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Mayer S, Munz E, Hammer S, Wagner S, Guendel A, Rolletschek H, Jakob PM, Borisjuk L, Neuberger T. Quantitative monitoring of paramagnetic contrast agents and their allocation in plant tissues via DCE-MRI. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:47. [PMID: 35410361 PMCID: PMC8996644 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying dynamic processes in living organisms with MRI is one of the most promising research areas. The use of paramagnetic compounds as contrast agents (CA), has proven key to such studies, but so far, the lack of appropriate techniques limits the application of CA-technologies in experimental plant biology. The presented proof-of-principle aims to support method and knowledge transfer from medical research to plant science. RESULTS In this study, we designed and tested a new approach for plant Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (pDCE-MRI). The new approach has been applied in situ to a cereal crop (Hordeum vulgare). The pDCE-MRI allows non-invasive investigation of CA allocation within plant tissues. In our experiments, gadolinium-DTPA, the most commonly used contrast agent in medical MRI, was employed. By acquiring dynamic T1-maps, a new approach visualizes an alteration of a tissue-specific MRI parameter T1 (longitudinal relaxation time) in response to the CA. Both, the measurement of local CA concentration and the monitoring of translocation in low velocity ranges (cm/h) was possible using this CA-enhanced method. CONCLUSIONS A novel pDCE-MRI method is presented for non-invasive investigation of paramagnetic CA allocation in living plants. The temporal resolution of the T1-mapping has been significantly improved to enable the dynamic in vivo analysis of transport processes at low-velocity ranges, which are common in plants. The newly developed procedure allows to identify vascular regions and to estimate their involvement in CA allocation. Therefore, the presented technique opens a perspective for further development of CA-aided MRI experiments in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mayer
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hammer
- Institute of Experimental Physics 6, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Andre Guendel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Peter M Jakob
- Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Thomas Neuberger
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 113 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 113 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Gel becomes an important class of soft materials since it can be seen in a wide variety of the chemical and the biological systems. The unique properties of gel arise from the structure, namely, the three-dimensional polymer network that is swollen by a huge amount of solvent. Despite the small volume fraction of the polymer network, which is usually only a few percent or less, gel shows the typical properties that belong to solids such as the elasticity. Gel is, therefore, regarded as a dilute solid because its elasticity is much smaller than that of typical solids. Because of the diluted structure, small molecules can pass along the open space of the polymer network. In addition to the viscous resistance of gel fluid, however, the substance experiences resistance due to the polymer network of gel during the transport process. It is, therefore, of importance to study the diffusion of the small molecules in gel as well as the flow of gel fluid itself through the polymer network of gel. It may be natural to assume that the effects of the resistance due to the polymer network of gel depends strongly on the network structure. Therefore, detailed study on the transport processes in and through gel may open a new insight into the relationship between the structure and the transport properties of gel. The two typical transport processes in and through gel, that is, the diffusion of small molecules due to the thermal fluctuations and the flow of gel fluid that is caused by the mechanical pressure gradient will be reviewed.
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Gagnon MA, Lafleur M. Comparison of the structure and the transport properties of low-set and high-set curdlan hydrogels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 357:419-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Thérien-Aubin H, Baille WE, Zhu XX. Diffusion of molecular probes and the effects of their interactions with polymer matrices as studied by pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopy. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopy was used to study the interactions between small molecular probes and polymers bearing interacting groups. The self-diffusion coefficients of ethylene glycol and its oligomers and their methyl ester derivatives in poly(vinyl alcohol) gels were measured to study the effect of hydrogen bonding. The self-diffusion coefficients of small molecular probes containing hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic acid groups were determined in several polymer matrices including poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(allylamine), and poly(acrylic acid) bearing lateral hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic acid groups, respectively. The ionic interactions between the functional groups of the diffusants and of the polymers exhibited a marked effect on the diffusion of the molecular probes. For example, the reduced self-diffusion coefficients measured for a diffusant with a carboxylic acid group in a poly(allylamine) matrix were shown to be lower even though the molecular masses of the diffusants are similar.Key words: pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopy, self-diffusion, intermolecular interactions.
