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Wu Q, Yuan Y, Wang X, Bu X, Jiao M, Liu W, Han C, Hu L, Wang X, Li X. Highly Selective Ionic Gel-Based Gas Sensor for Halogenated Volatile Organic Compound Detection: Effect of Dipole-Dipole Interaction. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4566-4576. [PMID: 37989128 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated volatile organic compounds (abbreviated as X-VOCs) are a class of hazardous gas pollutants that are difficult to detect due to their thermal stability, chemical inertness, and poisoning effect on gas sensors at high temperatures. In this work, room-temperature detection of X-VOCs is achieved using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor coated with a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsufonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI)-based ionic gel film. We experimentally verify that the high selectivity of the ionic gel-based SAW gas sensor for X-VOCs is due to the presence of halogen atoms in these gas molecules. Meanwhile, the sensor has very little response to common organic gases such as ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone, reflecting a low cross-sensitivity to nonhalogenated VOCs. This unique advantage shows potential applications in selective detection of X-VOCs and is validated by comparison with a commercial metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor. Furthermore, the internal sensing mechanism is explored by the density functional theory (DFT) method. The simulation results demonstrate that the X-VOC molecules are highly polarized by the inductive effect of halogen atom substitution, which is beneficial for being adsorbed by the EMIM-TFSI ionic liquid via dipole-dipole interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yubin Yuan
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangrui Bu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Menglong Jiao
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chuanyu Han
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Long Hu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
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2
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Forstmeier M, Yuan M, Perini S, Lanagan M, Foley B. Dielectric characterization of paraelectric particle-loaded polymer matrix composites and commercial photoresins at W-band frequencies. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13458. [PMID: 36825176 PMCID: PMC9941994 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents W-band (75-110 GHz) dielectric characterization of commercially available photoresins in their neat state, as well as in polymer matrix composite (PMC) mixtures with various loading concentrations of the paraelectric barium strontium titanate (BST). Due to difficulties 3D printing the BST-loaded PMC resins detailed within, a custom curing and casting process was used to fabricate testable PMC samples, which were synthesized to demonstrate the dielectric functionalization of the underlying polymer matrix. Dielectric characterization of the PMCs confirmed the functionalization of our composites when compared to the commercial photoresins. For example, a volumetric loading concentration of 25 vol % BST increased the dielectric permittivity (εr ) from 2.78 to 9.60 and the loss tangent (tanδ) from 0.022 to 0.114. These results indicate that the realization of UV-cured photoresins with "designer-dielectric" functionalization based on vol % of filler are strong candidates for use in stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing applications. To accomplish this, and with a special interest for radio/microwave/terahertz (RF/MW/THz) applications, we highlight the need for both (a) better photoresin matrix materials with lower intrinsic tanδ and (b) selection criteria related to the size/geometry and electronic properties of potential filler materials to maintain the printability of PMC photoresins in SLA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forstmeier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Mengxue Yuan
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Steve Perini
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Michael Lanagan
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Brian Foley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Reinheimer T, Mach TP, Häuser K, Hoffmann MJ, Binder JR. Dielectric Behavior of Thin Polymerized Composite Layers Fabricated by Inkjet-Printing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:441. [PMID: 36770402 PMCID: PMC9921083 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of the dielectric behavior of printed capacitors is given, in which the dielectric consists of a thin (<1 µm) ceramic/polymer composite layer with high permittivities of εr 20-69. The used ink contains surface-modified Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST), a polymeric crosslinking agent and a thermal initiator, which allows the immediate polymerization of the ink during printing, leading to homogenous layers. To validate the results of the calculated permittivities, different layer thicknesses of the dielectric are printed and the capacitances, as well as the loss factors, are measured. Afterwards, the exact layer thicknesses are determined with cross sectional SEM images of ion-etched samples. Then, the permittivities are calculated with the known effective area of the capacitors. Furthermore, the ink composition is varied to obtain different ceramic/polymer ratios and thus different permittivities. The packing density of all composites is analyzed via SEM to show possible pores and validate the target ratio, respectively. The correlation between the chosen ratio and the measured permittivity is discussed using models from the literature. In addition, the leakage current of some capacitors is measured and discussed. For that, the dielectric was printed on different bottom electrodes as the nature of the electrode was found to be crucial for the performance.
