1
|
Chiticaru EA, Pilan L, Ioniţă M. Electrochemical Detection Platform Based on RGO Functionalized with Diazonium Salt for DNA Hybridization. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:39. [PMID: 35049667 PMCID: PMC8773470 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an improved electrochemical platform based on graphene for the detection of DNA hybridization. Commercial screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) were used for this purpose due to their ease of functionalization and miniaturization opportunities. SPCEs were modified with reduced graphene oxide (RGO), offering a suitable surface for further functionalization. Therefore, aryl-carboxyl groups were integrated onto RGO-modified electrodes by electrochemical reduction of the corresponding diazonium salt to provide enough reaction sites for the covalent immobilization of amino-modified DNA probes. Our final goal was to determine the optimum conditions needed to fabricate a simple, label-free RGO-based electrochemical platform to detect the hybridization between two complementary single-stranded DNA molecules. Each modification step in the fabrication process was monitored by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox reporter. Although, the diazonium electrografted layer displayed the expected blocking effect of the charge transfer, the next steps in the modification procedure resulted in enhanced electron transfer properties of the electrode interface. We suggest that the improvement in the charge transfer after the DNA hybridization process could be exploited as a prospective sensing feature. The morphological and structural characterization of the modified electrodes performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively, were used to validate different modification steps in the platform fabrication process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Chiticaru
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Luisa Pilan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Ioniţă
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su J, Calderón Gómez JC, Grundmeier G, González Orive A. Electrografting of 4-Nitrobenzenediazonium Salts on Al-7075 Alloy Surfaces-The Role of Intermetallic Particles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:894. [PMID: 33807354 PMCID: PMC8067352 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the electrografting of Al-7075 aluminium alloy substrates with 4-nitrobenzenediazonium salt (4-NBD) films was studied on a complex aluminium alloy surface. Prior to the electrografting reaction, the substrates were submitted to different surface treatments to modify the native aluminium oxide layer and unveil intermetallic particles (IMPs). The formation of the 4-NBD films could be correlated with the passive film state and the distribution of IMPs. The corresponding electrografting reaction was performed by cyclic voltammetry which allowed the simultaneous analysis of the redox reaction by a number of complementary surface-analytical techniques. Spatially resolved thin film analysis was performed by means of SEM-EDX, AFM, PM-IRRAS, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and SKPFM. The collected data show that the 4-NBD film is preferentially formed either on the Al oxide layer or the IMP surface depending on the applied potential range. Potentials between -0.1 and -1.0 VAg/AgCl mostly generated nitrophenylene films on the oxide covered aluminium, while grafting between -0.1 and -0.4 VAg/AgCl favours the growth of these films on IMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangling Su
- Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (J.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Juan Carlos Calderón Gómez
- Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (J.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (J.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Alejandro González Orive
- Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (J.S.); (G.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu T, Fitchett CM, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ. Building Tailored Interfaces through Covalent Coupling Reactions at Layers Grafted from Aryldiazonium Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11545-11570. [PMID: 33683855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium ions are widely used reagents for surface modification. Attractive aspects of their use include wide substrate compatibility (ranging from plastics to carbons to metals and metal oxides), formation of stable covalent bonding to the substrate, simplicity of modification methods that are compatible with organic and aqueous solvents, and the commercial availability of many aniline precursors with a straightforward conversion to the active reagent. Importantly, the strong bonding of the modifying layer to the surface makes the method ideally suited to further on-surface (postfunctionalization) chemistry. After an initial grafting from a suitable aryldiazonium ion to give an anchor layer, a target species can be coupled to the layer, hugely expanding the range of species that can be immobilized. This strategy has been widely employed to prepare materials for numerous applications including chemical sensors, biosensors, catalysis, optoelectronics, composite materials, and energy conversion and storage. In this Review our goal is first to summarize how a target species with a particular functional group may be covalently coupled to an appropriate anchor layer. We then review applications of the resulting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pilan L. Tailoring the performance of electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials via aryldiazonium electrografting. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107697. [PMID: 33486222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) offer some of the most valuable properties for electrochemical biosensing applications, such as good electrical conductivity, wide electrochemical stability, high specific surface area, and biocompatibility. Regardless the envisioned sensing application, endowing CNs with specific functions through controlled chemical functionalization is fundamental for promoting the specific binding of the analyte. As a versatile and straightforward method of surface functionalization, aryldiazonium chemistry have been successfully used to accommodate in a stable and reproducible way different functionalities, while the electrochemical route has become the favourite choice since the deposition conditions can be readily controlled and adapted to the substrate. In particular, the modification of CNs by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts is established as a powerful tool which allows tailoring the chemical and electronic properties of the sensing platform. By outlining the stimulating results disclosed in the last years, this article provides not only a comprehensively review, but also a rational assessment on contribution of aryldiazonium electrografting in developing CNs-based electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, some of the emerging challenges to be surpassed to effectively implement this methodology for in vivo and point of care analysis are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pilan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mattiuzzi A, Lenne Q, Carvalho Padilha J, Troian-Gautier L, Leroux YR, Jabin I, Lagrost C. Strategies for the Formation of Monolayers From Diazonium Salts: Unconventional Grafting Media, Unconventional Building Blocks. Front Chem 2020; 8:559. [PMID: 32766206 PMCID: PMC7381217 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneered by J. Pinson and coll. in 1990s, the reductive grafting of aryldiazonium salts has become a powerful method for surface functionalization. Highly robust interfaces result from this surface attachment, resistant to heat, chemical degradation and ultrasonication. Importantly, this approach can be applied to many materials, ranging from conducting, semi-conducting, oxides to insulating substrates. In addition, either massive, flat surfaces or nanomaterials can be functionalized. The method is easy to process and fast. The grafting process involves the formation of highly reactive aryl radicals able to attack the substrate. However, the generated radicals can also react with already-grafted aryl species, leading to the formation of loosely-packed polyaryl multilayer films, typically of 10-15 nm thick. It is thus highly challenging to control the vertical extension of the deposited layer and to form well-ordered monolayers from aryldiazonium salts. In this mini review, we briefly describe the different strategies that have been developed to prepare well-ordered monolayers. We especially focus on two strategies successfully used in our laboratories, namely the use of unconventional solvents, i.e., room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), as grafting media and the use of calixarene macrocycles by taking benefit of their pre-organized structure. These strategies give large possibilities for the structuring of interfaces with the widest choice of materials and highlight the potential of aryldiazonium grafting as a competitive alternative to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkyl thiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janine Carvalho Padilha
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Troian-Gautier L, Mattiuzzi A, Reinaud O, Lagrost C, Jabin I. Use of calixarenes bearing diazonium groups for the development of robust monolayers with unique tailored properties. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3624-3637. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Calixarene-based diazonium salts can be easily synthesized in a few steps. This review surveys recent examples that illustrate the key advantages of these highly reactive molecular platforms for surface modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Mattiuzzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- X4C
| | - Olivia Reinaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université de Paris
- 75006 Paris
- France
| | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pichereau L, López I, Cesbron M, Dabos-Seignon S, Gautier C, Breton T. Controlled diazonium electrografting driven by overpotential reduction: a general strategy to prepare ultrathin layers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:455-457. [PMID: 30543211 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A global and extremely simple strategy to prepare a covalently attached monolayered organic film on a carbon surface is presented. The approach is centered on the strict control of the radical polymerization traditionally observed when aryldiazonium salts are reduced. By exploiting the reductive properties of superoxide ions generated from atmospheric dioxygen at the grafting potential, the diazonium concentration is drastically lowered at the substrate/solution interface, resulting in the formation of ultrathin films. As the presented approach does not require any specific synthesis or any redox mediator addition, and is only diffusion controlled by the dissolved dioxygen, it is suitable for the preparation of a large range of functional surfaces on the nanometric scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pichereau
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 du CNRS, Université d'Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers F-49045 Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aceta Y, Bergamini JF, Lagrost C, Hapiot P, Leroux YR. Molecular Sieving and Current Rectification Properties of Thin Organic Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2410-2419. [PMID: 29368927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of preparing well-organized functional surfaces, carbon and gold substrates were modified using electroreduction of a tetrahedral-shape preorganized tetra-aryldiazonium salt, leading to the deposition of ultrathin organic films. Characterization of the modified surfaces has been performed using cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurements. The specific design of the tetra-aryldiazonium salts leads to an intrinsic structuring of the resulting organic films, allowing molecular sieving and current rectification properties toward redox probes in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Aceta
