1
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Berthold C, Müller M, Ivlev SI, Andrada DM, Buchner MR. Gauging ambiphilicity of pseudo-halides via beryllium-trispyrazolylborato compounds. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13547-13554. [PMID: 37721484 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The ambiphilicity of pseudo-halides has been the object of extensive debate. Herein, we use a series of trispyrazolylborato beryllium pseudo-halido complexes [TpBe(X')] with X' = CN-, N3-, NCO- and NCS- to explore the origins of the preferred isomers. Thus, we have synthesised and characterised through NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction these complexes. A combination with quantum chemical calculations within the DFT framework enabled an in-depth understanding of the bonding modes and preferences of the investigated pseudo-halido ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantsalmaa Berthold
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Diego M Andrada
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
| | - Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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2
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Fischer TL, Bödecker M, Schweer SM, Dupont J, Lepère V, Zehnacker-Rentien A, Suhm MA, Schröder B, Henkes T, Andrada DM, Balabin RM, Singh HK, Bhattacharyya HP, Sarma M, Käser S, Töpfer K, Vazquez-Salazar LI, Boittier ED, Meuwly M, Mandelli G, Lanzi C, Conte R, Ceotto M, Dietrich F, Cisternas V, Gnanasekaran R, Hippler M, Jarraya M, Hochlaf M, Viswanathan N, Nevolianis T, Rath G, Kopp WA, Leonhard K, Mata RA. The first HyDRA challenge for computational vibrational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22089-22102. [PMID: 37610422 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy in supersonic jet expansions is a powerful tool to assess molecular aggregates in close to ideal conditions for the benchmarking of quantum chemical approaches. The low temperatures achieved as well as the absence of environment effects allow for a direct comparison between computed and experimental spectra. This provides potential benchmarking data which can be revisited to hone different computational techniques, and it allows for the critical analysis of procedures under the setting of a blind challenge. In the latter case, the final result is unknown to modellers, providing an unbiased testing opportunity for quantum chemical models. In this work, we present the spectroscopic and computational results for the first HyDRA blind challenge. The latter deals with the prediction of water donor stretching vibrations in monohydrates of organic molecules. This edition features a test set of 10 systems. Experimental water donor OH vibrational wavenumbers for the vacuum-isolated monohydrates of formaldehyde, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, tetrahydrothiophene, trifluoroethanol, methyl lactate, dimethylimidazolidinone, cyclooctanone, trifluoroacetophenone and 1-phenylcyclohexane-cis-1,2-diol are provided. The results of the challenge show promising predictive properties in both purely quantum mechanical approaches as well as regression and other machine learning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija L Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Margarethe Bödecker
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sophie M Schweer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Dupont
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires dOrsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Valéria Lepère
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires dOrsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne Zehnacker-Rentien
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires dOrsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Martin A Suhm
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schröder
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Henkes
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Roman M Balabin
- Bond Street Holdings, Long Point Road, KN-1002 Henville Building 9, Charlestown, KN10 Nevis, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Haobam Kisan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | | | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Silvan Käser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kai Töpfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luis I Vazquez-Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric D Boittier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Mandelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Lanzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Conte
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Ceotto
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabian Dietrich
- Department of Physics Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Vicente Cisternas
- Department of Physics Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ramachandran Gnanasekaran
- Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), ChemistryDivision, Chennai 600 027, India
| | - Michael Hippler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Mahmoud Jarraya
- U. Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 BD Descartes 77454, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- U. Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 BD Descartes 77454, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Narasimhan Viswanathan
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Nevolianis
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Rath
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wassja A Kopp
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Leonhard
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Dettling L, Limberg N, Küppers R, Frost D, Weber M, Coles NT, Andrada DM, Müller C. Phosphorus derivatives of mesoionic carbenes: synthesis and characterization of triazaphosphole-5-ylidene → BF 3 adducts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10243-10246. [PMID: 37530480 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylsilyl-substituted triazaphospholes were synthesized by a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between organic azides and (CH3)3Si-CP. In an attempt to isolate their N-alkylated products, the formation of BF3 adducts of unprecedented triazaphosphol-5-ylidenes was found. The nature of the carboncarbene-boron bond was investigated within the DFT framework, revealing a strong donation of electrons from the carbene carbon atom to the boron atom combined with weak back-bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Dettling
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Niklas Limberg
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Raphaela Küppers
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Daniel Frost
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Manuela Weber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Nathan T Coles
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Universität des Saarlandes, Anorganische Chemie, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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4
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Sergeieva T, Demirer TI, Wuttke A, Mata RA, Schäfer A, Linker GJ, Andrada DM. Revisiting the origin of the bending in group 2 metallocenes AeCp 2 (Ae = Be-Ba). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37482883 PMCID: PMC10395002 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Metallocenes are well-established compounds in organometallic chemistry, and can exhibit either a coplanar structure or a bent structure according to the nature of the metal center (E) and the cyclopentadienyl ligands (Cp). Herein, we re-examine the chemical bonding to underline the origins of the geometry and stability observed experimentally. To this end, we have analysed a series of group 2 metallocenes [Ae(C5R5)2] (Ae = Be-Ba and R = H, Me, F, Cl, Br, and I) with a combination of computational methods, namely energy decomposition analysis (EDA), polarizability model (PM), and dispersion interaction densities (DIDs). Although the metal-ligand bonding nature is mainly an electrostatic interaction (65-78%), the covalent character is not negligible (33-22%). Notably, the heavier the metal center, the stronger the d-orbital interaction with a 50% contribution to the total covalent interaction. The dispersion interaction between the Cp ligands counts only for 1% of the interaction. Despite that orbital contributions become stronger for heavier metals, they never represent the energy main term. Instead, given the electrostatic nature of the metallocene bonds, we propose a model based on polarizability, which faithfully predicts the bending angle. Although dispersion interactions have a fair contribution to strengthen the bending angle, the polarizability plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Sergeieva