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4
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Peng H, Huang J, Ren H, Xie T, Deng S, Yao X, Lin H. Parallel Structure Enhanced Polysilylaryl-enyne/Ca 0.9La 0.067TiO 3 Composites with Ultra-High Dielectric Constant and Thermal Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:45893-45903. [PMID: 36191165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the microwave communication industry, microwave dielectric materials have been widely studied as the medium of signal transmission. Nowadays, with the increase in communication frequency, devices are miniaturized, and dielectric materials are required to have higher dielectric constants. At the same time, the miniaturization of devices brings about an increase in power density, which puts forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivity of materials. In this work, polysilylaryl-enyne (PSAE) and Ca0.9La0.067TiO3 (CLT) were chosen as the matrix and filler, respectively, to construct a parallel model composite through a freeze casting method and a 0-3 model composite through the direct mixing method, respectively. After comparing the microstructures of the two models, their dielectric properties and thermal conductivity were measured and simulated. The parallel model composites in the stable range possess uniform parallel structures, and the solid content limit for them could be as high as 73.2%, which is much higher than that of the 0-3 model composites. While the 0-3 model composite possesses an optimal dielectric constant of 25.4 (@10 GHz) and a thermal conductivity of 0.965 W·m-1·K-1, the parallel model composite possesses a 2 times higher dielectric constant of 76.2 (@10 GHz) and a 1 times higher thermal conductivity of 2.095 W·m-1·K-1. Since the parallel model composite possesses much higher dielectric constant and thermal conductivity than traditional 0-3 model composites, it can be an excellent candidate for microwave communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyi Peng
- Information Materials and Devices Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai201800, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 585 Heshuo Road, Shanghai201800, PR China
| | - Haishen Ren
- Information Materials and Devices Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai201800, PR China
| | - Tianyi Xie
- Information Materials and Devices Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai201800, PR China
| | - Shifeng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Xiaogang Yao
- Information Materials and Devices Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai201800, PR China
| | - Huixing Lin
- Information Materials and Devices Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai201800, PR China
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5
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Piezoelectric Ceramic/Photopolymer Composites Curable with UV Light: Viscosity, Curing Depth, and Dielectric Properties. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Four piezoelectric ceramic materials with varying particle sizes and geometries are added up to 30 vol.% to a photopolymer resin to form UV-curable piezoelectric composites. Such composites solidify in a few minutes, can be used in UV-curing-based 3D printing processes, and can achieve improved sensor performance. The particle dispersion with ultrasonication shows the most homogeneous particle dispersion with ethanol, while two other solvents produced similar results. The viscosities of the prepared suspensions show some dependency on the particle size. The curing depth results show a strong dependency on the ceramic particle size, the difference in refractive index, and the particle size distribution, whereby composites filled with PZT produced the worst results and composites filled with KNN produced the highest curing depths. The SEM images show a homogeneous dispersion of ceramic particles. The highest dielectric properties are also shown by KNN-filled composites, while BTO and PZT produced mixed results of dielectric constants and dielectric losses. KNN-filled composites seem to be very promising for further 3D-printable, lead-free piezoelectric composite development.
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6
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Electromagnetic field controlled domain wall displacement for induced strain tailoring in BaTiO 3-epoxy nanocomposite. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7504. [PMID: 35525864 PMCID: PMC9079120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure in an epoxy polymer composite material is prone to initiate by the coalescence of microcracks in its polymer matrix. As such, matrix toughening via addition of a second phase as rigid or/and rubber nano/micro-particles is one of the most popular approaches to improve the fracture toughness across multiple scales in a polymer composite, which dissipates fracture energy via deformation mechanisms and microcracks arrest. Few studies have focused on tailorable and variable toughening, so-called ‘active toughening’, mainly suggesting thermally induced strains which offer slow and irreversible toughening due to polymer’s poor thermal conductivity. The research presented in the current article has developed an instantaneous, reversible extrinsic strain field via remote electromagnetic radiation. Quantification of the extrinsic strain evolving in the composite with the microwave energy has been conducted using in-situ real-time fibre optic sensing. A theoretical constitutive equation correlating the exposure energy to micro-strains has been developed, with its solution validating the experimental data and describing their underlying physics. The research has utilised functionalised dielectric ferroelectric nanomaterials, barium titanate (BaTiO3), as a second phase dispersed in an epoxy matrix, able to introduce microscopic electro-strains to their surrounding rigid epoxy subjected to an external electric field (microwaves, herein), as result of their domain walls dipole displacements. Epoxy Araldite LY1564, a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A associated with the curing agent Aradur 3487 were embedded with the BaTiO3 nanoparticles. The silane coupling agent for the nanoparticles’ surface functionalisation was 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (3-GPS). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%) and acetic acid (C2H4O2, 99.9%) used as functionalisation aids, and the ethanol (C2H6O, 99.9%) used for BaTiO3 dispersion. Firstly, the crystal microstructure of the functionalised nanoparticles and the thermal and dielectric properties of the achieved epoxy composite materials have been characterised. It has been observed that the addition of the dielectric nanoparticles has a slight impact on the curing extent of the epoxy. Secondly, the surface-bonded fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have been employed to investigate the real-time variation of strain and temperature in the epoxy composites exposed to microwaves at 2.45 GHz and at different exposure energy. The strains developed due to the in-situ exposure at composite, adhesive and their holding fixture material were evaluated using the FBG. The domain wall induced extrinsic strains were distinguished from the thermally induced strains, and found that the increasing exposure energy has an instantaneously increasing effect on the development of such strains. Post-exposure Raman spectra showed no residual field in the composite indicating no remnant strain field examined under microwave powers < 1000 W, thus suggesting a reversible strain introduction mechanism, i.e. the composite retaining its nominal properties post exposure. The dielectric composite development and quantifications presented in this article proposes a novel active toughening technology for high-performance composite applications in numerous sectors.
