1
|
Lee JH, Kim YW, Kim DJ, Chung NK, Jung JK. Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring the Temperature Dependence of H 2 Permeation Parameters in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Polymer Composites Blended with Fillers: The Volumetric Analysis Method and the Differential Pressure Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:280. [PMID: 38276688 PMCID: PMC10821381 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen uptake/diffusivity in nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blended with carbon black (CB) and silica fillers was measured with a volumetric analysis method in the 258-323 K temperature range. The temperature-dependent H2 diffusivity was obtained by assuming constant solubility with temperature variations. The logarithmic diffusivity decreased linearly with increasing reciprocal temperature. The diffusion activation energies were calculated with the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies for NBR blended with high-abrasion furnace CB and silica fillers increased linearly with increasing filler content. For NBR blended with medium thermal CB filler, the activation energy decreased with increasing filler content. The activation energy filler dependency is similar to the glass transition temperature filler dependency, as determined with dynamic mechanical analysis. Additionally, the activation energy was compared with that obtained by the differential pressure method through permeability temperature dependence. The same activation energy between diffusion and permeation in the range of 33-39 kJ/mol was obtained, supporting the temperature-independent H2 solubility and H2 physisorption in polymer composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hun Lee
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
- Department of Measurement Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Won Kim
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Jung Kim
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
| | - Nak Kwan Chung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
| | - Jae Kap Jung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barkane A, Jurinovs M, Briede S, Platnieks O, Onufrijevs P, Zelca Z, Gaidukovs S. Biobased Resin for Sustainable Stereolithography: 3D Printed Vegetable Oil Acrylate Reinforced with Ultra-Low Content of Nanocellulose for Fossil Resin Substitution. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2023; 10:1272-1286. [PMID: 38116215 PMCID: PMC10726172 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of biobased materials in additive manufacturing is a promising long-term strategy for advancing the polymer industry toward a circular economy and reducing the environmental impact. In commercial 3D printing formulations, there is still a scarcity of efficient biobased polymer resins. This research proposes vegetable oils as biobased components to formulate the stereolithography (SLA) resin. Application of nanocellulose filler, prepared from agricultural waste, remarkably improves the printed material's performance properties. The strong bonding of nanofibrillated celluloses' (NFCs') matrix helps develop a strong interface and produce a polymer nanocomposite with enhanced thermal properties and dynamical mechanical characteristics. The ultra-low NFC content of 0.1-1.0 wt% (0.07-0.71 vol%) was examined in printed samples, with the lowest concentration yielding some of the most promising results. The developed SLA resins showed good printability, and the printing accuracy was not decreased by adding NFC. At the same time, an increase in the resin viscosity with higher filler loading was observed. Resins maintained high transparency in the 500-700 nm spectral region. The glass transition temperature for the 0.71 vol% composition increased by 28°C when compared to the nonreinforced composition. The nanocomposite's stiffness has increased fivefold for the 0.71 vol% composition. The thermal stability of printed compositions was retained after cellulose incorporation, and thermal conductivity was increased by 11%. Strong interfacial interactions were observed between the cellulose and the polymer in the form of hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl and ester groups, which were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. This research demonstrates a great potential to use acrylated vegetable oils and nanocellulose fillers as a feedstock to produce high-performance resins for sustainable SLA 3D printing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anda Barkane
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Jurinovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sabine Briede
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Pavels Onufrijevs
- Institute of Technical Physics, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Zelca
- Institute of Design Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Liang Y, Yao Y, Wang H, Lin T, Gao Y, Wang X, Xue G. Chain Dynamics of Partially Disentangled UHMWPE around Melting Point Characterized by 1H Low-Field Solid-State NMR. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081910. [PMID: 37112057 PMCID: PMC10142606 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melts of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) entangled significantly, suffering processing difficulty. In this work, we prepared partially disentangled UHMWPE by freeze-extracting, exploring the corresponding enchantment of chain mobility. Fully refocused 1H free induction decay (FID) was used to capture the difference in chain segmental mobility during the melting of UHMWPE with different degrees of entanglement by low-field solid-state NMR. The longer the polyethylene (PE) chain is in a less-entangled state, the harder the process of merging into mobile parts after detaching from crystalline lamella during melting. 1H double quantum (DQ) NMR was further used to obtain information caused by residual dipolar interaction. Before melting, the DQ peak appeared earlier in intramolecular-nucleated PE than in intermolecular-nucleated PE because of the strong constraints of crystals in the former one. During melting, less-entangled UHMWPE could keep disentangled while less-entangled high density polyethylene (HDPE) could not. Unfortunately, no noticeable difference was found in DQ experiments between PE melts with different degrees of entanglement after melting. It was ascribed to the small contribution of entanglements compared with total residual dipolar interaction in melts. Overall, less-entangled UHMWPE could reserve its disentangled state around the melting point long enough to achieve a better way of processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuling Liang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yingjie Yao