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - T Ilgin Demirer
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Axel Wuttke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - André Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Gerrit-Jan Linker
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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5
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Gimferrer M, Danés S, Andrada DM, Salvador P. Merging the Energy Decomposition Analysis with the Interacting Quantum Atoms Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37246911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) is a well-established approach to dissect the interaction energy into chemically sound components. Despite the inherent requirement of reference states has been a long-standing object of debate, the direct relation with the molecular orbital analysis helps in building up predictive models. The alternative molecular energy decomposition schemes that decompose the total energy into atomic and diatomic contributions, such as the interacting quantum atoms (IQA), has no external reference requirements and also the intra- and intermolecular interactions are treated on equal footing. However, a connection with heuristic chemical models are limited, bringing about a somewhat narrower predictive power. While efforts to reconcile the bonding picture obtained by both methodologies have been discussed in the past, a synergic combination of them has not been tackled yet. Herein, we present the use of IQA decomposition of the individual terms arising from the EDA in the context of intermolecular interactions, henceforth EDA-IQA. The method is applied to a molecular set covering a wide range of interaction types, including hydrogen bonding, charge-dipole, π-π and halogen interactions. We find that the electrostatic energy from EDA, entirely seen as intermolecular, leads to meaningful and non-negligible intra-fragment contributions upon IQA decomposition, originated from charge penetration. EDA-IQA also affords the decomposition of the Pauli repulsion term into intra- and inter-fragment contributions. The intra-fragment term is destabilizing, particularly for the moieties that are net acceptors of charge, while the inter-fragment Pauli term is actually stabilizing. In the case of the orbital interaction term, the sign and magnitude of the intra-fragment contribution at equilibrium geometries is largely driven by the amount of charge transfer, while the inter-fragment contribution is clearly stabilizing. EDA-IQA terms show a smooth behavior along the intermolecular dissociation path of selected systems. The new EDA-IQA methodology provides a richer energy decomposition scheme that aims at bridging the gap between the two main distinct real-space and Hilbert-space methodologies. Via this approach, the partitioning can be used directionally on all the EDA terms aiding in identifying the causal effects on geometries and/or reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnés 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnés 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnés 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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6
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Thoemmes AL, Morgenstern B, Zimmer M, Andrada DM, Scheschkewitz D. σ,π-Conjugated Bis(germylene) Adducts with NHC and CAACs. Chemistry 2023:e202301273. [PMID: 37114923 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Heavier tetrylenes attract attention for their potential in synthesis, catalysis and small molecule activation. The coordination by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) results in substantial structural and electronic differences although typically only one of these yields stable derivatives for one and the same tetrylene. We now report both NHC- and CAAC-coordination to a bridged bis(germylene) motif. The NHC-coordinated bis(germylene) exhibits pyramidal germanium centers with lone pairs of electrons, while with CAAC an unprecedented stable bis(germene) with two Ge=C bonds is isolated. Spectroscopic and crystallographic evidence as well as DFT calculations confirm the effects of σ,π-conjugation between the two germanium centers in both cases. The coordination of NHC is reversible as the reaction with BPh3 liberates the transient bis(germylene) and thus provides an alternative low-temperature route towards polymers with Ge=Ge bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Thoemmes
- Saarland University Faculty 8 Natural Sciences and Technology III: Universitat des Saarlandes Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultat, General and Inorganic Chemistry, Campus, Geb. C4.1, 66123, Saarbruecken, GERMANY
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Saarland University Faculty 8 Natural Sciences and Technology III: Universitat des Saarlandes Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultat, Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Campus, Geb. C4.1, 66123, Saarbruecken, GERMANY
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Saarland University Faculty 8 Natural Sciences and Technology III: Universitat des Saarlandes Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultat, General and Inorganic Chemistry, Campus, Geb. C4.1, 66123, Saarbruecken, GERMANY
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Saarland University Faculty 8 Natural Sciences and Technology III: Universitat des Saarlandes Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultat, General and Inorganic Chemistry, Campus, Geb. C4.1, 66123, Saarbruecken, GERMANY
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes, General and Inorganic Chemistry, Am Markt, Zeile 1, Campus Dudweiler, 66125, Saarbrücken, GERMANY
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7
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Mandal D, Demirer TI, Sergeieva T, Morgenstern B, Wiedemann HTA, Kay CWM, Andrada DM. Evidence of Al II Radical Addition to Benzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217184. [PMID: 36594569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic AlIII species have long dominated the aluminum reactivity towards arenes. Recently, nucleophilic low-valent AlI aluminyl anions have showcased oxidative additions towards arenes C-C and/or C-H bonds. Herein, we communicate compelling evidence of an AlII radical addition reaction to the benzene ring. The electron reduction of a ligand stabilized precursor with KC8 in benzene furnishes a double addition to the benzene ring instead of a C-H bond activation, producing the corresponding cyclohexa-1,3(orl,4)-dienes as Birch-type reduction product. X-ray crystallographic analysis, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT results suggest this reactivity proceeds through a stable AlII radical intermediate, whose stability is a consequence of a rigid scaffold in combination with strong steric protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdeep Mandal
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - T Ilgin Demirer
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Haakon T A Wiedemann
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Diego M Andrada
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Starting from tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadiene and an amidinate-supported silylene of the Roesky-type, a sequence of addition and reduction cleanly gives the elusive silapyramidane via an isolable cyclobutene intermediate with an exocyclic Si═C bond. The silapyramidane features an unusually shielded 29Si NMR resonance at -448.3 ppm for the apex silicon atom. Treatment with Fe2(CO)9 results in the formation of the corresponding silapyramidane-iron complex. Silapyramidane also reacts with the cyclobutadiene starting material to cleanly afford a fluorescent spirobis(silole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Imagawa
