1
|
Brown RCD. The Longer Route can be Better: Electrosynthesis in Extended Path Flow Cells. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2472-2487. [PMID: 34302434 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This personal account provides an overview of work conducted in my research group, and through collaborations with other chemists and engineers, to develop flow electrolysis cells and apply these cells in organic electrosynthesis. First, a brief summary of my training and background in organic synthesis is provided, leading in to the start of flow electrosynthesis in my lab in collaboration with Derek Pletcher. Our work on the development of extended path electrolysis flow reactors is described from a synthetic organic chemist's perspective, including laboratory scale-up to give several moles of an anodic methoxylation product in one day. The importance of cell design is emphasised with regards to achieving good performance in laboratory electrosynthesis with productivities from hundreds of mg h-1 to many g h-1 , at high conversion in a selective fashion. A simple design of recycle flow cell that can be readily constructed in a small University workshop is also discussed, including simple modifications to improve cell performance. Some examples of flow electrosyntheses are provided, including Shono-type oxidation, anodic cleavage of protecting groups, Hofer-Moest reaction of cubane carboxylic acids, oxidative esterification and amidation of aldehydes, and reduction of aryl halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, The University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dallaston MA, Houston SD, Williams CM. Cubane, Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane and Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane: Impact and Thermal Sensitiveness of Carboxyl-, Hydroxymethyl- and Iodo-substituents. Chemistry 2020; 26:11966-11970. [PMID: 32820575 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the burgeoning interest in cage motifs for bioactive molecule discovery, and the recent disclosure of 1,4-cubane-dicarboxylic acid impact sensitivity, more research into the safety profiles of cage scaffolds is required. Therefore, the impact sensitivity and thermal decomposition behavior of judiciously selected starting materials and synthetic intermediates of cubane, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP), and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO) were evaluated via hammer test and sealed cell differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Iodo-substituted systems were found to be more impact sensitive, whereas hydroxymethyl substitution led to more rapid thermodecomposition. Cubane was more likely to be impact sensitive with these substituents, followed by BCP, whereas all BCOs were unresponsive. The majority of derivatives were placed substantially above Yoshida thresholds-a computational indicator of sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine A Dallaston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Sevan D Houston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dallaston MA, Brusnahan JS, Wall C, Williams CM. Thermal and Sensitiveness Determination of Cubanes: Towards Cubane-Based Fuels for Infrared Countermeasures. Chemistry 2019; 25:8344-8352. [PMID: 31124182 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As infrared seeking technology evolves, threats are better able to distinguish defensive infrared (IR) flares from true targets. Spectrally matched flares, which generally employ carbon-based fuels, are better able to decoy some advanced missiles by more closely mimicking the IR emission of the target. Cubane is a high-energy carbon-based scaffold which may be suitable for use as a fuel in spectrally matched flares. The enthalpy of formation and strain energy of a series of cubanes was predicted in silico, and their thermal and impact stability examined. All were found to undergo highly exothermic decomposition in sealed cell differential scanning calorimetry, and two cubanes subsequently underwent quantitative sensitiveness testing. Despite their F of I values being in the secondary explosive range, cubane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (F of I=70) and 4-carbamoylcubane-1-carboxylic acid (F of I=90) were identified as potentially useful fuels for pyrotechnic infrared countermeasure flare formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine A Dallaston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Jason S Brusnahan
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, South Australia, 5111, Australia
| | - Craig Wall
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, South Australia, 5111, Australia
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jimenez LB, Puiatti M, Andrada DM, Brigante F, Crespo Andrada KF, Rossi RA, Priefer R, Pierini AB. Photoinduced nucleophilic substitution of iodocubanes with arylthiolate and diphenylphosphanide ions. Experimental and computational approaches. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39222-39230. [PMID: 35558007 PMCID: PMC9090936 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic route to modify the cubane nucleus is reported here. Methyl-4-iodocubane-1-carboxylate (1) and 1,4-diiodocubane (2) were employed as reagents to react with arylthiolate and diphenylphosphanide ions under irradiation in liquid ammonia and dimethylsulphoxide. The reactions proceed to afford thioaryl- and diphenylphosphoryl- cubane derivatives in moderate to good yields. It is also found that the monosubstituted product with retention of the second iodine is an intermediate compound. Mechanistic aspects are supported by DFT calculations. Photoinduced substitution of the cubane nucleus is reported here.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana B. Jimenez
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Marcelo Puiatti
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie
- Universität des Saarlandes
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Federico Brigante
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Karina F. Crespo Andrada
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Roberto A. Rossi
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Ronny Priefer
- College of Pharmacy
- Western New England University
- Springfield
- USA
| | - Adriana B. Pierini
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glassner M, Verbraeken B, Jerca VV, Van Hecke K, Tsanaktsidis J, Hoogenboom R. Poly(2-oxazoline)s with pendant cubane groups. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of poly(2-oxazoline)s with cubane side chains are explored in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Glassner
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
| | - Bart Verbraeken
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
| | - Valentin Victor Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
| | | | | | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biegasiewicz KF, Griffiths JR, Savage GP, Tsanaktsidis J, Priefer R. Cubane: 50 years later. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6719-45. [PMID: 26102302 DOI: 10.1021/cr500523x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle F Biegasiewicz
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Justin R Griffiths
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-1660, United States
| | - G Paul Savage
- §Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- §Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ronny Priefer
- ∥College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts 01119, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Falkiner MJ, Littler SW, McRae KJ, Savage GP, Tsanaktsidis J. Pilot-Scale Production of Dimethyl 1,4-Cubanedicarboxylate. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Falkiner
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stuart W. Littler
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kenneth J. McRae
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - G. Paul Savage
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yeh NH, Chen CW, Lee SL, Wu HJ, Chen CH, Luh TY. Polynorbornene-Based Double-Stranded Ladderphanes with Cubane, Cuneane, Tricyclooctadiene, and Cyclooctatetraene Linkers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Hua Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Chun-hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heaphy PJ, Griffiths JR, Dietz CJ, Paul Savage G, Priefer R. Cage opening and rearrangement of 1-iodocubane-4-carboxaldehyde. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
McGonagle AE, Savage GP. Free-Radical Polymerization and Ring-Expansion of a Cubane Acrylate: a Unique Low-Shrink Polymer. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A pendant cubane substituent has been incorporated into an acrylate polymer side chain to give poly[methyl 4-(acryloyloxymethyl)cubane carboxylate]. Treating this polymer with a rhodium(i) salt triggers a catalytic, ring-opening rearrangement of the cubane substructure to cyclooctatetraene, with a concomitant expansion in molecular volume. This system offers a unique opportunity to reverse the shrinkage associated with polymerization.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: annual survey covering the year 2003. Coord Chem Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|