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Applications of Spectroscopic Techniques for Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Infrared Linear Dichroism for the Analysis of Molecular Orientation in Polymers and in Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061257. [PMID: 35335588 PMCID: PMC8954227 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polymeric materials are strongly affected by molecular orientation occurring under processing conditions. Infrared dichroism is particularly well suited for characterizing polymer chain orientation at a molecular level. The usefulness of this technique has been demonstrated through various applications in homopolymers, semi-crystalline polymers, copolymers, polymer blends, as well as in polymer composites. Determination of molecular orientation can be carried out in the mid- and near-infrared ranges and very small dichroic effects can be detected with the use of a photoelastic modulator. Chain orientation in polymer composites is seen to increase with the filler content in the case of a strong interface between the two phases, making possible a quantification of the degree of bonding between the host polymeric matrix and the incorporated inclusions.
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Bokobza L. Spectroscopic Techniques for the Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:polym10010007. [PMID: 30966046 PMCID: PMC6415100 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing interest in nanocomposites, a molecular characterization of these materials is essential for the understanding of their properties and for the development of new materials. Spectroscopic techniques that bring information at a molecular level are unavoidable when characterizing polymers, fillers and composites. Selected examples of the application of fluorescence, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared and Raman spectroscopies, illustrate the potential of these techniques for the analysis of the filler surface, the evaluation of the state of filler dispersion in the host matrix, the extent of interaction between the polymer and the filler particles or the dynamics of polymer chains at the polymer–filler interface.
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Besbes S, Bokobza L, Siesler HW. Rheo-optical fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of polymers 16 orientation and strain-induced conformational regularity of poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks during cyclic elongation and recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19930720114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ramakrishnan N, Xia Y, Bidthanapally A, Lu M. Determination of zonal boundaries in articular cartilage using infrared dichroism. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 61:1404-1409. [PMID: 18198035 DOI: 10.1366/000370207783292118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To determine the sub-tissue structural zonal boundaries in articular cartilage, a novel infrared (IR) microscopic imaging method based on the dichroic nature of the amide components has been developed and is discussed in this article. Thin canine cartilage-bone sections embedded in paraffin as well as in poly(methyl methyacrylate) (PMMA) were imaged under two orthogonal polarization states at 6.25 mum pixel size. The depth-dependent anisotropy of the amide components at perpendicular polarization states attributed by the collagen constituent in cartilage was analyzed. Since the transitional zone fibers are randomly arranged and the dichroic ratio value reaches unity in this zone, it is possible to identify the transitional zone boundaries, thus dividing the whole-depth tissue into three structural zones (superficial, transitional and radial). The zone division results from the infrared method agree well with the results from the established polarized light microscopy (PLM) method, which promises the potential of infrared imaging as an independent technique for the zonal boundary determination. The advantages of this dichroic ratio method are (1) it is independent of mode of operation (transmission/reflection), (2) it is independent of sample thickness, (3) either a polarizer or an analyzer can be used in experiments to determine zonal boundaries, and (4) it is sample orientation independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA
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Skytt ML, Färnert G, Jansson JF, Gedde UW. A new rheometer measuring infrared dichroism in molten polymers subjected to transient and steady shear flow. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Elzein T, Galliano A, Bistac S. Chains anisotropy in PDMS networks due to friction on gold surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ward IM, Bleackley M, Taylor DJR, Cail JI, Stepto RFT. The stress optical behavior of PET fibers and films. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Flichy NMB, Kazarian SG, Lawrence CJ, Briscoe BJ. An ATR−IR Study of Poly (Dimethylsiloxane) under High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide: Simultaneous Measurement of Sorption and Swelling. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012597q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. B. Flichy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BY, UK
| | - S. G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BY, UK
| | - C. J. Lawrence
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BY, UK
| | - B. J. Briscoe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BY, UK
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Wang Y, Bazuin CG, Pézolet M. Investigation of Orientation and Relaxation in a Segmented Zwitterionomer by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0107197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Wang
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie des Macromolécules, Département de chimie, Université Laval, Cité universitaire, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - C. Geraldine Bazuin
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie des Macromolécules, Département de chimie, Université Laval, Cité universitaire, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - Michel Pézolet
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie des Macromolécules, Département de chimie, Université Laval, Cité universitaire, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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Bokobza L, Ladouce L, Bomal Y, Amram B. Infrared dichroism and birefringence studies of silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubbers. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bokobza L, Nugay N. Orientational effect of mica in fumed silica reinforced composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bokobza L, Erman B. A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Filler Effect on Stress-Deformation-Segmental Orientation Relations for Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Networks. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000261t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Bokobza
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Structurale et Macromoleculaire, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Burak Erman
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 81474, Istanbul, Turkey
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Taylor DJR, Stepto RFT, Jones RA, Ward IM. Computer Simulation Studies of Molecular Orientation and the Stress−Optical Properties of Polyethylene Networks. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9805001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Leezenberg PB, Marcus AH, Frank CW, Fayer MD. Rotational Dynamics of Naphthalene-Labeled Cross-link Junctions in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Elastomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp953632u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter B. Leezenberg
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025
| | - A. H. Marcus
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025
| | - Curtis W. Frank
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025
| | - M. D. Fayer
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025
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Scherzer T. FTi.r.—rheo-optical characterization of the molecular orientation behaviour of amine cured epoxy resins during cyclic deformation. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(96)00445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Molecular orientation phenomena in DGEBA/polyetherdiamine epoxies studied by rheo-optical FTIR spectroscopy. Polym Bull (Berl) 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00324117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Haliloglu T, Erman B, Bahar I. Dependence of segmental orientation on polymer conformational characteristics. POLYMER 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(95)90995-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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The use of near-infra-red spectroscopy coupled to the polarization modulation technique to investigate molecular orientation in uniaxially stretched polymers. POLYMER 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(95)92231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Buffeteau T, Desbat B, Besbes S, Nafati M, Bokobza L. Molecular orientation studies in polymer films by polarization modulation FTi.r. spectroscopy. POLYMER 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(94)90375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Erman B, Bahar I, Besbes S, Bokobza L, Monnerie L. Interpretation of segmental orientation in deformed networks in terms of constrained junction model of rubber elasticity. POLYMER 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90427-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Besbes S, Bokobza L, Monnerie L, Bahar I, Erman B. An infra-red dichroism investigation of segmental orientation in dry and swollen poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks. POLYMER 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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