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Service Center X-ray Diffraction, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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9
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Sabater E, Solà M, Salvador P, Andrada DM. Cage-size effects on the encapsulation of P 2 by fullerenes. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:268-277. [PMID: 35546081 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The classic pnictogen dichotomy stands for the great contrast between triply bonding very stable N2 molecules and its heavier congeners, which appear as dimers or oligomers. A banner example involves phosphorus as it occurs in nature as P4 instead of P2 , given its weak π-bonds or strong σ-bonds. The P2 synthetic value has brought Lewis bases and metal coordination stabilization strategies. Herein, we discuss the unrealized encapsulation alternative using the well-known fullerenes' capability to form endohedral and stabilize otherwise unstable molecules. We chose the most stable fullerene structures from Cn (n = 50, 60, 70, 80) and experimentally relevant from Cn (n = 90 and 100) to computationally study the thermodynamics and the geometrical consequences of encapsulating P2 inside the fullerene cages. Given the size differences between P2 and P4 , we show that the fullerenes C70 -C100 are suitable cages to side exclude P4 and host only one molecule of P2 with an intact triple bond. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that the process is favorable, overcoming the dimerization energy. Additionally, we have evaluated the host-guest interaction to explain the origins of their stability using energy decomposition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Sabater
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Merschel A, Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ringenberg M, van Gastel M, Demirer TI, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Anions Based on Classical N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215244. [PMID: 36398890 PMCID: PMC10107637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first stable anions K[SIPrBp ] (4 a-K) and K[IPrBp ] (4 b-K) (SIPrBp =BpC{N(Dipp)CH2 }2 , IPrBp =BpC{N(Dipp)CH}2 ; Bp=4-PhC6 H4 ; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) derived from classical N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) (i.e. SIPr and IPr) have been isolated as violet crystalline solids. 4 a-K and 4 b-K are prepared by KC8 reduction of the neutral radicals [SIPrBp ] (3 a) and [IPrBp ] (3 b), respectively. The radicals 3 a and 3 b as well as [Me-IPrBp ] 3 c (Me-IPrBp =BpC{N(Dipp)CMe}2 ) are accessible as crystalline solids on treatment of the respective 1,3-imidazoli(ni)um bromides (SIPrBp )Br (2 a), (IPrBp )Br (2 b), and (Me-IPrBp )Br (2 c) with KC8 . The cyclic voltammograms of 2 a-2 c exhibit two one-electron reversible redox processes in -0.5 to -2.5 V region that correspond to the radicals 3 a-3 c and the anions (4 a-4 c)- . Computational calculations suggest a closed-shell singlet ground state for (4 a-4 c)- with the singlet-triplet energy gap of 17-24 kcal mol-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mark Ringenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - T Ilgin Demirer
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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11
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Merschel A, Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Ringenberg M, van Gastel M, Demirer TI, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Anions Based on Classical N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
- Current address: Department of Chemistry Philipps-University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 Marburg Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Mark Ringenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - T. Ilgin Demirer
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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12
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Merschel A, Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Ringenberg M, van Gastel M, Demirer TI, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Anions Based on Classical N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202217967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
- Current address: Department of Chemistry Philipps-University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 Marburg Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Mark Ringenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - T. Ilgin Demirer
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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13
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Gimferrer M, Danés S, Vos E, Yildiz CB, Corral I, Jana A, Salvador P, Andrada DM. Reply to the 'Comment on "The oxidation state in low-valent beryllium and magnesium compounds"' by S. Pan and G. Frenking, Chem. Sci., 2022, 13, DOI: 10.1039/D2SC04231B. Chem Sci 2023; 14:384-392. [PMID: 36687341 PMCID: PMC9811512 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05769g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent article by Pan and Frenking challenges our assignment of the oxidation state of low valent group 2 compounds. With this reply, we show that our assignment of Be(+2) and Mg(+2) oxidation states in Be(cAACDip)2 and Mg(cAACDip)2 is fully consistent with our data. Some of the arguments exposed by Pan and Frenking were based on visual inspection of our figures, rather than a thorough numerical analysis. We discuss with numerical proof that some of the statements made by the authors concerning our reported data are erroneous. In addition, we provide further evidence that the criterion of the lowest orbital interaction energy in the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) method is unsuitable as a general tool to assess the valence state of the fragments. Other indicators based on natural orbitals for chemical valence (NOCV) deliver a more reliable bonding picture. We also emphasize the importance of using stable wavefunctions for any kind of analysis, including EDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003 GironaSpain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003 GironaSpain,General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of SaarlandCampus C4.166123 SaarbrueckenGermany
| | - Eva Vos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049 Cantoblanco MadridSpain
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Aksaray UniversityHacilar Harmani 268100 AksarayTurkey
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049 Cantoblanco MadridSpain
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research HyderabadGopanpally500046 HyderabadTelanganaIndia
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003 GironaSpain
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of SaarlandCampus C4.166123 SaarbrueckenGermany
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14
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Rodstein I, Kelling L, Löffler J, Scherpf T, Sarbajna A, Andrada DM, Gessner VH. Formation of exceptional monomeric YPhos-PdCl 2 complexes with high activities in coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13552-13562. [PMID: 36507159 PMCID: PMC9683020 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04523k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of well-defined palladium(ii) complexes as precatalysts for C-X cross-coupling reactions has improved the use of palladium catalysts in organic synthesis including large-scale processes. Whereas sophisticated Pd(ii) precursors have been developed in the past years to facilitate catalyst activation as well as the handling of systems with more advanced monophosphine ligands, we herein report that simple PdCl2 complexes function as efficient precatalysts for ylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos). These complexes are readily synthesized from PdCl2 sources and form unprecedented monomeric PdCl2 complexes without the need for any additional coligand. Instead, these structures are stabilized through a unique bonding motif, in which the YPhos ligands bind to the metal through the adjacent phosphine and ylidic carbon site. DFT calculations showed that these bonds are both dative interactions with the stronger interaction originating from the electron-rich phosphine donor. This bonding mode leads to a remarkable stability even towards air and moisture. Nonetheless, the complexes readily form monoligated LPd(0) complexes and thus the active palladium(0) species in coupling reactions. Accordingly, the YPhos-PdCl2 complexes serve as highly efficient precatalysts for a series of C-C and C-X coupling reactions. Despite their simplicity they can compete with the efficiency of more complex and less stable precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Leif Kelling
