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
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9
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Bao L, Zhao B, Lloret V, Halik M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Spatially Resolved Bottom‐Side Fluorination of Graphene by Two‐Dimensional Substrate Patterning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer MaterialInterdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer MaterialInterdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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10
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Mahalingam DK, Wang S, Nunes SP. Stable Graphene Oxide Cross-Linked Membranes for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K. Mahalingam
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaofei Wang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzana P. Nunes
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Lai W, Wang C, Chen Y, He T, Fan K, Liu X, Wang X. In Situ Radical Polymerization and Grafting Reaction Simultaneously Initiated by Fluorinated Graphene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6610-6619. [PMID: 31038966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated graphene (FG) showed interesting electrochemical, electronic, and mechanical properties, as well as chemical reactivity for multifarious functionalization of graphene material. This work reported a free radical polymerization and grafting from polymerization of a styrene monomer directly initiated by FG, which simultaneously provided free polymers and functionalized graphene with polymer chains grafted. The FG exhibited an almost comparative initiation efficiency to equivalent commercial initiator azodiisobutyronitrile under similar conditions, resulting in a high yield of free polystyrene (40.9%) with a high molecular weight ( Mn = 114.7 kg/mol). It was demonstrated that FG-triggered polymerization presented some special characteristics, such as a long lifetime of chain radical centers even when the reaction was stopped and insensitivity to oxygen molecules. The mechanistic study indicated that the polymerization was initiated by single-electron transfer reaction between FG and a monomer leading to formation of primary radicals; in addition, FG also played an important role in chain transfer and termination reactions during the polymerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu , Sichuan 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu , Sichuan 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Lab of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials , Dongyue Polymer Material Company of Dongyue Federation , Zibo , Shandong 256401 , P. R. China
| | - Taijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu , Sichuan 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Kun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu , Sichuan 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu , Sichuan 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu , Sichuan 610065 , P. R. China
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Valenta L, Kovaříček P, Valeš V, Bastl Z, Drogowska KA, Verhagen TA, Cibulka R, Kalbáč M. Spatially Resolved Covalent Functionalization Patterns on Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leoš Valenta
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Václav Valeš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Bastl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Karolina A. Drogowska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Timotheus A. Verhagen
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Ke Karlovu 5 12116 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
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13
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Valenta L, Kovaříček P, Valeš V, Bastl Z, Drogowska KA, Verhagen TA, Cibulka R, Kalbáč M. Spatially Resolved Covalent Functionalization Patterns on Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1324-1328. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leoš Valenta
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Václav Valeš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Bastl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Karolina A. Drogowska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Timotheus A. Verhagen
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Ke Karlovu 5 12116 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
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14
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Macedo LJA, Iost RM, Hassan A, Balasubramanian K, Crespilho FN. Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucyano J. A. Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Iost
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Frank N. Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
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15
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Lai W, Liu J, Luo L, Wang X, He T, Fan K, Liu X. The Friedel-Crafts reaction of fluorinated graphene for high-yield arylation of graphene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10168-10171. [PMID: 30137102 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05762a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the Friedel-Crafts reaction of fluorinated graphene with aryl molecules including methylbenzene, chlorobenzene and polystyrene. The reaction achieved the high-yield arylation functionalization of graphene under mild reaction conditions and extends the range of the Friedel-Crafts reaction to the field of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Matochová D, Medved’ M, Bakandritsos A, Steklý T, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. 2D Chemistry: Chemical Control of Graphene Derivatization. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3580-3585. [PMID: 29890828 PMCID: PMC6038093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Controllable synthesis of graphene derivatives with defined composition and properties represents the holy grail of graphene chemistry, especially in view of the low reactivity of graphene. Recent progress in fluorographene (FG) chemistry has opened up new routes for synthesizing a plethora of graphene derivatives with widely applicable properties, but they are often difficult to control. We explored nucleophilic substitution on FG combining density functional theory calculations with experiments to achieve accurate control over the functionalization process. In-depth analysis revealed the complexity of the reaction and identified basic rules for controlling the 2D chemistry. Their application, that is, choice of solvent and reaction time, enabled facile control over the reaction of FG with N-octylamine to form graphene derivatives with tailored content of the alkylamine functional group (2.5-7.5% N atomic content) and F atoms (31.5-3.5% F atomic content). This work substantially extends prospects for the controlled covalent functionalization of graphene.