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Ghule B, Laad M. A study of solubility parameters on dispersion, dissolution, and homogenization of reinforcement TiO 2 and poly(4-methyl-1-Pentene) in different solvents for the fabrication of TiO 2/PMP composite film. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2022.2059356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babaji Ghule
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Lavale, Pune, India
| | - Meena Laad
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Lavale, Pune, India
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9
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Upadhyaya M, Lu‐Díaz M, Samanta S, Abdullah M, Dusoe K, Kittilstved KR, Venkataraman D, Akšamija Z. Raising Dielectric Permittivity Mitigates Dopant-Induced Disorder in Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101087. [PMID: 34382366 PMCID: PMC8498903 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers need to be doped to increase charge carrier density and reach the electrical conductivity necessary for electronic and energy applications. While doping increases carrier density, Coulomb interactions between the dopant molecules and the localized carriers are poorly screened, causing broadening and a heavy tail in the electronic density-of-states (DOS). The authors examine the effects of dopant-induced disorder on two complimentary charge transport properties of semiconducting polymers, the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, and demonstrate a way to mitigate them. Their simulations, based on a modified Gaussian disorder model with Miller-Abrahams hopping rates, show that dopant-induced broadening of the DOS negatively impacts the Seebeck coefficient versus electrical conductivity trade-off curve. Increasing the dielectric permittivity of the polymer mitigates dopant-carrier Coulomb interactions and improves charge transport, evidenced by simultaneous increases in conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient. They verified this increase experimentally in iodine-doped P3HT and P3HT blended with barium titanate (BaTiO3 ) nanoparticles. The addition of 2% w/w BaTiO3 nanoparticles increased conductivity and Seebeck across a broad range of doping, resulting in a fourfold increase in power factor. Thus, these results show a promising path forward to reduce the dopant-charge carrier Coulomb interactions and mitigate their adverse impact on charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Upadhyaya
- Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUSA
| | | | | | | | - Keith Dusoe
- Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUSA
- Institute for Applied Life SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUSA
| | | | | | - Zlatan Akšamija
- Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUSA
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Sengwa RJ, Dhatarwal P. Thermally improved crystalline phase and intercalated
PEO
/
OMMT
nanocomposites for high to ultrahigh radio frequency range low‐permittivity nanodielectrics. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Jeewan Sengwa
- Dielectric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur India
| | - Priyanka Dhatarwal
- Dielectric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur India
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11
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Mechanical Behaviour of Large Strain Capacitive Sensor with Barium Titanate Ecoflex Composite Used to Detect Human Motion. ROBOTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/robotics10020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of strain rate on the output signal of highly stretchable interdigitated capacitive (IDC) strain sensors is studied. IDC sensors fabricated with pristine Ecoflex and a composite based on 40 wt% of 200 nm barium titanate (BTO) dispersed in a silicone elastomer (Ecoflex 00-30TM) were subjected to 1000 stretch and relax cycles to study the effect of dynamic loading conditions on the output signal of the IDC sensor. It was observed that the strain rate has no effect on the output signal of IDC sensor. To study the non-linear elastic behaviour of pristine Ecoflex and composites based on 10, 20, 30, 40 wt% of 200 nm BTO filler dispersed in a silicone elastomer, we conducted uniaxial tensile testing to failure at strain rates of ~5, ~50, and ~500 mm/min. An Ogden second-order model was used to fit the uniaxial tensile test data to understand the non-linearity in the stress-strain responses of BTO-Ecoflex composite at different strain rates. The decrease in Ogden parameters (α1 and α2) indicates the decrease in non-linearity of the stress-strain response of the composite with an increase in filler loading. Scanning electronic microscopy analysis was performed on the cryo-fractured pristine Ecoflex and 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% of BTO-Ecoflex composites, where it was found that 200 nm BTO is more uniformly distributed in Ecoflex at a higher filler loading levels (40 wt% 200 nm BTO). Therefore, an IDC sensor was fabricated based on a 40 wt% 200 nm BTO-Ecoflex composite and mounted on an elastic elbow sleeve with supporting electronics, and successfully functioned as a reliable and robust flexible sensor, demonstrating an application to measure the bending angle of an elbow at slow and fast movement of the arm. A linear relationship with respect to the elbow bending angle was observed between the IDC sensor output signal under a 50% strain and the deflection of the elbow of hand indicating its potential as a stretchable, flexible, and wearable sensor.
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12
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Functional biopolyesters based on cross-linked Poly( -malic acid): Network engineering towards tailoring brittle-ductile transition and shape-memory performance. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Basturk SB, Dancer CEJ, McNally T. Dielectric performance of composites of
BaTiO
3
and polymers for capacitor applications under microwave frequency. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bahar Basturk
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Manisa Celal Bayar University Manisa Turkey
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG University of Warwick Coventry UK
| | - Claire E. J. Dancer
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG University of Warwick Coventry UK
| | - Tony McNally
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG University of Warwick Coventry UK
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14
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Realizing Rationally-Balanced Dielectric Properties in Fluoropolymer/Cr2AlC MAX Composites Modified by 2D-BN. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Luangchuang P, Chueangchayaphan N, Sulaiman MA, Chueangchayaphan W. Characterization of barium titanate reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites for flexible electronic applications: influences of barium titanate content. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyawadee Luangchuang
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology Prince of Songkla University Surat Thani Thailand
| | - Narong Chueangchayaphan
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology Prince of Songkla University Surat Thani Thailand
| | - Muhammad Azwadi Sulaiman
- Advanced Materials Research Cluster Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Malaysia
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16
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Application of Perovskite Layer to Rotor for Enhanced Stator-Rotor Capacitance for PMSM Shaft Voltage Reduction. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13215762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adjustable speed drives use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to switch DC-bus voltage for the synthesis of three-phase voltages to provide power to the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This switching action produces very short rise and fall times and Common Mode Voltage (CMV) in the motor winding, exciting the parasitic capacitances inherent to the motor geometry. These parasitic capacitances give rise to shaft voltage due to a voltage divider action. Therefore, in this paper, first, motor parasitic capacitances and voltage divider action is explained. Second, the Barium Titanate (BTO) layer is coated onto the rotor to enhance stator-to-rotor compound capacitance and a simulation is performed showing the dependence of the shaft voltage on the permittivity of the perovskite (BTO) layer. The rotor BTO layer reduces the bearing voltage ratio as well. Third, experimental results are presented showing effectiveness of the application of the BTO layer to rotor and reduction of shaft voltage of the motor in anticipation to mitigate the damaging electric discharge machining (EDM) bearing currents. Likewise, the experiment shows that the magnetic design of the motor is not affected by the BTO layer to rotor.