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Schaefle N, Sharp R. NMR Paramagnetic Relaxation of the Spin 2 Complex MnIIITSPP: A Unique Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3267-75. [PMID: 16833659 DOI: 10.1021/jp046227o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The S = 2 complex, manganese(III) meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine chloride (Mn(III)TSPP) is a highly efficient relaxation agent with respect to water protons and has been studied extensively as a possible MRI contrast agent. The NMR relaxation mechanism has several unique aspects, key among which is the unusual role of zero-field splitting (zfs) interactions and the effect of these interactions on the electron spin dynamics. The principal determinant of the shape of the R1 magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD) profile is the tetragonal 4th-order zfs tensor component, B4(4), which splits the levels of the m(S) = +/-2 non-Kramers doublet. When the splitting due to B4(4) exceeds the Zeeman splitting, the matrix elements of (S(z)) are driven into coherent oscillation, with the result that the NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement is suppressed. To confirm the fundamental aspects of this mechanism, proton R1 MRD data have been collected on polyacrylamide gel samples in which Mn(III)TSPP is reorientationally immobilized. Solute immobilization suppresses time-dependence in the electron spin Hamiltonian that is caused by Brownian motion, simplifying the theoretical analysis. Simultaneous fits of both gel and solution data were achieved using a single set of parameters, all of which were known or tightly constrained from prior experiments except the 4th-order zfs parameter, B4(4), and the electron spin relaxation times, which were found to differ in the m(S) = +/-1 and m(S) = +/-2 doublet manifolds. In liquid samples, but not in the gels, the B4(4)-induced splitting of the m(S) = +/-2 non-Kramers doublet is partially collapsed due to Brownian motion. This phenomenon affects the magnitudes of both B4(4) and electron spin relaxation times in the liquid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Schaefle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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Chen KC, Wu JY, Yang WB, Hwang SCJ. Evaluation of effective diffusion coefficient and intrinsic kinetic parameters on azo dye biodegradation using PVA-immobilized cell beads. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 83:821-32. [PMID: 12889022 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An immobilized mixed culture (Aeromonas hydrophila, Comamonas testosteroni, and Acinetobacter baumannii) was prepared by entrapment into phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel beads. The unsteady-state diffusion mechanism in a gel bead was applied to estimate the effective diffusion coefficients (D(e)) and the partition coefficients (K(p)) of azo dye. In addition, a simple method was developed to determine the intrinsic kinetic parameters of immobilized cells from observed reaction rates and the intrinsic kinetic parameters were then verified by fitting the experimental data into the reaction-diffusion model in a batch reactor running at a well-stirred state. The calculated effectiveness factor (eta(cal)) approached unity at Thiele modulus (Phi) < 0.3 (i.e., d(p) < 0.475 mm). The experimental effectiveness factor (eta(exp)) was in the range of 0.71-0.45 for a corresponding sphere diameter (d(p)) of 1.91 +/- 0.16 to 4.43 +/- 0.07 mm at an initial dye concentration of 200 mg/L. The results show that intraparticle diffusion resistance has a significant effect on the azo dye biodegradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C.