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17
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Medveď M, Zoppellaro G, Ugolotti J, Matochová D, Lazar P, Pospíšil T, Bakandritsos A, Tuček J, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. Reactivity of fluorographene is triggered by point defects: beyond the perfect 2D world. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4696-4707. [PMID: 29442111 PMCID: PMC5892133 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of graphene derivatives using fluorographene (FG) as a precursor has become a key strategy for the large-scale synthesis of new 2-D materials (e.g. graphene acid, cyanographene, allyl-graphene) with tailored physicochemical properties. However, to gain full control over the derivatization process, it is essential to understand the reaction mechanisms and accompanying processes that affect the composition and structure of the final products. Despite the strength of C-F bonds and high chemical stability of perfluorinated hydrocarbons, FG is surprisingly susceptible to reactions under ambient conditions. There is clear evidence that nucleophilic substitution on FG is accompanied by spontaneous defluorination, and solvent-induced defluorination can occur even in the absence of any nucleophilic agent. Here, we show that distributed radical centers (fluorine vacancies) on the FG surface need to be taken into account in order to rationalize the defluorination mechanism. Depending on the environment, these radical centers can react as electron acceptors, electrophilic sites and/or cause homolytic bond cleavages. We also propose a new radical mechanism of FG defluorination in the presence of N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. Spin-trap experiments as well as 19F NMR measurements unambiguously confirmed formation of N,N'-dimethylformyl radicals and also showed that N,N'-dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride plays a key role in the proposed mechanism. These findings imply that point defects in 2D materials should be considered as key factor determining their chemical properties and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Medveď
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Juri Ugolotti
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Matochová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Tuček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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18
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Li B, He T, Wang Z, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Chen T, Lai W, Wang X, Liu X. Chemical reactivity of C-F bonds attached to graphene with diamines depending on their nature and location. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:17495-505. [PMID: 27302862 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01929c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The attachment of fluorine to graphene is a facile means to activate the carbon bonds for subsequent covalent bonding to other molecules for the preparation of desired graphene derivatives. Therefore, an insight into the chemical reactivity of fluorinated graphene (FG) is very essential to enable precise control of the composition and structure of the final products. In this study, FG has been treated with various mass amounts of poly(oxypropylene)diamine (PEA) ranging from starvation to saturation to explore the dependence of a substitution reaction of diamines on the nature and location (attached onto the basal planes or along defects or edges) of C-F bonds. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy directly tracked the atomic percentage of fluorine present and the carbon 1s bonding state, showing that the grafting ratio of diamines gradually increases with increased diamine mass ratio. The varying of the types and orientation of C-F bonds characterized by polarized attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates that "covalent" C-F bonds are more sensitive to the substitution reaction of diamines than ''semi-ionic'' C-F bonds, and the C-F bonds attached onto basal planes more preferably participate in the functionalization reaction of diamines than that of C-F bonded on non-coplanar regions (edges or defects). The one-dimensional expansion along the graphene c-axis shown by wide angle X-ray diffraction provides further evidence on the preferred functionalization reaction of C-F attached on the basal planes, resulting in a change of the average intersheet distance by various magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taijun He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zaoming Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Teng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Sturala J, Luxa J, Pumera M, Sofer Z. Chemistry of Graphene Derivatives: Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives. Chemistry 2018; 24:5992-6006. [PMID: 29071744 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of graphene and its derivatives is one of the hottest topics of current material science research. The derivatisation of graphene is based on various approaches, and to date functionalization with halogens, hydrogen, various functional groups containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, and several other elements have been reported. Most of these functionalizations are based on sp3 hybridization of carbon atoms in the graphene skeleton, which means the formation of out-of-plane covalent bonds. Several elements were also reported for substitutional modification of graphene, where the carbon atoms are substituted with atoms like nitrogen, boron, and several others. From tens of functional groups, for only two of them were reported full functionalization of graphene skeleton and formation of its stoichiometric counterparts, fluorographene and hydrogenated graphene. The functionalization of graphene is crucial for most of its applications including energy storage and conversion devices, electronic and optic applications, composites, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Sturala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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20
