Linear-Structure Single-Atom Gold(I) Catalyst for Dehydrogenative Coupling of Organosilanes with Alcohols

A strategy for the synthesis of a gold-based single-atom catalyst (SAC) via a one-step room temperature reduction of Au(III) salt and stabilization of Au(I) ions on nitrile-functionalized graphene (cyanographene; G-CN) is described. The graphene-supported G(CN)-Au catalyst exhibits a unique linear structure of the Au(I) active sites promoting a multistep mode of action in dehydrogenative coupling of organosilanes with alcohols under mild reaction conditions as proven by advanced XPS, XAFS, XANES, and EPR techniques along with DFT calculations. The linear structure being perfectly accessible toward the reactant molecules and the cyanographene-induced charge transfer resulting in the exclusive Au(I) valence state contribute to the superior efficiency of the emerging two-dimensional SAC. The developed G(CN)-Au SAC, despite its low metal loading (ca. 0.6 wt %), appear to be the most efficient catalyst for Si-H bond activation with a turnover frequency of up to 139,494 h-1 and high selectivities, significantly overcoming all reported homogeneous gold catalysts. Moreover, it can be easily prepared in a multigram batch scale, is recyclable, and works well toward more than 40 organosilanes. This work opens the door for applications of SACs with a linear structure of the active site for advanced catalytic applications.

Fe-MOF Catalytic Nanoarchitectonic toward Electrochemical Ammonia Production

Electrochemical reduction of nitrate into ammonia has lately been identified as one among the promising solutions to address the challenges triggered by the growing global energy demand. Exploring newer electrocatalyst materials is vital to make this process effective and feasible. Recently, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based catalysts are being well investigated for electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis, accounting for their enhanced structural and compositional integrity during catalytic reduction reactions. In this study, we investigate the ability of the PCN-250-Fe3 MOF toward ammonia production in its pristine and activated forms. The activated MOF catalyst delivered a faradaic efficiency of about 90% at -1 V vs RHE and a yield rate of 2.5 × 10-4 mol cm-2 h-1, while the pristine catalyst delivered a 60% faradaic efficiency at the same potential. Theoretical studies further provide insights into the nitrate reduction reaction mechanism catalyzed by the PCN-250-Fe3 MOF catalyst. In short, simpler and cost-effective strategies such as pretreatment of electrocatalysts have an upper hand in aggravating the intrinsic material properties, for catalytic applications, when compared to conventional material modification approaches.

Coordination effects on the binding of late 3d single metal species to cyanographene

Anchoring single metal atoms on suitable substrates is a convenient route towards materials with unique electronic and magnetic properties exploitable in a wide range of applications including sensors, data storage, and single atom catalysis (SAC). Among a large portfolio of available substrates, carbon-based materials derived from graphene and its derivatives have received growing concern due to their high affinity to metals combined with biocompatibility, low toxicity, and accessibility. Cyanographene (GCN) as highly functionalized graphene containing homogeneously distributed nitrile groups perpendicular to the surface offers exceptionally favourable arrangement for anchoring metal atoms enabling efficient charge exchange between the metal and the substrate. However, the binding characteristics of metal species can be significantly affected by the coordination effects. Here we employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to analyse the role of coordination in the binding of late 3d cations (Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cu⁺, and Zn²⁺) to GCN in aqueous solutions. The inspection of several plausible coordination types revealed the most favourable arrangements. Among the studied species, copper cations were found to be the most tightly bonded to GCN, which was also confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements. In general, the inclusion of coordination effects significantly reduced the binding affinities predicted by implicit solvation models. Clearly, to build-up reliable models of SAC architectures in the environments enabling the formation of a coordination sphere, such effects need to be properly taken into account.

Emerging graphene derivatives as active 2D coordination platforms for single-atom catalysts

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) based on graphene derivatives are an emerging and growing class of materials functioning as two-dimensional (2D) metal-coordination scaffolds with intriguing properties. Recently, owing to the rich chemistry of fluorographene, new avenues have opened toward graphene derivatives with selective, spacer-free, and dense functionalization, acting as in-plane or out-of-plane metal coordination ligands. The particular structural features give rise to intriguing phenomena occurring between the coordinated metals and the graphene backbone. These include redox processes, charge transfer, emergence, and stabilization of rare or otherwise unstable metal valence states, as well as metal-support and metal-metal synergism. The vast potential of such systems has been demonstrated as enzyme mimics for cooperative mixed-valence SACs, ethanol fuel cells, and CO₂ fixation; however, it is anticipated that their impact will further expand toward diverse fields, e.g., advanced organic transformations, electrochemical energy storage, and energy harvesting.