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Hong PD, Huang HT. Solvent Effect on Structural Formation and Molecular Mobility of Polyvinyl Chloride Gels. Polym J 2000. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.32.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ganapathy S, Rajamohanan P, Badiger M, Mandhare A, Mashelkar R. Proton magnetic resonance imaging in hydrogels: volume phase transition in poly( N -isopropylacrylamide). POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hadden DA, Rill RL, McFaddan L, Locke BR. Oligonucleotide and Water Self-Diffusion in Systems of Pluronic Triblock Copolymers and in Buffer Solutions by Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9915071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren A. Hadden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Florida State University and Florida A & M University, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, and Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046
| | - Randolph L. Rill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Florida State University and Florida A & M University, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, and Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046
| | - Lori McFaddan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Florida State University and Florida A & M University, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, and Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046
| | - Bruce R. Locke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Florida State University and Florida A & M University, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, and Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046
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Masaro L, Zhu XX, Macdonald PM. Study of the self-diffusion of poly(ethylene glycol)s in poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19990901)37:17<2396::aid-polb10>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Masaro L, Zhu XX. Self-Diffusion of End-Capped Oligo(ethylene glycol)s in Poly(vinyl alcohol) Aqueous Solutions and Gels. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9902908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Masaro
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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Masaro L, Ousalem M, Baille WE, Lessard D, Zhu XX. Self-Diffusion Studies of Water and Poly(ethylene glycol) in Solutions and Gels of Selected Hydrophilic Polymers. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990211s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Masaro
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - M. Ousalem
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - W. E. Baille
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - D. Lessard
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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Walderhaug H, Nyström B. A pulsed field gradient NMR study of poly(oxyethylene) diffusion in aqueous solutions and gels of ethyl (hydroxyethyl) cellulose–sodium dodecyl sulphate systems. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Penke B, Kinsey S, Gibbs SJ, Moerland TS, Locke BR. Proton Diffusion and T1 Relaxation in Polyacrylamide Gels: A Unified Approach Using Volume Averaging. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 1998; 132:240-254. [PMID: 9632549 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1998.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The structure of polyacrylamide gels was studied using proton spin-lattice relaxation and PFG diffusion methods. Polyacrylamide gels, with total polymer concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 0.35 g/ml and crosslinker concentrations from 0 to 10% by weight, were studied. The data showed no effect of the crosslinker concentration on the diffusion of water molecules. The Ogston-Morris and Mackie-Meares models fit the general trends observed for water diffusion in gels. The diffusion coefficients from the volume averaging method also fit the data, and this theory was able to account for the effects of water-gel interactions that are not accounted for in the other two theories. The averaging theory also did not require the physically unrealistic assumption, required in the other two theories, that the acrylamide fibers are of similar size to water molecules. Contrary to the diffusion data, T1 relaxation measurements showed a significant effect of crosslinker concentration on the relaxation of water in gels. The model developed using the Bloch equations and the volume averaging method described the effects of water adsorption on the gel medium on both the diffusion coefficients and the relaxation measurements. In the proposed model the gel medium was assumed to consist of three phases (i.e., bulk water, uncrosslinked acrylamide fibers, and a bisacrylamide crosslinker phase). The effects of the crosslinker concentration were accounted for by introducing the proton partition coefficient, Keq, between the bulk water and crosslinker phase. The derived relaxation equations were successful in fitting the experimental data. The partition coefficient, Keq, decreased significantly as the crosslinker concentration increased from 5 to 10% by weight. This trend is consistent with the idea that bisacrylamide tends to form hydrophobic regions with increasing crosslinker concentration. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Penke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310-6046
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Locke BR. Electrophoretic Transport in Porous Media: A Volume-Averaging Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ie970240w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R. Locke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University and Florida State University, College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046
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Walderhaug H, Kjøniksen AL, Nyström B. Diffusion of Poly(ethylene oxide) Chains in Gelling and Nongelling Aqueous Mixtures of Ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose and a Surfactant by Pulsed Field Gradient NMR. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971414q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Walderhaug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna-Lena Kjøniksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bo Nyström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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Ahuja S, Dieckman SL, Gopalsami N, Raptis AC. H NMR Imaging and Spectroscopy Studies of the Polymerization of Acrylamide Gels. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ahuja
- Energy Technology Division, Sensors, Instrumentation, and Nondestructive Evaluation Section, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4825
| | - S. L. Dieckman
- Energy Technology Division, Sensors, Instrumentation, and Nondestructive Evaluation Section, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4825
| | - N. Gopalsami
- Energy Technology Division, Sensors, Instrumentation, and Nondestructive Evaluation Section, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4825
| | - A. C. Raptis
- Energy Technology Division, Sensors, Instrumentation, and Nondestructive Evaluation Section, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4825
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Tokita M, Miyoshi T, Takegoshi K, Hikichi K. Probe diffusion in gels. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:1823-1827. [PMID: 9964444 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Mikosch W, Dorfmüller T, Eimer W. Rotational diffusion in polyacrylamide gels as a function of solvent quality. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.468480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Scaling analyses of polyacrylamide gels at swelling equilibrium in water/acetone mixtures by small-angle X-ray scattering. POLYMER 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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