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Rajeena U, Akbar M, Raveendran P, Ramakrishnan RM. Fluorographite to hydroxy graphene to graphene: a simple wet chemical approach for good quality graphene. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Good quality graphene is prepared in a scalable manner from fluorographite by nucleophilic substitution of F with OH− ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uruniyengal Rajeena
- Department of Chemistry
- Sree Neelakanta Govt. Sanskrit College
- Pattambi, Affiliated to University of Calicut
- India
| | - Mohammed Akbar
- Department of Chemistry
- Sree Neelakanta Govt. Sanskrit College
- Pattambi, Affiliated to University of Calicut
- India
| | | | - Resmi M. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry
- Sree Neelakanta Govt. Sanskrit College
- Pattambi, Affiliated to University of Calicut
- India
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21
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Lai W, Yuan Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu X. Radical mechanism of a nucleophilic reaction depending on a two-dimensional structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 20:489-497. [PMID: 29214274 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of nucleophilic substitution deserves more investigation to include more reaction systems such as two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this study, we used fluorinated graphene (FG) as a representative 2D material to reveal the in-depth mechanism of its defluorination and nucleophilic substitution reaction under attack of common nucleophiles to explore the chemistry of 2D materials and enrich the research on the nucleophilic substitution reaction. DFT calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) demonstrated that defluorination of FG occurred via a radical mechanism after a single electron transfer (SET) reaction between the nucleophile and C-F bond, and a spin center was generated on the nanosheet and fluorine anion. Moreover, neither the SN1 nor SN2 mechanism was suggested to be appropriate for the substitution reaction of FG with a 2D structure due to the corresponding kinetics or thermodynamics disadvantage; hence, its nucleophilic substitution was proved to occur via a radical mechanism initiated by the defluorination step. The proposed substitution mechanism of FG demonstrates that nucleophilic substitution via a radical mechanism can also be applied to the attacking process of common nucleophiles without any particular conditions. Furthermore, it has been discovered that triethylamine without active hydrogen can be covalently attached to graphene nanosheets via a nucleophilic substitution reaction with FG; this further indicates a radical process for the nucleophilic substitution of FG rather than an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. The detailed process of the nucleophilic substitution reaction of FG was revealed to occur via a radical mechanism depending on the 2D structure of FG, which could also represent the typical characteristic of 2D chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Chronopoulos DD, Bakandritsos A, Pykal M, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. Chemistry, properties, and applications of fluorographene. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2017; 9:60-70. [PMID: 29238741 PMCID: PMC5721099 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluorographene, formally a two-dimensional stoichiometric graphene derivative, attracted remarkable attention of the scientific community due to its extraordinary physical and chemical properties. We overview the strategies for the preparation of fluorinated graphene derivatives, based on top-down and bottom-up approaches. The physical and chemical properties of fluorographene, which is considered as one of the thinnest insulators with a wide electronic band gap, are presented. Special attention is paid to the rapidly developing chemistry of fluorographene, which was advanced in the last few years. The unusually high reactivity of fluorographene, which can be chemically considered perfluorinated hydrocarbon, enables facile and scalable access to a wide portfolio of graphene derivatives, such as graphene acid, cyanographene and allyl-graphene. Finally, we summarize the so far reported applications of fluorographene and fluorinated graphenes, spanning from sensing and bioimaging to separation, electronics and energy technologies.
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23
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Chronopoulos D, Bakandritsos A, Lazar P, Pykal M, Čépe K, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. High-Yield Alkylation and Arylation of Graphene via Grignard Reaction with Fluorographene. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017; 29:926-930. [PMID: 28216805 PMCID: PMC5312839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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24
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Plšek J, Kovaříček P, Valeš V, Kalbáč M. Tuning the Reactivity of Graphene by Surface Phase Orientation. Chemistry 2017; 23:1839-1845. [PMID: 27911050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the local reactivity of graphene is a subject of paramount importance. Among the available strategies, the activation/passivation of graphene by copper substrate is very promising because it enables the properties of graphene to be influenced without any transfer procedure, since graphene can be grown directly on copper. Herein, it is demonstrated that the reactivity of graphene towards fluorination is strongly influenced by the face of the surface of the copper substrate. Graphene on the copper foil was probed and grain orientations were identified. The results of the reactivity were evaluated by means of X-ray photo electron and Raman spectroscopy. Graphene on the grains with a surface orientation close to the (111) face is the most reactive, whereas graphene on the grains close to the (110) surface is least reactive. The long-term stability test showed that the decomposition of fluorinated graphene was slowest on the grains with a surface orientation close to the (111) face. The results are consistent with the variation of the mechanical strain of graphene on different faces of copper. In contrast, no clear correlation of the graphene reactivity with doping induced by different facets was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plšek