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Inkpen MS, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Campos LM, Venkataraman L. Reversible on-surface wiring of resistive circuits. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4340-4346. [PMID: 28660061 PMCID: PMC5472029 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst most studies in single-molecule electronics involve components first synthesized ex situ, there is also great potential in exploiting chemical transformations to prepare devices in situ. Here, as a first step towards this goal, we conduct reversible reactions on monolayers to make and break covalent bonds between alkanes of different lengths, then measure the conductance of these molecules connected between electrodes using the scanning tunneling microscopy-based break junction (STM-BJ) method. In doing so, we develop the critical methodology required for assembling and disassembling surface-bound single-molecule circuits. We identify effective reaction conditions for surface-bound reagents, and importantly demonstrate that the electronic characteristics of wires created in situ agree with those created ex situ. Finally, we show that the STM-BJ technique is unique in its ability to definitively probe surface reaction yields both on a local (∼50 nm2) and pseudo-global (≥10 mm2) level. This investigation thus highlights a route to the construction and integration of more complex, and ultimately functional, surface-based single-molecule circuitry, as well as advancing a methodology that facilitates studies beyond the reach of traditional ex situ synthetic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Inkpen
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA . ;
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Yann R Leroux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA . ;
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huynh TMT, Phan TH, Ivasenko O, Mertens SFL, De Feyter S. Nanoconfined self-assembly on a grafted graphitic surface under electrochemical control. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:362-368. [PMID: 27924342 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07519c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) can be covalently grafted with aryl radicals generated via the electrochemical reduction of 3,5-bis-tert-butyl-diazonium cations (3,5-TBD). The structure of the grafted layer and its stability under electrochemical conditions were assessed with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Stable within a wide (>2.5 V) electrochemical window, the grafted species can be locally removed using EC-STM-tip nanolithography. Using dibenzyl viologen as an example, we show that the generated nanocorrals of bare graphitic surface can be used to study nucleation and growth of self-assembled structures under conditions of nanoconfinement and electrochemical potential control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aryldiazonium salt derived mixed organic layers: From surface chemistry to their applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Breton T, Downard AJ. Controlling Grafting from Aryldiazonium Salts: A Review of Methods for the Preparation of Monolayers. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification by grafting from aryldiazonium salts has been widely studied and applied to many substrates as a simple and versatile method for preparing strongly adherent organic coatings. Unless special precautions or conditions are used, the usual film structure is a loosely packed disordered multilayer; however, over the past decade, attention has been paid to establishing strategies for grafting just a monolayer of modifiers to the surface. To date, four general approaches to monolayer preparation have emerged: use of aryldiazonium ions with cleavable protection groups; use of aryldiazonium ions with steric constraints; grafting in the presence of a radical scavenger; and grafting from ionic liquids. This review describes these approaches, illustrates some of their applications, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Collapse
|
13
|
Menanteau T, Dabos-Seignon S, Levillain E, Breton T. Impact of the Diazonium Grafting Control on the Interfacial Reactivity: Monolayer versus Multilayer. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou; Université d'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
| | - Sylvie Dabos-Seignon
- MOLTECH-Anjou; Université d'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
| | - Eric Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou; Université d'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
| | - Tony Breton
- MOLTECH-Anjou; Université d'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nawaz MAH, Rauf S, Catanante G, Nawaz MH, Nunes G, Marty JL, Hayat A. One Step Assembly of Thin Films of Carbon Nanotubes on Screen Printed Interface for Electrochemical Aptasensing of Breast Cancer Biomarker. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101651. [PMID: 27782067 PMCID: PMC5087439 DOI: 10.3390/s16101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thin films of organic moiety functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from a very well-dispersed aqueous solution were designed on a screen printed transducer surface through a single step directed assembly methodology. Very high density of CNTs was obtained on the screen printed electrode surface, with the formation of a thin and uniform layer on transducer substrate. Functionalized CNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyzer methodologies, while CNT coated screen printed transducer platform was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed methodology makes use of a minimum amount of CNTs and toxic solvents, and is successfully demonstrated to form thin films over macroscopic areas of screen printed carbon transducer surface. The CNT coated screen printed transducer surface was integrated in the fabrication of electrochemical aptasensors for breast cancer biomarker analysis. This CNT coated platform can be applied to immobilize enzymes, antibodies and DNA in the construction of biosensor for a broad spectrum of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azhar Hayat Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Sajid Rauf
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Gaelle Catanante
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France.