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tong Lin
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gi Xue
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang LZ, Song K, Yang CW, Han JJ, Yang TT, Xu JZ, Sun GA, Li ZM, Liu D. Elongation induced demonstration of the fraction dependent filler network structures in silicone rubber: An in situ SAXS study. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
|
5
|
Uchida K, Mita K, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Conformational relaxation of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer at a solid interface. Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
|
6
|
Ren T, Song P, Yang W, Formela K, Wang S. Reinforcing and plasticizing effects of reclaimed rubber on the vulcanization and properties of natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ren
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Song
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Technology Reserch Center Gansu Gonghanglv Low Carbon Technology Co., Ltd. Lanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Technology Gdańsk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland
- Advanced Materials Center Gdańsk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bakirov AV, Krasheninnikov SV, Shcherbina MA, Meshkov IB, Kalinina AA, Gorodov VV, Tatarinova EA, Muzafarov AM, Chvalun SN. True Molecular Composites: Unusual Structure and Properties of PDMS-MQ Resin Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15. [PMID: 36616398 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(dimethyl siloxane)-MQ rubber molecular composites are easy to prepare, as it does not require a heterophase mixing of ingredients. They are characterized by perfect homogeneity, so they are very promising as rubber materials with controllable functional characteristics. The manuscript reveals that MQ resin particles can significantly, more than by two orders of magnitude, enhance the mechanical properties of poly(dimethyl siloxane), and, as fillers, they are not inferior to aerosils. In the produced materials, MQ particles play a role of the molecular entanglements, so rubber molecular weight and MQ filler concentration are the parameters determining the structure and properties of such composites. Moreover, a need for a saturation of the reactive groups and minimization of the surface energy of MQ particles also determine the size and distribution of the filler at different filler rates. An unusual correlation of the concentration of MQ component and the interparticle spacing was revealed. Based on the extraordinary mechanical properties and structure features, a model of the structure poly(dimethyl siloxane)-rubber molecular composites and of its evolution in the process of stretching, was proposed.
Collapse
|
8
|
He S, Zhang F, Liu S, Cui H, Chen S, Peng W, Chen G, Liao X, Liao L. Influence of sizes of rubber particles in latex on mechanical properties of natural rubber filled with carbon black. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
da Silva AA, da Rocha EBD, Linhares FN, de Sousa AMF, Carvalho NMF, Furtado CRG. Replacement of ZnO by ecofriendly synthesized MgO in the NBR vulcanization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022; 79:8535-8549. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Wang J, Jia H. The Effects of Carbon-Silica Dual-Phase Filler on the Crosslink Structure of Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3897. [PMID: 36146042 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon–silica dual-phase filler (CSDPF)/natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate was prepared by mechanical blending, followed by a hot-press vulcanization. The dispersion of CSDPF in the NR matrix and the effects of CSDPF on the filler–rubber interaction and structure of the rubber network were studied. Scanning electron microscope results showed that CSDPF dispersed uniformly; however, there were some aggregates of CSDPF when loading too many fillers. With an increase in CSDPF, the interaction between CSDPF and NR chains increases, which was detected by bound rubber in the CSDPF/NR compound. The spectra of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that CSDPF could promote the formation of poly-sulfidic crosslink in the rubber vulcanization network. Further, the molecular chain movement ability of vulcanizates decreases according to the spin–spin relaxation of 1H nuclei in CSDPF/NR compounds. The crosslink density of vulcanizate increases, while the chemical crosslink and physical crosslink in the vulcanization network also increase according to the tube model.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang X, Yuan X, Guo X, Zeng F, Liu G. Determination of three‐dimensional solubility parameters of HNBR/EPDM blends and the transport behaviors in ester solvents. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Jiang
- Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Xiaojing Yuan
- Combat Support College PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering Xi'an China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Combat Support College PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering Xi'an China
| | - Fanqi Zeng
- Combat Support College PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering Xi'an China
| | - Guangyong Liu
- Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hentschke R. Tensile strength of rubber described via the formation and rupture of load-bearing polymer chains. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:014505. [PMID: 35974651 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.014505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical picture describing the tensile strength σ_{T} of elastomers is developed. σ_{T} is composed of three factors: (1) the tensile strength of individual polymer load-bearing chains (LBCs) according to Eyring's theory, (2) an occupation number of LBC states using Fermi statistics, and (3) an excluded volume factor reducing the number of possible LBCs due to the presence of filler particles or crosslinks between polymers. This description is compared to experimental tensile strengths of carbon black (N339)-filled EPDM (Keltan 4450) as well as to other experiments in the literature studying the effects of temperature, filler concentration, and particle size as well as crosslink density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hentschke