Intermetallic Copper-Based Electride Catalyst with High Activity for C-H Oxidation and Cycloaddition of CO2 into Epoxides

Inorganic electrides have been proved to be efficient hosts for incorporating transition metals, which can effectively act as active sites giving an outstanding catalytic performance. Here, it is demonstrated that a reusable and recyclable (for more than 7 times) copper-based intermetallic electride catalyst (LaCu0.67 Si1.33 ), in which the Cu sites activated by anionic electrons with low-work function are uniformly dispersed in the lattice framework, shows vast potential for the selective C-H oxidation of industrially important hydrocarbons and cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxide. This leads to the production of value-added cyclic carbonates under mild reaction conditions. Importantly, the LaCu0.67 Si1.33 catalyst enables much higher turnover frequencies for the C-H oxidation (up to 25 276 h-1 ) and cycloaddition of CO2 into epoxide (up to 800 000 h-1 ), thus exceeding most nonnoble as well as noble metal catalysts. Density functional theory investigations have revealed that the LaCu0.67 Si1.33 catalyst is involved in the conversion of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) into the phthalimido-N-oxyl (PINO), which then triggers selective abstraction of an H atom from ethylbenzene for the generation of a radical susceptible to further oxygenation in the presence of O2 .

Nitrogen doped graphene with diamond-like bonds achieves unprecedented energy density at high power in a symmetric sustainable supercapacitor

Supercapacitors have attracted great interest because of their fast, reversible operation and sustainability. However, their energy densities remain lower than those of batteries. In the last decade, supercapacitors with an energy content of ∼110 W h L^-1 at a power of ∼1 kW L^-1 were developed by leveraging the open framework structure of graphene-related architectures. Here, we report that the reaction of fluorographene with azide anions enables the preparation of a material combining graphene-type sp² layers with tetrahedral carbon-carbon bonds and nitrogen (pyridinic and pyrrolic) superdoping (16%). Theoretical investigations showed that the C-C bonds develop between carbon-centered radicals, which emerge in the vicinity of the nitrogen dopants. This material, with diamond-like bonds and an ultra-high mass density of 2.8 g cm^-3, is an excellent host for the ions, delivering unprecedented energy densities of 200 W h L^-1 at a power of 2.6 kW L^-1 and 143 W h L^-1 at 52 kW L^-1. These findings open a route to materials whose properties may enable a transformative improvement in the performance of supercapacitor components.

Multiresponsive 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene via Implanting Molecular Properties

The design and fabrication of active nanomaterials exhibiting multifunctional properties is a must in the so-called global "Fourth Industrial Revolution". In this sense, molecular engineering is a powerful tool to implant original capabilities on a macroscopic scale. Herein, different bioinspired 2D-MXenes have been developed via a versatile and straightforward synthetic approach. As a proof of concept, Ti₃C₂T_x MXene has been exploited as a highly sensitive transducing platform for the covalent assembly of active biomolecular architectures (i.e., amino acids). All pivotal properties originated from the anchored targets were proved to be successfully transferred to the resulting bioinspired 2D-MXenes. Appealing applications have been devised for these 2D-MXene prototypes showing (i) chiroptical activity, (ii) fluorescence capabilities, (iii) supramolecular π-π interactions, and (iv) stimuli-responsive molecular switchability. Overall, this work demonstrates the fabrication of programmable 2D-MXenes, taking advantage of the inherent characteristics of the implanted (bio)molecular components. Thus, the current bottleneck in the field of 2D-MXenes can be overcome after the significant findings reported here.

Single Co-Atoms as Electrocatalysts for Efficient Hydrazine Oxidation Reaction

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have aroused great attention due to their high atom efficiency and unprecedented catalytic properties. A remaining challenge is to anchor the single atoms individually on support materials via strong interactions. Herein, single atom Co sites have been developed on functionalized graphene by taking advantage of the strong interaction between Co²⁺ ions and the nitrile group of cyanographene. The potential of the material, which is named G(CN)Co, as a SAC is demonstrated using the electrocatalytic hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR). The material exhibits excellent catalytic activity for HzOR, driving the reaction with low overpotential and high current density while remaining stable during long reaction times. Thus, this material can be a promising alternative to conventional noble metal-based catalysts that are currently widely used in HzOR-based fuel cells. Density functional theory calculations of the reaction mechanism over the material reveal that the Co(II) sites on G(CN)Co can efficiently interact with hydrazine molecules and promote the NH bond-dissociation steps involved in the HzOR.