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Abir Sarbajna
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of SaarlandCampus C4.166123 SaarbrueckenGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
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15
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Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler H, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of an Arsenic Diradicaloid with a Cyclic C 2 As 2 -Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207415. [PMID: 35652361 PMCID: PMC9545666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity studies of the first cyclic C2 As2 -diradicaloid {(IPr)CAs}2 (6) (IPr = C{N(Dipp)CH}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ). Treatment of (IPr)CH2 (1) with AsCl3 affords the Lewis adduct {(IPr)CH2 }AsCl3 (2). Compound 2 undergoes stepwise dehydrochlorination to yield {(IPr)CH}AsCl2 (3) and {(IPr)CAsCl}2 (5 a) or [{(IPr)CAs}2 Cl]OTf (5 b). Reduction of 5 a (or 5 b) with magnesium turnings gives 6 as a red crystalline solid in 90% yield. Compound 6 featuring a planar C2 As2 ring is diamagnetic and exhibits well resolved NMR signals. DFT calculations reveal a singlet ground state for 6 with a small singlet-triplet energy gap of 8.7 kcal mol-1 . The diradical character of 6 amounts to 20% (CASSCF, complete active space self consistent field) and 28% (DFT). Treatments of 6 with (PhSe)2 and Fe2 (CO)9 give rise to {(IPr)CAs(SePh)}2 (7) and {(IPr)CAs}2 Fe(CO)4 (8), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Steffenfauseweh
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Yury V. Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
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16
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Abstract
The BP unsaturated unit is a very attractive functional group as it provides novel reactivity and unique physical properties. Nonetheless, applications remain limited so far due to the bulky nature of B/P‐protecting groups, required to prevent oligomerization. Herein, we report the synthesis and isolation of a N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐stabilized phosphaborene, bearing a trimethylsilyl (TMS) functionality at the P‐terminal, as a room‐temperature‐stable crystalline solid accessible via facile NHC‐induced trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) elimination from its phosphinoborane precursor. This phosphaborene compound, bearing a genuine B=P bond, exhibits a remarkable ability for undergoing P‐centre metathesis reactions, which allows the isolation of a series of unprecedented phosphaborenes. X‐ray crystallographic analysis, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and DFT calculations provide insights into the B=P bonding situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Koner
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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17
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Koner A, Morgenstern B, Andrada DM. Metathese Reaktionen eines NHC‐stabilisierten Phosphaborens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Koner
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
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18
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Gimferrer M, Danés S, Vos E, Yildiz CB, Corral I, Jana A, Salvador P, Andrada DM. The oxidation state in low-valent beryllium and magnesium compounds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6583-6591. [PMID: 35756523 PMCID: PMC9172369 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-valent group 2 (E = Be and Mg) stabilized compounds have been long synthetically pursued. Here we discuss the electronic structure of a series of Lewis base-stabilized Be and Mg compounds. Despite the accepted zero(0) oxidation state nature of the group 2 elements of some recent experimentally accomplished species, the analysis of multireference wavefunctions provides compelling evidence for a strong diradical character with an oxidation state of +2. Thus, we elaborate on the distinction between a description as a donor-acceptor interaction L(0) ⇆ E(0) ⇄ L(0) and the internally oxidized situation, better interpreted as a diradical L(-1) → E(+2) ← L(-1) species. The experimentally accomplished examples rely on the strengthened bonds by increasing the π-acidity of the ligand; avoiding this interaction could lead to an unprecedented low-oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain,General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.166123 SaarbrueckenGermany
| | - Eva Vos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madridc/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049 Cantoblanco MadridSpain
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Aksaray UniversityHacilar harmani 268100 AksarayTurkey
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madridc/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049 Cantoblanco MadridSpain
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad-500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Gironac/M. Aurelia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Saarland, Campus C4.166123 SaarbrueckenGermany
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19
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Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Andrada DM, Ghadwal R. Isolation of an Arsenic Diradicaloid with a Cyclic C2As2‐Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beate Neumann
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Diego M. Andrada
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rajendra Ghadwal
- Universitat Bielefeld Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universitätstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld GERMANY
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20
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Poater J, Andrada DM, Solà M, Foroutan-Nejad C. Path-dependency of energy decomposition analysis & the elusive nature of bonding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2344-2348. [PMID: 35018916 PMCID: PMC8790740 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we provide evidence of the path-dependency of the energy components of the energy decomposition analysis scheme, EDA, by studying a set of thirty-one closed-shell model systems with the D2h symmetry point group. For each system, we computed EDA components from nine different pathways and numerically showed that the relative magnitudes of the components differ substantially from one path to the other. Not surprisingly, yet unfortunately, the most significant variations in the relative magnitudes of the EDA components appear in the case of species with bonds within the grey zone of covalency and ionicity. We further discussed that the role of anions and their effect on arbitrary Pauli repulsion energy components affects the nature of bonding defined by EDA. The outcome variation by the selected partitioning scheme of EDA might bring arbitrariness when a careful comparison is overlooked. Here, we provide evidence of the path-dependency of the energy components of the energy decomposition analysis scheme, EDA, by studying a set of thirty-one closed-shell model systems with the D2h symmetry point group.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Haider W, Calvin-Brown MD, Bischoff IA, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Müller C, Sergeieva T, Andrada DM, Schäfer A. Diarylpnictogenyldialkylalanes─Synthesis, Structures, Bonding Analysis, and CO 2 Capture. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1672-1684. [PMID: 34985262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several new diphenylamino- and diphenylphosphanyldialkylalanes are reported, which were characterized in solution and in the solid state, assisted by in-depth bonding analysis within the DFT framework. In the case of bulky alkyl substituents on the aluminum atom, the species are stable in their monomeric form and were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, expanding the relatively small field of monomeric pnictogenylalanes. In the case of oligomeric diphenylpnictogenyldimethylalanes, their reactivity toward different σ-donor ligands was studied, and several examples of monomeric adducts could be structurally characterized, including the first cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene complexes. The reactivity of these CAAC complexes, their oligomeric precursors, and an unstabilized monomeric aminoalane toward CO2 was probed, leading to different insertion products that could be characterized. Additionally, the mechanism was elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Haider