| | - Mian Hasnain Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Gilvanda Nunes
- Technological Chemistry Department, Federal University of Maranhão, CCET/UFMA, Av. Portugueses, Cidade Universitária do Canga, São Luis 65080-040, MA, Brazil.
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France.
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Farquhar AK, Fitchett CM, Dykstra HM, Waterland MR, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ. Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthranilic Acids: A Versatile Route to Dense Monolayers on Flat Edge and Basal Plane Graphitic Carbon Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23389-23395. [PMID: 27529723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methods that reliably yield monolayers of covalently anchored modifiers on graphene and other planar graphitic materials are in demand. Covalently bonded groups can add functionality to graphitic carbon for applications ranging from sensing to supercapacitors and can tune the electronic and optical properties of graphene. Limiting modification to a monolayer gives a layer with well-defined concentration and thickness providing a minimum barrier to charge transfer. Here we investigate the use of anthranilic acid derivatives for grafting aryl groups to few layer graphene and pyrolyzed photoresist film (PPF). Under mild conditions, anthranilic acids generate arynes, which undergo Diels-Alder cycloadditions. Using spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that the reaction yields monolayers of aryl groups on graphene and PPF with maximum surface coverages consistent with densely packed layers. Our study confirms that anthranilic acids offer a convenient route to covalent modification of planar graphitic carbons (both basal and edge plane materials).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Farquhar
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Haidee M Dykstra
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Chemistry-Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mark R Waterland
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Chemistry-Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fabre
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS/Université de Rennes 1, Matière Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs MaCSE, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee L, Gunby NR, Crittenden DL, Downard AJ. Multifunctional and Stable Monolayers on Carbon: A Simple and Reliable Method for Backfilling Sparse Layers Grafted from Protected Aryldiazonium Ions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2626-2637. [PMID: 26918953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy for preparation of robust multifunctional low nanometer thickness monolayers on carbon substrates is presented. Beginning with protected aryldiazonium salts, sparse monolayers of ethynyl-, amino-, and carboxy-terminated tethers are covalently anchored to the surface. The layers are then backfilled with a second modifier via the nucleophilic addition of an amine derivative to the surface. Through use of electroactive moieties coupled to the tethers, and an electroactive amine for backfilling, electrochemical measurements reveal that backfilling approximately doubles the surface concentration of the monolayer. Cyclic voltammetry of solution-based redox probes at the modified surfaces is consistent with the expected blocking properties at various stages of surface preparation. Fractional surface coverages of the layers are estimated using electrochemically determined surface concentrations of modifiers and computationally derived modifier footprints. Assuming free rotation of the coupled ferrocenyl or nitrophenyl groups leads to physically unreasonable fractional surface coverages, indicating that these larger modifiers must be rotationally restricted. Using a conformationally constrained model produces lower bound estimates of the total fractional surface coverage close to 0.4, with tether-only coverages close to 0.2. The backfilled tether layers constitute practical platforms for controlled construction of complex interfaces with many potential applications including sensing, molecular electronics, and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lita Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Nathaniel R Gunby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Deborah L Crittenden
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Alison J Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee L, Brooksby PA, Hapiot P, Downard AJ. Electrografting of 4-Nitrobenzenediazonium Ion at Carbon Electrodes: Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Reduction Processes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:468-76. [PMID: 26694857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammograms for the reduction of aryldiazonium ions at glassy carbon electrodes are often, but not always, reported to show two peaks. The origin of this intriguing behavior remains controversial. Using 4-nitrobenzenediazonium ion (NBD), the most widely studied aryldiazonium salt, we make a detailed examination of the electroreduction processes in acetonitrile solution. We confirm that deposition of film can occur during both reduction processes. Film thickness measurements using atomic force microscopy reveal that multilayer films of very