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Valeš
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
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25
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Lee WK, Hernández SC, Robinson JT, Walton SG, Sheehan PE. Fluorinated Graphene Enables the Growth of Inorganic Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition on Otherwise Inert Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:677-683. [PMID: 27977931 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified graphenes (CMGs) offer a means to tune a wide variety of graphene's exceptional properties. Critically, CMGs can be transferred onto a variety of substrates, thereby imparting functionalities to those substrates that would not be obtainable through conventional functionalization. One such application of CMGs is enabling and controlling the subsequent growth of inorganic thin films. In the current study, we demonstrated that CMGs enhance the growth of inorganic films on inert surfaces with poor growth properties. Fluorinated graphene transferred onto polyethylene enabled the dense and homogeneous deposition of a cadmium sulfide (CdS) film grown via chemical bath deposition. We showed that the coverage of the CdS film can be controlled by the degree of fluorination from less than 20% to complete coverage of the film. The approach can also be applied to other technologically important materials such as ZnO. Finally, we demonstrated that electron beam-generated plasma in a SF6-containing background could pattern fluorine onto a graphene/PE sample to selectively grow CdS films on the fluorinated region. Therefore, CMG coatings can tailor the surface properties of polymers and control the growth of inorganic thin films on polymers for the development of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Kyung Lee
- Chemistry Division, ‡Plasma Physics Division, §Electronics Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Sandra C Hernández
- Chemistry Division, ‡Plasma Physics Division, §Electronics Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jeremy T Robinson
- Chemistry Division, ‡Plasma Physics Division, §Electronics Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Scott G Walton
- Chemistry Division, ‡Plasma Physics Division, §Electronics Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Paul E Sheehan
- Chemistry Division, ‡Plasma Physics Division, §Electronics Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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26
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Pumera M, Sofer Z. Towards stoichiometric analogues of graphene: graphane, fluorographene, graphol, graphene acid and others. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4450-4463. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00215g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stoichiometric derivatives of graphene, having well-defined chemical structure and well-defined chemical bonds, are of a great interest to the 2D materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- 166 28 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
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27
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Lai W, Xu D, Wang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Liu X. Defluorination and covalent grafting of fluorinated graphene with TEMPO in a radical mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24076-24081. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The work innovatively reveals the radical mechanism of derivative reactions of fluorinated graphene including its defluorination and covalent grafting, meanwhile first confirming the destination of deciduous fluorine atoms after defluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhou Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zaoming Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
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28
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Feng W, Long P, Feng Y, Li Y. Two-Dimensional Fluorinated Graphene: Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500413. [PMID: 27981018 PMCID: PMC5115570 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated graphene, an up-rising member of the graphene family, combines a two-dimensional layer-structure, a wide bandgap, and high stability and attracts significant attention because of its unique nanostructure and carbon-fluorine bonds. Here, we give an extensive review of recent progress on synthetic methods and C-F bonding; additionally, we present the optical, electrical and electronic properties of fluorinated graphene and its electrochemical/biological applications. Fluorinated graphene exhibits various types of C-F bonds (covalent, semi-ionic, and ionic bonds), tunable F/C ratios, and different configurations controlled by synthetic methods including direct fluorination and exfoliation methods. The relationship between the types/amounts of C-F bonds and specific properties, such as opened bandgap, high thermal and chemical stability, dispersibility, semiconducting/insulating nature, magnetic, self-lubricating and mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, is discussed comprehensively. By optimizing the C-F bonding character and F/C ratios, fluorinated graphene can be utilized for energy conversion and storage devices, bioapplications, electrochemical sensors and amphiphobicity. Based on current progress, we propose potential problems of fluorinated graphene as well as the future challenge on the synthetic methods and C-F bonding character. This review will provide guidance for controlling C-F bonds, developing fluorine-related effects and promoting the application of fluorinated graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Peng Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
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29