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marces Devonne Calvin-Brown
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Inga-Alexandra Bischoff
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
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22
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Abstract
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Low-valent group
15 compounds stabilized by pincer ligands have
gained particular interest, given their direct access to fine-tune
their reactivity by the coordination pattern. Recently, bismuth has
been employed in a variety of catalytic transformations by taking
advantage of the (+1/+3) redox couple. In this work, we present a
detailed quantum–chemical study on the electronic structure
of bismuth pincer complexes from two different families, namely, bis(ketimine)phenyl
(NCN) and triamide bismuthinidene (NNN). The use of the so-called
effective oxidation state analysis allows the unambiguous assignation
of the bismuth oxidation state. In contrast to previous studies, our
calculations suggest a Bi(+1) assignation for NCN pincer ligands,
while Bi(+3) character is found for NNN pincer complexes. Notably,
regardless of its oxidation state, the central bismuth atom disposes
of up to two lone pairs for coordinating Lewis acids, as indicated
by very high first and second proton affinity values. Besides, the
Bi–NNN systems can also accommodate two Lewis base ligands,
indicating also ambiphilic behavior. The effective fragment orbital
analysis of Bi and the ligand allows monitoring of the intricate electron
flow of these processes, revealing the noninnocent nature of the NNN
ligand, in contrast with the NCN one. By the dissection of the electron
density into effective fragment orbitals, we are able to quantify
and rationalize the Lewis base/acid character. Effective oxidation state analysis sheds
light on the electronic
structure of chemical systems. The oxidation state of bismuthinidene
pincer complexes can be assigned as Bi(+1) or Bi(+3) depending on
the nature of the ligands. Despite this assignation, the reactivity
pattern as Lewis base or acid is similar. The occupation of the effective
fragment orbitals gives a straightforward method to quantify the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Lewis-base coordinated iminoborane adducts, in contrast to their isoelectronic analogue imines, remain largely unexplored given the lack of efficient synthetic strategies for generating robust compounds. Herein, we report the preparation of a cyclic amino iminoborane carbene complex 2 obtained in quantitative yield by adding NHC to the 1,8-(trimethylsilyl)aminonaphthalene complex of boron 1 to induce the elimination of trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl). The iminoborane-NHC adduct 2 shows unprecedented thermal stability both in the solid and solution phases, due to the rigid, pre-established geometry of the 1,8-diaminonaphthalene scaffold. Theoretical calculations reveal an exceptionally strong iminoborane-NHC bond as a consequence of the enhanced boron-center acidity in combination with the lower steric and electronic shielding. We show that the chemical bond can be understood as donor-acceptor interaction, leading to a different kind of electronic situation of the B═N π-bond. The high conjugation between the pz-lone pair of the tricoordinated sp2 hybridized N atom and the B═N π-system results in a particularly long B═N double bond distance. Taking advantage of the pendant lone pair of the dicoordinated sp2 hybridized N atom, the iminoborane-NHC adduct gives access to NHC-stabilized borenium cation 3 through the reaction with trimethylsilyl triflate (Me3SiOTf) or to the gallium adduct 4 by reacting with GaCl3. Incorporating an iminoborane functional group into a π-conjugated system brings a new bonding situation for broadening the scope of BN-containing polyaromatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Koner
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry Group, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry Group, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry Group, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry Group, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Although silylene-carbonyl complexes are known for decades, only recently isolable examples have been accomplished. In this work, the bonding situation is re-evaluated to explain the origins of their remarkable stability within the Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory framework. It is shown that the chemical bond can be understood as CO interaction with the silylene via a donor-acceptor interaction: a σ-donation from the σCO into the empty p-orbital of silicon, and a π-back donation from the sp2 lone pair of silicon into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Notably, it was established that the driving force behind the surprisingly stable Si-CO compounds, however, is another π-back donation from a perpendicular bonding R-Si σ-orbital into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Consequently, the pyramidalization of the central silicon atom cannot be associated with the strength of the π-back donation, in sharp contrast to the established chemical bonding model. Considering this additional bonding interaction not only shed light on the bonding situation, but is also an indispensable key for broadening the scope of silylene-carbonyl chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Sergeieva
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Debdeep Mandal
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
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25
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Rottschäfer D, Glodde T, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of 1,4-Diarsinine-1,4-diide and 1,4-Diarsinine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15849-15853. [PMID: 34015179 PMCID: PMC9540016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1,4‐Diarsinine‐1,4‐diide compound [(ADCPh)As]2 (5) (ADCPh={C(DippN)}2CPh, Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) with a planar C4As2 ring fused between two 1,3‐imidazole scaffolds has been isolated as a red crystalline solid. Compound 5, formally comprising an 8π‐electron C4As2 ring, is antiaromatic and undergoes 2e‐oxidation with AgOTf to form the 6π‐electron aromatic system [(ADCPh)As]2(OTf)2 (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Timo Glodde
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry Group, Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Rottschäfer D, Glodde T, Neumann B, Stammler H, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolierung von 1,4‐Diarsinin‐1,4‐diid‐ und 1,4‐Diarsinin‐Derivaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Timo Glodde
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry Group Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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27