similar thickness are formed when reduction is carried out at either peak, even though the film formed at the more negative potential is significantly more blocking to solution redox probes. These and other aspects of the electrochemistry are consistent with the operation of a surface-catalyzed reduction step (proceeding at a clean surface only) followed by an uncatalyzed reduction at a more negative potential. The catalyzed reduction proceeds at both edge-plane and basal-plane graphite materials, suggesting that particular carbon surface sites are not required. The unusual aspect of aryldiazonium ion electrochemistry is that unlike other surface-catalyzed reactions, both processes are seen in a single voltammetric scan at an initially clean electrode because the conditions for observing the uncatalyzed reaction are produced by film deposition during the first catalyzed reduction step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lita Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - Alison J Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
20
|
Randriamahazaka H, Ghilane J. Electrografting and Controlled Surface Functionalization of Carbon Based Surfaces for Electroanalysis. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
21
|
Lee L, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Downard AJ. Amine-terminated monolayers on carbon: preparation, characterization, and coupling reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5071-5077. [PMID: 25874652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aminophenyl and aminomethylphenyl monolayers have been electrografted to glassy carbon and pyrolyzed photoresist film from the corresponding diazonium ions using a protection-deprotection strategy based on Boc (tert-butyloxycarbonyl) and Fmoc (fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) groups. After grafting and then deprotecting films of Boc-NH-Ar, Fmoc-NH-Ar, and Fmoc-NH-CH2-Ar, depth profiling by atomic force microscopy confirmed that the resulting amine-terminated films were monolayers. In contrast, after deprotection, Boc-NH-CH2-Ar gave a multilayer film. Electroactive carboxylic acid derivatives were coupled to the monolayers through amide linkages. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the deprotected Fmoc-NH-CH2-Ar monolayer gave the highest surface concentration of coupled nitrophenyl and ferrocenyl groups and DFT calculations established that this monolayer has the highest theoretical surface concentration of those examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lita Lee
- †MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Yann R Leroux
- ‡Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- ‡Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Alison J Downard
- †MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu W, Tilley TD. Sterically controlled functionalization of carbon surfaces with -C6H4CH2X (X = OSO2Me or N3) groups for surface attachment of redox-active molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:1189-1195. [PMID: 25549529 DOI: 10.1021/la503796z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glassy carbon electrodes were modified by electrochemical reduction of a diazonium molecule ((i)Pr3SiOCH2C6H4N2(+)BF4(-)) featuring a triisopropylsilyl-protected benzylic hydroxyl group. This electrochemical process introduced a monolayer of (i)Pr3SiOCH2C6H4- groups onto the surface of the electrode. The bulky -Si(i)Pr3 protecting group not only prevents the uncontrolled growth of structurally ill-defined and electronically blocking polyphenylene multilayers, but also separates the phenyl groups in the monolayer. Thus, the void spaces between these aryl units should allow a better accommodation of sizable molecules. Removal of the -Si(i)Pr3 protecting groups by (n)Bu4NF exposed the reactive benzylic hydroxyl functionalities that can undergo further transformations to anchor functional molecules. As an example, redox-active ferrocene molecules were grafted onto the modified electrode via a sequence of mesylation, azidation, and copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. The presence of ferrocenyl groups on the surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. The resulting ferrocene-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits cyclic voltammograms typical of surface-bound redox active species and remarkable electrochemical stability in an acidic aqueous environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liu
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Material Sciences Division, and §Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Menanteau T, Levillain E, Downard AJ, Breton T. Evidence of monolayer formation via diazonium grafting with a radical scavenger: electrochemical, AFM and XPS monitoring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13137-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AFM monitoring of controlled surface modification with a radical scavenger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - E. Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - A. J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - T. Breton
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee L, Downard AJ. Preparation of ferrocene-terminated layers by direct reaction with glassy carbon: a comparison of methods. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|