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17
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Mahmood RS, Salman SA, Bakr NA. The electrical and mechanical properties of Cadmium chloride reinforced PVA:PVP blend films. PAPERS IN PHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.4279/pip.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, pure polymer blend (PVA:PVP) film and salt (CdCl2·H2O) reinforced polymer blend films were prepared at different weight ratios (10 wt%, 20 wt%, 40 wt%) using the casting method. The effect of the salt weight ratio on the dielectric properties of the polymer blend films reinforced by CdCl2·H2O salt were investigated, and the experimental results showed that the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss factor decreased as the frequency increased for all polymer blend films. Moreover, the above-mentioned properties increased with increasing salt weight ratios at the same frequency. The experimental results also showed an increase in AC electrical conductivity with increasing frequency, for all polymer blend films, and the AC electrical conductivity also increased with an increase in the weight ratio of the salt at the same frequency. The effect of the salt weight ratio on the mechanical properties of the salt-reinforced PVA:PVP polymer blend films was also studied. The experimental results obtained from the tensile test of the salt-reinforced polymer blend films show significant change in the values of tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus with increasing salt weight ratios; the hardness value first increases then decreases with increasing salt weight ratios, and the fracture energy value increases with increasing salt weight ratios, thus they could be good candidates for hard adhesives with low flexibility.
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18
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High-k Polymer Nanocomposite Materials for Technological Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the properties of small molecules or monomers is decidedly important. The efforts of synthetic chemists and material engineers must be appreciated because of their knowledge of how utilize the properties of synthetic fragments in constructing long-chain macromolecules. Scientists active in this area of macromolecular science have shared their knowledge of catalysts, monomers and a variety of designed nanoparticles in synthetic techniques that create all sorts of nanocomposite polymer stuffs. Such materials are now an integral part of the contemporary world. Polymer nanocomposites with high dielectric constant (high-k) properties are widely applicable in the technological sectors including gate dielectrics, actuators, infrared detectors, tunable capacitors, electro optic devices, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and sensors. In this short colloquy, we provided an overview of a few remarkable high-k polymer nanocomposites of material science interest from recent decades.
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19
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Tao J, Cao SA, Feng R, Deng Y. High dielectric thin films based on barium titanate and cellulose nanofibrils. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5758-5765. [PMID: 35497466 PMCID: PMC9049558 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10916a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of composite films based on tetragonal barium titanate (BTO) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with high dielectric constant are prepared using a casting method in aqueous solution. No organic solvent is involved during the preparation, which demonstrates the environmental friendliness of the novel material. With less than 30 wt% of filler loading, the excellent distribution of BTO nanoparticles within the CNF matrix is revealed by the FE-SEM images. The dielectric constant of the CNF/BTO (30 wt%) composite film reaches up to 188.03, which is about seven times higher than that of pure CNF (25.24), while the loss tangent only rises slightly from 0.70 to 1.21 (at 1 kHz). The thin films kept their dielectric properties on an acceptable level after repeatedly twisting or rolling 10 times. The improvement of thermal stability is observed with the presence of BTO. The outstanding dielectric properties of the CNF/BTO composite film indicates its great potential to be utilized in energy storage applications. The high dielectric thin films based on cellulose fibrils and tetragonal barium titanate exhibit excellent dielectric properties, flexibility and durability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tao
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Shun-an Cao
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Rui Feng
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
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20
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Caruntu D, Kavey B, Paul S, Bas AC, Rotaru A, Caruntu G. Dielectric properties of solution-processed BaTiO3–styrene butadiene styrene nanocomposite films. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01912j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer–ceramic nanocomposite films comprising ceramic nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer matrix (0–3 composites) have garnered increasing interest due to their superior performance characteristics, and can be used in flexible modern electronics and energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caruntu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Central Michigan University
- Mount Pleasant
- USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and MANSID Research Center
| | - Benard Kavey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Central Michigan University
- Mount Pleasant
- USA
- Science of Advanced Materials Program
| | - Suporna Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Central Michigan University
- Mount Pleasant
- USA
| | - Alin Ciprian Bas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and MANSID Research Center
- “Stefan Cel Mare” University
- Romania
| | - Aurelian Rotaru
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and MANSID Research Center
- “Stefan Cel Mare” University
- Romania
| | - Gabriel Caruntu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Central Michigan University
- Mount Pleasant
- USA
- Science of Advanced Materials Program
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21
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Fabrication and Characterization of Fully Inkjet Printed Capacitors Based on Ceramic/Polymer Composite Dielectrics on Flexible Substrates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13324. [PMID: 31527722 PMCID: PMC6746780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of fully inkjet printed capacitors containing ceramic/polymer composites as the dielectric material is presented. Therefore, ceramic/polymer composite inks were developed, which allow a fast one-step fabrication of the composite thick films. Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) is used as the ceramic component and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the polymer. The use of such composites allows printing on flexible substrates. Furthermore, it results in improved values for the permittivity compared to pure polymers. Three composite inks with varying ratio of BST to PMMA were used for the fabrication of composite thick films consisting of 33, 50 and 66 vol% BST, respectively. All inks lead to homogeneous structures with precise transitions between the different layers in the capacitors. Besides the microstructures of the printed thick films, the dielectric properties were characterized by impedance spectroscopy over a frequency range of 100 Hz to 200 kHz. In addition, the influence of a larger ceramic particle size was investigated, to raise permittivity. The printed capacitors exhibited dielectric constants of 20 up to 55 at 1 kHz. Finally, the experimental results were compared to different theoretical models and their suitability for the prediction of εcomposite was assessed.