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Sharma MK, Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Danés S, Andrada DM, van Gastel M, Hinz A, Ghadwal RS. Metalloradical Cations and Dications Based on Divinyldiphosphene and Divinyldiarsene Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:5803-5809. [PMID: 33470468 PMCID: PMC8048781 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metalloradicals are key species in synthesis, catalysis, and bioinorganic chemistry. Herein, two iron radical cation complexes (3‐E)GaCl4 [(3‐E).+ = [{(IPr)C(Ph)E}2Fe(CO)3].+, E = P or As; IPr = C{(NDipp)CH}2, Dipp = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3] are reported as crystalline solids. Treatment of the divinyldipnictenes {(IPr)C(Ph)E}2 (1‐E) with Fe2(CO)9 affords [{(IPr)C(Ph)E}2Fe(CO)3] (2‐E), in which 1‐E binds to the Fe atom in an allylic (η3‐EECvinyl) fashion and functions as a 4e donor ligand. Complexes 2‐E undergo 1e oxidation with GaCl3 to yield (3‐E)GaCl4. Spin density analysis revealed that the unpaired electron in (3‐E).+ is mainly located on the Fe (52–64 %) and vinylic C (30–36 %) atoms. Further 1e oxidation of (3‐E)GaCl4 leads to unprecedented η3‐EECvinyl to η3‐ECvinylCPh coordination shuttling to form the dications (4‐E)(GaCl4)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sergi Danés
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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28
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Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Sergeieva T, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of a 16π-Electrons 1,4-Diphosphinine-1,4-diide with a Planar C 4 P 2 Ring. Chemistry 2021; 27:3055-3064. [PMID: 33080114 PMCID: PMC7898681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first 1,4-diphosphinine-1,4-diide compound [(ADCPh )P]2 (5-Ph) (ADCPh =PhC{(NDipp)C}2 ; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) derived from an anionic dicarbene (ADCPh ) as a red crystalline solid. Compound 5-Ph containing a 16π-electron planar fused-tricyclic ring system was obtained by the 4e reduction of [(ADCPh )PCl2 ]2 (4-Ph) with Mg (or KC8 ) in a quantitative yield. Experimental and computational results imply that the central 8π-electrons C4 P2 ring of 5-Ph, which is fused between two 6π-electrons C3 N2 aromatic rings, is antiaromatic. Thus, each of the phosphorus atoms of 5-Ph has two electron-lone-pairs, one in a p-type orbital is in conjugation with the C=C bonds of the C4 P2 ring, while the second resides in a σ-symmetric orbital. This can be shown with the gold complex [(ADCPh )P(AuCl)2 ]2 (6-Ph) obtained by reacting 5-Ph with (Me2 S)AuCl. A mixture of 5-Ph and 4-Ph undergoes comproportionation in the presence of MgCl2 to form the intermediate oxidation state compound [(ADCAr )P]2 (MgCl4 ) (7-Ph), which is an aromatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupAllgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des SaarlandesCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupAllgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des SaarlandesCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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29
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Salvador P, Vos E, Corral I, Andrada DM. Über die klassische Elektronenpaar‐ und die dative Bindung hinaus: Die Spin‐polarisierte Bindung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química Universitat de Girona c/M Aurelia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spanien
| | - Eva Vos
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Módulo 13, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Módulo 13, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
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30
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Salvador P, Vos E, Corral I, Andrada DM. Beyond the Classical Electron-Sharing and Dative Bond Picture: Case of the Spin-Polarized Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1498-1502. [PMID: 32866305 PMCID: PMC7839703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical bonds are traditionally assigned as electron-sharing or donor-acceptor/dative. External criteria such as the nature of the dissociation process, energy partitioning schemes, or quantum chemical topology are invoked to assess the bonding situation. However, for systems with marked multi-reference character, this binary categorization might not be precise enough to render the bonding properties. A third scenario can be foreseen: spin polarized bonds. To illustrate this, the case of a NaBH3 - cluster is presented. According to the analysis NaBH3 - exhibits a strong diradical character and cannot be classified as either electron-sharing or a dative bond. Elaborated upon are the common problems of popular bonding descriptions. Additionally, a simple model, based on the bond order and local spin indicators, which discriminates between all three bonding situations, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/M Aurelia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Eva Vos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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31
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Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of Elusive Electrophilic Phosphinidene Complexes with π-Donor N-Heterocyclic Vinyl Substituents. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14351-14359. [PMID: 32297512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphinidene complexes of the general formula RPM(CO)n (R = an alkyl or aryl group; M = a transition metal) are electrophilic and thermally unstable. Thus, the isolation of these elusive species for structural elucidations remains a challenge. Herein, we report the first terminal phosphinidene complexes [{(NHC)C(Ph)}P]Fe(CO)4 [NHC = IPr = C{(NDipp)CH}2 for 3; Me-IPr = C{(NDipp)CMe}2 for 4; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene] as red crystalline solids containing a π-donor N-heterocyclic vinyl (NHV) substituent at the phosphorus atom. Calculations reveal donor-acceptor type bonding between phosphorus and iron atoms in 3 and 4. The P → Fe donation represents ∼70% of the orbital interaction, whereas the Fe → P π-back-donation corresponds to ∼15% of the orbital interaction. The phosphorus atoms in 3 and 4 carry charges of +0.65e and +0.64e, respectively, indicating the electrophilic character of the phosphinidene {(NHC)C(Ph)}P moiety. Accordingly, 3 reacts with an NHC nucleophile (IMe4) to yield the Lewis adduct [{(NHC)C(Ph)}P(IMe4)]Fe(CO)4 (5) [IMe4 = C(NMeCMe)2]. The coordination of an electron-rich NHC (IMe4) to the phosphorus atom in 5 precludes the π-electron density transfer from the NHV to the phosphorus atom. Thus, the CIPr-Cvinyl and Cvinyl-P bonds of 5 become shorter and longer, respectively, compared to those of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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32
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Danés S, Müller C, Wirtz L, Huch V, Block T, Pöttgen R, Schäfer A, Andrada DM. Bonding Situation in Stannocene and Plumbocene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Danés
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Lisa Wirtz
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Theresa Block
- University of Münster, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- University of Münster, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
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33
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Imrit YA, Bhakhoa H, Sergeieva T, Danés S, Savoo N, Elzagheid MI, Rhyman L, Andrada DM, Ramasami P. A theoretical study of the hydrolysis mechanism of A-234; the suspected novichok agent in the Skripal attack. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27884-27893. [PMID: 35519147 PMCID: PMC9055627 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A-234, [EtO–P(
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
]]>
O)(F)–NC(Me)–N(Et)2], is the suspected A-type nerve agent used in the Skripal attack on the 4th of March 2018. Studies related to the structure and reactivity of this compound are limited. We, therefore, aimed at understanding the underlying hydrolysis mechanism of A-234 within the DFT framework. The attack of the water molecule can occur at the phosphinate and acetoamidine reactive centres. Our theoretical findings indicate that the hydrolysis at the acetoamidine centre is thermodynamically favoured compared to the hydrolysis at the phosphinate centre. The hydrolysis at the acetoamidine moiety may proceed via two pathways, depending on the nitrogen atom participating in the hydrolysis. The main pathway consists of four distinct channels to reach the final product, with the concerted 1,3-proton shift favoured kinetically and thermodynamically in the gas phase and water as solvent. The results are in good agreement with the literature, although some differences in the reaction mechanism were observed. A theoretical study of the hydrolysis mechanism of A-234 [EtO–P(O)(F)–NC(Me)–N(Et)2]; the suspected novichok agent in the Skripal attack.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadhav A. Imrit