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Li B, Fan K, Ma X, Liu Y, Chen T, Cheng Z, Wang X, Jiang J, Liu X. Graphene-based porous materials with tunable surface area and CO2 adsorption properties synthesized by fluorine displacement reaction with various diamines. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 478:36-45. [PMID: 27280538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A mild, operationally simple and controllable protocol for preparing graphene-based porous materials is essential to achieve a good pore-design development. In this paper, graphene-based porous materials with tunable surface area were constructed by the intercalation of fluorinated graphene (FG) based on the reaction of reactive CF bonds attached to graphene sheets with various amine-terminated molecules. In the porous materials, graphene sheets are like building blocks, and the diamines covalently grafted onto graphene framework act as pillars. Various diamines are successfully grafted onto graphene sheets, but the grafting ratio of diamines and reduction degree of FG differ greatly and depend on the chemical reactivity of diamines. Pillared diamine molecules chemically anchor at one end and are capable of undergoing a different reaction on the other end, resulting in three different conformations of graphene derivatives. Nitrogen sorption isotherms revealed that the surface area and pore distribution of the obtained porous materials depend heavily on the size and structure of diamine pillars. CO2 uptake capacity characterization showed that ethylenediamine intercalated FG achieved a high CO2 uptake density of 18.0 CO2 molecules per nm(2) at 0°C and 1.1bars, and high adsorption heat, up to 46.1kJmol(-1) at zero coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaxing Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Wang X, Lu P, Li Y, Xiao H, Liu X. Antibacterial activities and mechanisms of fluorinated graphene and guanidine-modified graphene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial properties and mechanism of three types of graphene derivatives, graphene oxide (GO), fluorinated graphene (FG), and guanidine-modified graphene (PHGH-G), were comparatively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- Canada
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- Canada
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- Canada
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- Canada
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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31
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Wang X, Wang W, Liu Y, Ren M, Xiao H, Liu X. Controllable defluorination of fluorinated graphene and weakening of C–F bonding under the action of nucleophilic dipolar solvent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3285-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06914a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some dipolar solvents promote the reduction of fluorinated grapheee and the weakening of strong covalent C–F bonding, which leads to a series of changes in the structure and properties of fluorinated graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Weimiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- Canada
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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32
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Whitener KE, Lee WK, Stine R, Tamanaha CR, Kidwell DA, Robinson JT, Sheehan PE. Activation of radical addition to graphene by chemical hydrogenation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenated graphene undergoes elimination and substitution reactions in the presence of radical initiators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woo-Kyung Lee
- Chemistry Division
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington D. C
- USA
| | | | - Cy R. Tamanaha
- Chemistry Division
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington D. C
- USA
| | - David A. Kidwell
- Chemistry Division
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington D. C
- USA
| | - Jeremy T. Robinson
- Electronic Science and Technology Division
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington D. C
- USA
| | - Paul E. Sheehan
- Chemistry Division
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington D. C
- USA
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33
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Ren M, Wang X, Dong C, Li B, Liu Y, Chen T, Wu P, Cheng Z, Liu X. Reduction and transformation of fluorinated graphene induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:24056-62. [PMID: 26312371 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03473f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on fluorinated graphene (FG) dispersed in toluene was investigated for the first time. The chemical and physical characteristics of FG before and after ultraviolet irradiation were analyzed by UV-vis, FTIR, XPS,EDS, oxygen flask combustion (OFC), XRD, TGA, Raman, SEM, TEM and fluorescence spectroscopy. It is found that the F/C ratio initially decreases rapidly and then slowly with irradiation time, finally to 0.179 after irradiation for 48 h. The nature of partial C-F bonds transforms from covalent to "semi-covalent" bonding in the process of irradiation. The restoration of new sp(2) clusters is fast at the early stage within 6 h of irradiation, promoting the structural rearrangement. The morphology of irradiated fluorinated graphene (iFG) is not significantly destroyed by ultraviolet while more overlapped sheets are formed due to quick defluorination. Photoluminescence (PL) properties show that "blue emission" located at 432 nm is enhanced due to the recovery of sp(2) domains. In particular, compared to non-aromatic solvents, there is a "synergistic effect" between aromatic solvents and ultraviolet in the defluorination process. FG is unstable and shows some structural transformations under ultraviolet irradiation, which can be used to tune its structure and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China.
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34
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Xu W, Wang S, Liu Y, Zeng G, Zheng B, Tan X, Li T, Wang H, Guo F, Zhang M. Tartaric acid modified Pleurotus ostreatus for enhanced removal of Cr(vi) ions from aqueous solution: characteristics and mechanisms. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra17248e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus was modified by tartaric acid and used as a biosorbent for the removal of Cr(vi) from aqueous solution.