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22
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Smitha MG, Murugendrappa MV. Structural, Electrical, Thermal and Transport Properties of Poly Pyrrole/La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 Perovskite Manganite Nano Composite Studies Above Room Temperature. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Shao J, Wang JW, Liu DN, Wei L, Wu SQ, Ren H. A novel high permittivity percolative composite with modified MXene. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Jiang B, Iocozzia J, Zhao L, Zhang H, Harn YW, Chen Y, Lin Z. Barium titanate at the nanoscale: controlled synthesis and dielectric and ferroelectric properties. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1194-1228. [PMID: 30663742 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00583d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current trend in the miniaturization of electronic devices has driven the investigation into many nanostructured materials. The ferroelectric material barium titanate (BaTiO3) has garnered considerable attention over the past decade owing to its excellent dielectric and ferroelectric properties. This has led to significant progress in synthetic techniques that yield high quality BaTiO3 nanocrystals (NCs) with well-defined morphologies (e.g., nanoparticles, nanorods, nanocubes and nanowires) and controlled crystal phases (e.g., cubic, tetragonal and multi-phase). The ability to produce nanoscale BaTiO3 with controlled properties enables theoretical and experimental studies on the intriguing yet complex dielectric properties of individual BaTiO3 NCs as well as BaTiO3/polymer nanocomposites. Compared with polymer-free individual BaTiO3 NCs, BaTiO3/polymer nanocomposites possess several advantages. The polymeric component enables simple solution processibility, high breakdown strength and light weight for device scalability. The BaTiO3 component enables a high dielectric constant. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the synthesis of high-quality BaTiO3 NCs via a variety of chemical approaches including organometallic, solvothermal/hydrothermal, templating, molten salt, and sol-gel methods. We also summarize the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of individual BaTiO3 NCs and devices based on BaTiO3 NCs via theoretical modeling and experimental piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) studies. In addition, viable synthetic strategies for novel BaTiO3/polymer nanocomposites and their structure-composition-performance relationship are discussed. Lastly, a perspective on the future direction of nanostructured BaTiO3-based materials is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - James Iocozzia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Yeu-Wei Harn
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Yihuang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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25
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Al-Saleh MH. Carbon-based polymer nanocomposites as dielectric energy storage materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:062001. [PMID: 30523988 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf12c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured polymeric materials based on conductive nanofillers have promising applications in the energy storage field owing to the extraordinary characteristics of the nanofillers. Conductive nanofillers, such as graphene nanoplatelets, are characterized by small size, extraordinary surface area to volume ratio, high aspect-ratio and extremely low electrical resistivity. In this work, the dielectric behaviors and the corresponding energy storage capabilities of high aspect-ratio carbon nanofiller/polymer composites were reviewed. At the electrical percolation point, a conductive composite exhibits a sudden and remarkable enhancement in dielectric constant and dielectric loss. The challenge is to maintain the increase in dielectric constant while preventing the increase in dielectric loss. Various physical and chemical methodologies have been followed to overcome this challenge including surface chemistry modifications, physical alignment of nanofillers and utilizing of hybrid mixtures. Promising results were reported to minimize the energy loss due to the conductive network formation. Nanocomposites with a dielectric constant of 103 and dielectric loss of only 0.08 were successfully fabricated. However, more work is still needed for a further enhancement in dielectric constant and reduction in the energy loss and to improve the storage capabilities of the nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Al-Saleh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Department of Chemical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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26
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Cholleti ER, Stringer J, Assadian M, Battmann V, Bowen C, Aw K. Highly Stretchable Capacitive Sensor with Printed Carbon Black Electrodes on Barium Titanate Elastomer Composite. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 19:E42. [PMID: 30583533 PMCID: PMC6339149 DOI: 10.3390/s19010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics and soft robotics are emerging fields utilizing soft and stretchable sensors for a variety of wearable applications. In this paper, the fabrication of a highly stretchable capacitive sensor with a printed carbon black/Ecoflex interdigital capacitor is presented. The highly stretchable capacitive sensor was fabricated on a substrate made from barium titanate⁻EcoflexTM 00-30 composite, and could withstand stretching up to 100%. The designed highly stretchable capacitive sensor was robust, and showed good repeatability and consistency when stretched and relaxed for over 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Reddy Cholleti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan Stringer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Mahtab Assadian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Virginie Battmann
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, UK.
| | - Kean Aw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand.