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Hanusha Bhakhoa
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Sergi Danés
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Nandini Savoo
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Mohamed I. Elzagheid
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
- Jubail Industrial College
- Jubail Industrial City 31961
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
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Andrada DM, Foroutan-Nejad C. Energy components in energy decomposition analysis (EDA) are path functions; why does it matter? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22459-22464. [PMID: 32996940 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we discuss that unlike bond dissociation energy (BDE) that is a state function quantity, the energy components of the energy decomposition analysis (EDA), i.e. electrostatic interaction, Pauli repulsion, and orbital interaction, are path (process) function quantities. Being a path function means that EDA energy components are not uniquely defined, i.e. the relative magnitudes of the orbital interaction, Pauli repulsion, and electrostatic components may vary depending on the selected pathway for EDA. Therefore, at best, EDA can define whether closely related chemical bonds are more or less ionic/covalent compared with each other. However, a precise assessment of the nature of a certain type of chemical bond using EDA is a questionable task. Besides, we briefly discuss that the widely used EDA pathway, which is merely an arbitrary choice among infinite possible paths, comes to conclusions not consistent with our widely accepted knowledge of bond formation even for the simplest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany.
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Rottschäfer D, Sharma MK, Neumann B, Stammler H, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. A Modular Access to Divinyldiphosphenes with a Strikingly Small HOMO–LUMO Energy Gap. Chemistry 2019; 25:8127-8134. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Mahendra K. Sharma
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Müller C, Andrada DM, Bischoff IA, Zimmer M, Huch V, Steinbrück N, Schäfer A. Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding Analysis of Tin(II) Dihalide and Cyclopentadienyltin(II) Halide (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Müller
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Inga-Alexandra Bischoff
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Nils Steinbrück
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
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Sharma MK, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Electrophilic terminal arsinidene-iron(0) complexes with a two-coordinated arsenic atom. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14669-14672. [PMID: 31746858 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The electrophilic arsinidene complexes 5 and 6 featuring a two-coordinated arsenic atom have been isolated as crystalline solids. Complex 5 readily reacts with an NHC nucleophile (IMe4) to give the Lewis adduct 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien
- Fakultät für Chemie
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien
- Fakultät für Chemie
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien
- Fakultät für Chemie
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie
- Universität des Saarlandes
- D-66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien
- Fakultät für Chemie
- Universität Bielefeld
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Abstract
A bis(aluminocenophane) with a remarkably short Al–Al single bond, which was studied in detail by DFT calculations, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Haider
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Inga-Alexandra Bischoff
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
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Yang T, Andrada DM, Frenking G. Dative versus electron-sharing bonding in N-imides and phosphane imides R3ENX and relative energies of the R2EN(X)R isomers (E = N, P; R = H, Cl, Me, Ph; X = H, F, Cl). Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1542166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institut für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Kekulé diradicaloids derived from a classical N-heterocyclic carbene. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4970-4976. [PMID: 29938024 PMCID: PMC5989652 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct double carbenylation of 1,4-diiodobenzene and 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl with a classical N-heterocyclic carbene, SIPr (1) (SIPr = :C{N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)}2CH2CH2), by means of nickel catalysis gives rise to 1,3-imidazolinium salts [(SIPr)(C6H4)(SIPr)](I)2 (2) and [(SIPr)(C6H4)2(SIPr)](Br)2 (3) as off-white solids. Two-electron reduction of 2 and 3 with KC8 cleanly yields Kekulé diradicaloid compounds [(SIPr)(C6H4)(SIPr)] (4) and [(SIPr)(C6H4)2(SIPr)] (5), respectively, as crystalline solids. Structural parameters and DFT as well as CASSCF calculations suggest the closed-shell singlet ground state for 4 and 5. Calculations reveal a very low singlet-triplet energy gap ΔES-T for 5 (10.7 kcal mol-1), while ΔES-T for 4 (29.1 kcal mol-1) is rather large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse , Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Centrum für Molekulare Materialien , Fakultät für Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany . ; http://www.ghadwalgroup.de ; ; Tel: +49 521 106 6167
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse , Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Centrum für Molekulare Materialien , Fakultät für Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany . ; http://www.ghadwalgroup.de ; ; Tel: +49 521 106 6167
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse , Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Centrum für Molekulare Materialien , Fakultät für Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany . ; http://www.ghadwalgroup.de ; ; Tel: +49 521 106 6167
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie , Universität des Saarlandes , Campus C4.1 , D-66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse , Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Centrum für Molekulare Materialien , Fakultät für Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany . ; http://www.ghadwalgroup.de ; ; Tel: +49 521 106 6167
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Andrada
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
- Present address: Institut für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - José Luis Casals-Sainz
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry; University of Oviedo; E-33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry; University of Oviedo; E-33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis; Nanjing Tech University; 211816 Nanjing China