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35
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36
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Hou K, Gong P, Wang J, Yang Z, Wang Z, Yang S. Structural and tribological characterization of fluorinated graphene with various fluorine contents prepared by liquid-phase exfoliation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10313k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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37
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Wang S, Wang J, Zhang W, Ji J, Li Y, Zhang G, Zhang F, Fan X. Ethylenediamine Modified Graphene and Its Chemically Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501448p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junyi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fengbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaobin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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38
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Qin J, Wang X, Cao M, Hu C. Germanium Quantum Dots Embedded in N-Doping Graphene Matrix with Sponge-Like Architecture for Enhanced Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chemistry 2014; 20:9675-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Mulvaney SP, Stine R, Long NC, Tamanaha CR, Sheehan PE. Graphene veils: A versatile surface chemistry for sensors. Biotechniques 2014; 57:21-30. [DOI: 10.2144/000114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin spun-coat films (∼4 nm thick) of graphene oxide (GO) constitute a versatile surface chemistry compatible with a broad range of technologically important sensor materials. Countless publications are dedicated to the nuances of surface chemistries that have been developed for sensors, with almost every material having unique characteristics. There would be enormous value in a surface chemistry that could be applied generally with functionalization and passivation already optimized regardless of the sensor material it covered. Such a film would need to be thin, conformal, and allow for multiple routes toward covalent linkages. It is also vital that the film permit the underlying sensor to transduce. Here we show that GO films can be applied over a diverse set of sensor surfaces, can link biomolecules through multiple reaction pathways, and can support cell growth. Application of a graphene veil atop a magnetic sensor array is demonstrated with an immunoassay. We also present biosensing and material characterization data for these graphene veils.
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40
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Menaa F, Abdelghani A, Menaa B. Graphene nanomaterials as biocompatible and conductive scaffolds for stem cells: impact for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:1321-38. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Menaa
- Fluorotronics Inc.; Department of Nanomedicine, Oncology and Stem Cells; San Diego CA USA
| | - Adnane Abdelghani
- Carthage University; Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute of Applied Science and Technology; Charguia Tunisia
| | - Bouzid Menaa
- Fluorotronics Inc.; Department of Nanomaterials and Nanobiotechnology; San Diego CA USA
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41
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Adhikari PD, Jeon S, Cha MJ, Jung DS, Kim Y, Park CY. Immobilization of carbon nanotubes on functionalized graphene film grown by chemical vapor deposition and characterization of the hybrid material. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:015007. [PMID: 27877649 PMCID: PMC5090610 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/1/015007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the surface functionalization of graphene films grown by chemical vapor deposition and fabrication of a hybrid material combining multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene (CNT-G). Amine-terminated self-assembled monolayers were prepared on graphene by the UV-modification of oxidized groups introduced onto the film surface. Amine-termination led to effective interaction with functionalized CNTs to assemble a CNT-G hybrid through covalent bonding. Characterization clearly showed no defects of the graphene film after the immobilization reaction with CNT. In addition, the hybrid graphene material revealed a distinctive CNT-G structure and p-n type electrical properties. The introduction of functional groups on the graphene film surface and fabrication of CNT-G hybrids with the present technique could provide an efficient, novel route to device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Dhoj Adhikari
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Jeon
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jun Cha
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Jung
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooseok Kim
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Yun Park
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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42
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Stine R, Lee WK, Whitener KE, Robinson JT, Sheehan PE. Chemical stability of graphene fluoride produced by exposure to XeF2. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4311-4316. [PMID: 23981005 DOI: 10.1021/nl4021039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination can alter the electronic properties of graphene and activate sites for subsequent chemistry. Here, we show that graphene fluorination depends on several variables, including XeF2 exposure and the choice of substrate. After fluorination, fluorine content declines by 50-80% over several days before stabilizing. While highly fluorinated samples remain insulating, mildly fluorinated samples regain some conductivity over this period. Finally, this loss does not reduce reactivity with alkylamines, suggesting that only nonvolatile fluorine participates in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Stine
- Nova Research , 1900 Elkins Street Suite 230, Alexandria, Virginia 22308, United States
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43
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Lee WK, Haydell M, Robinson JT, Laracuente AR, Cimpoiasu E, King WP, Sheehan PE. Nanoscale reduction of graphene fluoride via thermochemical nanolithography. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6219-24. [PMID: 23758200 DOI: 10.1021/nn4021746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) would be the ideal building blocks for all carbon electronics; however, many challenges remain in developing an appropriate nanolithography that generates high-quality ribbons in registry with other devices. Here we report direct and local fabrication of GNRs by thermochemical nanolithography, which uses a heated AFM probe to locally convert highly insulating graphene fluoride to conductive graphene. Chemically isolated GNRs as narrow as 40 nm show p-doping behavior and sheet resistances as low as 22.9 KΩ/□ in air, only approximately 10× higher than that of pristine graphene. The impact of probe temperature and speed are examined as well as the variable-temperature transport properties of the GNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Kyung Lee
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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