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27
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Yao J, Hu L, Zhou M, You F, Jiang X, Gao L, Wang Q, Sun Z, Wang J. Synergistic Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity and Dielectric Properties in Al₂O₃/BaTiO₃/PP Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1536. [PMID: 30149676 PMCID: PMC6163919 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional polymer composites with both high dielectric constants and high thermal conductivity are urgently needed by high-temperature electronic devices and modern microelectromechanical systems. However, high heat-conduction capability or dielectric properties of polymer composites all depend on high-content loading of different functional thermal-conductive or high-dielectric ceramic fillers (every filler volume fraction ≥ 50%, i.e., ffiller ≥ 50%), and an overload of various fillers (fthermal-conductivefiller + fhigh-dielectricfiller > 50%) will decrease the processability and mechanical properties of the composite. Herein, series of alumina/barium titanate/polypropylene (Al₂O₃/BT/PP) composites with high dielectric- and high thermal-conductivity properties are prepared with no more than 50% volume fraction of total ceramic fillers loading, i.e., ffillers ≤ 50%. Results showed the thermal conductivity of the Al₂O₃/BT/PP composite is up to 0.90 W/m·K with only 10% thermal-conductive Al₂O₃ filler, which is 4.5 times higher than the corresponding Al₂O₃/PP composites. Moreover, higher dielectric strength (Eb) is also found at the same loading, which is 1.6 times higher than PP, and the Al₂O₃/BT/PP composite also exhibited high dielectric constant ( ε r = 18 at 1000 Hz) and low dielectric loss (tan δ ≤ 0.030). These excellent performances originate from the synergistic mechanism between BaTiO₃ macroparticles and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Li Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Feng You
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Xueliang Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Zhengguang Sun
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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28
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Pearsall FA, Lombardi J, O'Brien S. Monomer Derived Poly(Furfuryl)/BaTiO 3 0-3 Nanocomposite Capacitors: Maximization of the Effective Permittivity Through Control at the Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40324-40332. [PMID: 29091403 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Frequency stable, high permittivity nanocomposite capacitors produced under mild processing conditions offer an attractive replacement to MLCCs derived from conventional ceramic firing. Here, 0-3 nanocomposites were prepared using gel-collection derived barium titanate nanocrystals, suspended in a poly(furfuryl alcohol) matrix, resulting in a stable, high effective permittivity, low loss dielectric. The nanocrystals are produced at 60 °C, emerging as fully crystallized cubic BTO, 8 nm, paraelectric with a highly functional surface that enables both suspension and chemical reaction in organic solvents. The nanocrystals were suspended in furfuryl alcohol inside a uniquely prepared mold, in which volume fraction of nanocrystal filler (νf) could be varied. Polymerization of the matrix in situ at 70-90 °C resulted in a nanocomposite with a higher than anticipated effective permittivity (up to 50, with νf only 0.41, 0.5-2000 kHz), exceptional stability as a function of frequency, and very favorable dissipation factors (tan δ < 0.01, νf < 0.41; tan δ < 0.05, νf < 0.5). The increased permittivity is attributed to the covalent attachment of the poly(furfuryl alcohol) matrix to the surface of the nanocrystals, homogenizing the particle-matrix interface, limiting undercoordinated surface sites and reducing void space. XPS and FTIR confirmed strong interfacial interaction between matrix and nanocrystal surface. Effective medium approximations were used to compare this with similar nanocomposite systems. It was found that the high effective permittivity could not be attributed to the combination of two components alone, rather the creation of a hybrid nanocomposite possessing its own dielectric behavior. A nondispersive medium was selected to focus on the frequency dependent permittivity of the 8 nm barium titanate nanocrystals. Experimental corroboration with known theory is evident until a specific volume fraction (νf ≈ 0.3) where, due to a sharp increase in the effective permittivity, approximations fail to adequately describe the nanocomposite medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Pearsall
- The CUNY Energy Institute, City University of New York , Steinman Hall, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York , 1024 Marshak, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Julien Lombardi
- The CUNY Energy Institute, City University of New York , Steinman Hall, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York , 1024 Marshak, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Stephen O'Brien
- The CUNY Energy Institute, City University of New York , Steinman Hall, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York , 1024 Marshak, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10016, United States
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29
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Kazem N, Hellebrekers T, Majidi C. Soft Multifunctional Composites and Emulsions with Liquid Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605985. [PMID: 28425667 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Binary mixtures of liquid metal (LM) or low-melting-point alloy (LMPA) in an elastomeric or fluidic carrier medium can exhibit unique combinations of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This emerging class of soft multifunctional composites have potential applications in wearable computing, bio-inspired robotics, and shape-programmable architectures. The dispersion phase can range from dilute droplets to connected networks that support electrical conductivity. In contrast to deterministically patterned LM microfluidics, LMPA- and LM-embedded elastomer (LMEE) composites are statistically homogenous and exhibit effective bulk properties. Eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) and Ga-In-Sn (Galinstan) alloys are typically used due to their high conductivity, low viscosity, negligible nontoxicity, and ability to wet to nonmetallic materials. Because they are liquid-phase, these alloys can alter the electrical and thermal properties of the composite while preserving the mechanics of the surrounding medium. For composites with LMPA inclusions (e.g., Field's metal, Pb-based solder), mechanical rigidity can be actively tuned with external heating or electrical activation. This progress report, reviews recent experimental and theoretical studies of this emerging class of soft material architectures and identifies current technical challenges and opportunities for further advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Kazem
- Integrated Soft Materials Lab, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tess Hellebrekers
- Integrated Soft Materials Lab, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Integrated Soft Materials Lab, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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30
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31
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Chen MJ, Ning XK, Wang SF, Fu GS. Enhanced polarization and dielectricity in BaTiO3:NiO nanocomposite films modulated by the microstructure. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06627a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel and vertical interfaces in vertically and parallelly aligned nanocomposite thin films have been shown to be an effective method to manipulate functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Chen
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials
- The College of Physical Science and Technology
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- China
| | - X. K. Ning
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials
- The College of Physical Science and Technology
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- China
| | - S. F. Wang
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials
- The College of Physical Science and Technology
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- China
| | - G. S. Fu
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials