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Soria-Castro SM, Andrada DM, Caminos DA, Argüello JE, Robert M, Peñéñory AB. Mechanistic Insight into the Cu-Catalyzed C-S Cross-Coupling of Thioacetate with Aryl Halides: A Joint Experimental-Computational Study. J Org Chem 2018; 82:11464-11473. [PMID: 28960986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the Ullmann-type reaction between potassium thioacetate (KSAc) and iodobenzene (PhI) catalyzed by CuI associated with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as a ligand was explored experimentally and computationally. The study on C-S bond formation was investigated by UV-visible spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry, mass spectrometry, and products assessment from radical probes. The results indicate that under experimental conditions the catalytically active species is [Cu(phen)(SAc)] regardless of the copper source. An examination of the aryl halide activation mechanism using radical probes was undertaken. No evidence of the presence of radical species was found during the reaction process, which is consistent with an oxidative addition cross-coupling pathway. The different reaction pathways leading to the experimentally observed reaction products were studied by DFT calculation. The oxidative addition-reductive elimination mechanism via an unstable CuIII intermediate is energetically more feasible than other possible mechanisms such as single electron transfer, halogen atom transfer, and σ-bond methatesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Soria-Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, INFIQC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET , X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie , Hans-Meerwein straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel A Caminos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, INFIQC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET , X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan E Argüello
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, INFIQC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET , X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marc Robert
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité , 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Alicia B Peñéñory
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, INFIQC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET , X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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Rottschäfer D, Ho NKT, Neumann B, Stammler HG, van Gastel M, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Thiele and Chichibabin Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Nga Kim T. Ho
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Rottschäfer D, Ho NKT, Neumann B, Stammler HG, van Gastel M, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Thiele and Chichibabin Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5838-5842. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Nga Kim T. Ho
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Engelhardt F, Maaß C, Andrada DM, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Benchmarking lithium amide versus amine bonding by charge density and energy decomposition analysis arguments. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3111-3121. [PMID: 29732094 PMCID: PMC5916014 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated [{(Me2NCH2)2(C4H2N)}Li]2 (1) by means of experimental charge density calculations based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and DFT calculations using energy decomposition analysis (EDA).
Lithium amides are versatile C–H metallation reagents with vast industrial demand because of their high basicity combined with their weak nucleophilicity, and they are applied in kilotons worldwide annually. The nuclearity of lithium amides, however, modifies and steers reactivity, region- and stereo-selectivity and product diversification in organic syntheses. In this regard, it is vital to understand Li–N bonding as it causes the aggregation of lithium amides to form cubes or ladders from the polar Li–N covalent metal amide bond along the ring stacking and laddering principle. Deaggregation, however, is more governed by the Li←N donor bond to form amine adducts. The geometry of the solid state structures already suggests that there is σ- and π-contribution to the covalent bond. To quantify the mutual influence, we investigated [{(Me2NCH2)2(C4H2N)}Li]2 (1) by means of experimental charge density calculations based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and DFT calculations using energy decomposition analysis (EDA). This new approach allows for the grading of electrostatic Li+N–, covalent Li–N and donating Li←N bonding, and provides a way to modify traditional widely-used heuristic concepts such as the –I and +I inductive effects. The electron density ρ(r) and its second derivative, the Laplacian ∇2ρ(r), mirror the various types of bonding. Most remarkably, from the topological descriptors, there is no clear separation of the lithium amide bonds from the lithium amine donor bonds. The computed natural partial charges for lithium are only +0.58, indicating an optimal density supply from the four nitrogen atoms, while the Wiberg bond orders of about 0.14 au suggest very weak bonding. The interaction energy between the two pincer molecules, (C4H2N)22–, with the Li22+ moiety is very strong (ca. –628 kcal mol–1), followed by the bond dissociation energy (–420.9 kcal mol–1). Partitioning the interaction energy into the Pauli (ΔEPauli), dispersion (ΔEdisp), electrostatic (ΔEelstat) and orbital (ΔEorb) terms gives a 71–72% ionic and 25–26% covalent character of the Li–N bond, different to the old dichotomy of 95 to 5%. In this regard, there is much more potential to steer the reactivity with various substituents and donor solvents than has been anticipated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Engelhardt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Christian Maaß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Universität des Saarlandes , Campus Gebäude C4.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany . ;
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler H, van Gastel M, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Radicals Derived from Classical N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, van Gastel M, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Radicals Derived from Classical N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4765-4768. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Jimenez LB, Puiatti M, Andrada DM, Brigante F, Crespo Andrada KF, Rossi RA, Priefer R, Pierini AB. Photoinduced nucleophilic substitution of iodocubanes with arylthiolate and diphenylphosphanide ions. Experimental and computational approaches. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39222-39230. [PMID: 35558007 PMCID: PMC9090936 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic route to modify the cubane nucleus is reported here. Methyl-4-iodocubane-1-carboxylate (1) and 1,4-diiodocubane (2) were employed as reagents to react with arylthiolate and diphenylphosphanide ions under irradiation in liquid ammonia and dimethylsulphoxide. The reactions proceed to afford thioaryl- and diphenylphosphoryl- cubane derivatives in moderate to good yields. It is also found that the monosubstituted product with retention of the second iodine is an intermediate compound. Mechanistic aspects are supported by DFT calculations. Photoinduced substitution of the cubane nucleus is reported here.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana B. Jimenez
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Marcelo Puiatti
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie
- Universität des Saarlandes
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Federico Brigante
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Karina F. Crespo Andrada
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Roberto A. Rossi
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Ronny Priefer
- College of Pharmacy
- Western New England University
- Springfield
- USA
| | - Adriana B. Pierini
- INFIQC
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
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49
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Yang T, Andrada DM, Frenking G. Dative versus electron-sharing bonding in N-oxides and phosphane oxides R3EO and relative energies of the R2EOR isomers (E = N, P; R = H, F, Cl, Me, Ph). A theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11856-11866. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using ab initio methods at the CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPP level and density functional theory using BP86 and M06-2X functionals in conjunction with def2-TZVPP basis sets have been carried out on the title molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- Marburg 35032
- Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- Marburg 35032
- Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- Marburg 35032
- Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | | | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Spain
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