- The College of Physical Science and Technology
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- China
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32
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Kim SW, Choi HR, Han CS, Kim DB, Kim JW, Cho YS. Dielectric and current–voltage characteristics of flexible Ag/BaTiO 3 nanocomposite films processed at near room temperature. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11640c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A room temperature processing of printed Ag/BaTiO3 nanocomposites results in a flexible capacitor with a dielectric constant of 300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Hong Rak Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Chan Su Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Da Bin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Yong Soo Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
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33
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Li X, Deng H, Zhang Q, Chen F, Fu Q. The effect of DBP of carbon black on the dynamic self-assembly in a polymer melt. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three types of carbon black with different dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorption have been used to study the electrical percolation behavior in thermoplastic polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
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34
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Batra S, Cakmak M. Ultra-capacitor flexible films with tailored dielectric constants using electric field assisted assembly of nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20571-20583. [PMID: 26593234 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06253e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the chaining and preferential alignment of barium titanate nanoparticles (100 nm) through the thickness direction of a polymer matrix in the presence of an electric field is shown. Application of an AC electric field in a well-dispersed solution leads to the formation of chains of nanoparticles in discrete rows oriented with their primary axis in the E-field direction due to dielectrophoresis. The change in the orientation of these chains was quantified through statistical analysis of SEM images and was found to be dependent on E-field, frequency and viscosity. When a DC field is applied a distinct layer consisting of dense particles was observed with micro-computed tomography. These studies show that the increase in DC voltage leads to increase in the thickness of the particle rich layer along with the packing density also increasing. Increasing the mutual interactions between particles due to the formation of particle chains in the "Z"-direction decreases the critical percolation concentration above which substantial enhancement of properties occurs. This manufacturing method therefore shows promise to lower the cost of the products for a range of applications including capacitors by either enhancing the dielectric properties for a given concentration or reduces the concentration of nanoparticles needed for a given property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Batra
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio-44325, USA.
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35
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Guo Y, Han Y, Liu F, Zhou H, Chen F, Zhao T. Fluorinated bismaleimide resin with good processability, high toughness, and outstanding dielectric properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
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36
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Revathi R, Prabunathan P, Kumar M, Alagar M. Studies on graphene oxide–reinforced polybenzoxazine nanocomposites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315585013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, different weight percentages (1, 3, and 5 wt%) of benzoxazine-functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) were reinforced with polybenzoxazine (PBZ) matrix by means of ring-opening polymerization. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized for their thermal, mechanical, dielectric, and optical properties using different analytical techniques. From the results of these studies, it was observed that the 5 wt% FGO-reinforced PBZ composite shows an improved glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and dielectric constant to the extent of 18%, 39%, and 197%, respectively, when compared with those of neat PBZ matrix. Furthermore, 5 wt% FGO-reinforced PBZ composite also exhibits an enhanced ultraviolet shielding efficiency (88%), with improved tensile strength (52%) compared with those of neat PBZ matrix. The enhanced properties may be due to homogeneous and uniform distribution of FGO into the PBZ matrix, which was confirmed from scanning electron microscopic and high-resolution transmission electron microscopic images. Data obtained from these studies indicate that the developed nanocomposites with high dielectric constant can be used in the form of coatings, sealants, and encapsulates for high-performance dielectric as well as antistatic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Revathi
- Polymer Composite Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pichaimani Prabunathan
- Polymer Composite Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manmohan Kumar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Muthukaruppan Alagar
- Polymer Composite Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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37
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Zhang L, Zhao J, Huang EQ, Zha JW, Dang ZM. Preparation and dielectric properties of (Ba 0.5Sr 0.4Ca 0.1)TiO 3/polystyrene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Er-Quan Huang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Wei Zha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
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38
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Chen Y, Gao X, Wang J, He W, Silberschmidt VV, Wang S, Tao Z, Xu H. Properties and application of polyimide-based composites by blending surface functionalized boron nitride nanoplates. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - Xing Gao
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - Jinling Wang
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
| | - Vadim V. Silberschmidt
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - Shouxu Wang
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - Huan Xu
- Research and Development Department; Bomin Electronic Co., Ltd; Meizhou 514000 China
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39
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Riggs BC, Adireddy S, Rehm CH, Puli VS, Elupula R, Chrisey DB. Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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He L, Tjong SC. High dielectric permittivity and low loss tangent of polystyrene incorporated with hydrophobic core–shell copper nanowires. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04731e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Core–shell copper nanowires for improving the dielectric performance of polystyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang He
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
| | - Sie Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
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41
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Wan M, Srivastava AK, Dhawan PK, Yadav RR, Sant SB, Kripal R, Lee JH. High dielectric response of 2D-polyaniline nanoflake based epoxy nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05660h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposites of two dimensional nanoflake-like polyaniline fillers reinforced in an epoxy matrix have been synthesised and their dielectric properties have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Wan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Anoop K. Srivastava
- Division of Electronics Engineering
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- South Korea
| | - Punit K. Dhawan
- Physics Department
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad-211002
- India
| | - Raja Ram Yadav
- Physics Department
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad-211002
- India
| | - Sudhindra B. Sant
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Ram Kripal
- Physics Department
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad-211002
- India
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Division of Electronics Engineering
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- South Korea
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42
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Nayak S, Chaki TK, Khastgir D. Development of Flexible Piezoelectric Poly(dimethylsiloxane)–BaTiO3 Nanocomposites for Electrical Energy Harvesting. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502565f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakanta Nayak
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Chaki
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Dipak Khastgir
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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43
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Ariraman M, kumar RS, Alagar M. Design of cyanate ester/azomethine/ZrO2nanocomposites high-k dielectric materials by single step sol-gel approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathivathanan Ariraman
- Polymer Composites Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. Tech; Anna University; Chennai-600 025 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ramachandran Sasi kumar
- Polymer Composites Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. Tech; Anna University; Chennai-600 025 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Muthukaruppan Alagar
- Polymer Composites Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. Tech; Anna University; Chennai-600 025 Tamil Nadu India
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44
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Xie L, Huang X, Li BW, Zhi C, Tanaka T, Jiang P. Core-satellite Ag@BaTiO3 nanoassemblies for fabrication of polymer nanocomposites with high discharged energy density, high breakdown strength and low dielectric loss. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:17560-9. [PMID: 24037057 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric polymer nanocomposites with high dielectric constant have wide applications in high energy density electronic devices. The introduction of high dielectric constant ceramic nanoparticles into a polymer represents an important route to fabricate nanocomposites with high dielectric constant. However, the nanocomposites prepared by this method generally suffer from relatively low breakdown strength and high dielectric loss, which limit the further increase of energy density and energy efficiency of the nanocomposites. In this contribution, by using core-satellite structured ultra-small silver (Ag) decorated barium titanate (BT) nanoassemblies, we successfully fabricated high dielectric constant polymer nanocomposites with enhanced breakdown strength and lower dielectric loss in comparison with conventional polymer-ceramic particulate nanocomposites. The discharged energy density and energy efficiency are derived from the dielectric displacement-electric field loops of the polymer nanocomposites. It is found that, by using the core-satellite structured Ag@BT nanoassemblies as fillers, the polymer nanocomposites can not only have higher discharged energy density but also have high energy efficiency. The mechanism behind the improved electrical properties was attributed to the Coulomb blockade effect and the quantum confinement effect of the introduced ultra-small Ag nanoparticles. This study could serve as an inspiration to enhance the energy storage densities of dielectric polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Xie
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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45
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Zhan JY, Tian GF, Wu ZP, Qi SL, Wu DZ. Preparation of polyimide/BaTiO3/Ag nanocomposite films via in situ technique and study of their dielectric behavior. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Cao YJ, Zhu D, Ngai T, Qin L, Wu C, Shen J. Dielectric investigations on how Mg salt is dispersed in and released from polylactic acid. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Gao H, Lian K. A comparative study of nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2 fillers on proton conductivity and dielectric response of a silicotungstic acid-H3PO4-poly(vinyl alcohol) polymer electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:464-472. [PMID: 24320625 DOI: 10.1021/am4045103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2 fillers on a thin film silicotungstic acid (SiWA)-H3PO4-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) proton conducting polymer electrolyte were studied and compared with respect to their proton conductivity, environmental stability, and dielectric properties, across a temperature range from 243 to 323 K. Three major effects of these fillers have been identified: (a) barrier effect; (b) intrinsic dielectric constant effect; and (c) water retention effect. Dielectric analyses were used to differentiate these effects on polymer electrolyte-enabled capacitors. Capacitor performance was correlated to electrolyte properties through dielectric constant and dielectric loss spectra. Using a single-ion approach, proton density and proton mobility of each polymer electrolyte were derived as a function of temperature. The results allow us to deconvolute the different contributions to proton conductivity in SiWA-H3PO4-PVA-based electrolytes, especially in terms of the effects of fillers on the dynamic equilibrium of free protons and protonated water in the electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E4
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49
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Ariraman M, Sasi kumar R, Alagar M. Studies on FMCM-41 reinforced cyanate ester nanocomposites for low k applications. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The continual development of microelectronics needs insulation materials with lower dielectric constant (low k).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathivathanan Ariraman
- Polymer Composites Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- A. C. Tech
- Anna University
- Chennai-600 025, India
| | - Ramachandran Sasi kumar
- Polymer Composites Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- A. C. Tech
- Anna University
- Chennai-600 025, India
| | - Muthukaruppan Alagar
- Polymer Composites Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- A. C. Tech
- Anna University
- Chennai-600 025, India
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50
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Fredin LA, Li Z, Lanagan MT, Ratner MA, Marks TJ. Sustainable high capacitance at high frequencies: metallic aluminum-polypropylene nanocomposites. ACS NANO 2013; 7:396-407. [PMID: 23259679 DOI: 10.1021/nn3044148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The high-frequency dielectric response of 0-3 polypropylene nanocomposites prepared with the activated metallocene polymerization catalyst [rac-ethylenebisindenyl]zirconium dichlororide absorbed on the native Al(2)O(3) surfaces of metallic aluminum nanoparticles is characterized. The nanocomposites produced are randomly dispersed in the polyolefin matrix with no visible defects that might degrade film dielectric properties. Electrical measurements show that as the volume fraction of Al nanoparticles is increased, the effective permittivity of the nanocomposites increases, with ε(r) values reaching ~10 at relatively low frequency (1 MHz). Because of the high permittivity and conductivity contrast between the metal nanoparticles and the polypropylene matrix, Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars theory can be applied to model the loss at high frequencies and provide insight into how the nanocomposite high frequency response scales with Al volume fraction. At higher Al nanoparticle volume fractions, mixing theories predict greater densities of nanoparticle aggregates, consistent with the experimentally observed shift of the dielectric relaxation to lower frequencies. Although these nanocomposites undergo the predicted initial dielectric relaxation with increasing frequency, the metallic nanoparticle complex permittivity imbues the higher Al volume fraction materials with relatively high, sustainable permittivities, 6, at frequencies as high as 7 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Fredin
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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