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bergische Universität, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dong H, Jiang Y, Zhang Y. Enhancements in damping properties and thermal conductivity of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber by using hindered phenol modified alumina. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yang Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boopasiri S, Thaptong P, Sae‐Oui P, Siriwong C. Fabrication of zinc oxide‐coated microcrystalline cellulose and its application in truck tire tread compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supparoek Boopasiri
- Materials Chemistry Research Center (MCRC), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH‐CIC), Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Puchong Thaptong
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Pongdhorn Sae‐Oui
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Chomsri Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center (MCRC), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH‐CIC), Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo M, Hu X. Highly grafted functional polymer for promoting mechanical properties of EPDM/NFMs composite. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Amrollahi A, Razzaghi-kashani M, Hosseini SM, Habibi N. Carbon black/silica hybrid filler networking and its synergistic effects on the performance of styrene-butadiene rubber composites. Polym J. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Han KS, Burton SD, Walter ED, Shin Y, Kuang W, Simmons KL. Microsized Pore Structure Determination in EPDM Rubbers Using High-Pressure 129Xe NMR Techniques. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3135-3142. [PMID: 35420819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microsized pore parameters, such as pore size and distance between pores in a series of model EPDM rubbers, were determined in situ under the pressure of 500 psi using 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques: spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation measurements, pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR, and two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy (2D EXSY). The T1/T2 (≫1) ratio for the xenon confined in the pores is larger than that for nonconfined free xenon. This suggests that almost the entire pore surface interacts with xenon atoms like a closed pore. While these pores still connect each other through very narrow diffusion/exchange channels, it is possible to observe the echo decay in PFG-NMR and cross-peaks in 2D EXSY. The results show that both diffusion (Dpore ≈ 2.1 × 10-10 m2/s) and exchange (exchange rate, τexch = a few tens of milliseconds) of xenon between a pore within the material and outer surface are prolonged. The exchange distances (l), which correspond to the xenon gas penetration depth, were estimated to be 70-100 μm based on the measured diffusion coefficients and exchange rate (1/τexch). NMR diffraction analysis reveals that pore size (a) and pore distance (b) are on the order of magnitude of micrometers and tens of micrometers, while the diffusion coefficients of xenon gas in the diffusion channels (Deff) are about 10-8 m2/s. Overall, this study suggests that the pores with a few micrometers connected through very narrow flowing channels with the length of several tens of micrometers are developed 70 to 100 μm below the rubber surface. Furthermore, the overall steady-state diffusion of xenon is slower, approximately 2 orders of magnitudes, than the diffusion in the channel between the pores. The pore and exchange distances correlated with the composition of rubbers showed that the properties of EPDM rubber as a high-pressure gas barrier could be improved by reducing the size of cracks and the depth of gas penetration by the addition of both carbon black and silica fillers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kee Sung Han
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sarah D Burton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Eric D Walter
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yongsoon Shin
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Wenbin Kuang
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kevin L Simmons
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Persson AMMR, Andreassen E. Cyclic Compression Testing of Three Elastomer Types-A Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Elastomer, a Liquid Silicone Rubber and Two Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubbers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071316. [PMID: 35406192 PMCID: PMC9002981 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomer vulcanizate (TPV) and liquid silicone rubber (LSR) are replacement candidates for ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers (EPDM), as they offer the possibility for two-component injection moulding. In this study, these material types were compared side by side in cyclic compression tests. The materials were also characterized to provide details on the formulations. Compared to the rubbers, the TPV had higher compression set (after a given cycle) and hysteresis loss, and a stronger Mullins effect. This is due to the thermoplastic matrix in the TPV. The LSR had lower compression set (after a given cycle) than the EPDM, but stronger Mullins effect and higher relative hysteresis loss. These differences between the LSR and the EPDM are likely due to differences in polymer network structure and type of filler. Methods for quantifying the Mullins effect are proposed, and correlations between a Mullins index and parameters such as compression set are discussed. The EPDMs showed a distinct trend in compression set, relative hysteresis loss and relaxed stress fraction vs. strain amplitude; these entities were almost independent of strain amplitude in the range 15-35%, while they increased in this range for the TPV and the LSR. The difference between the compression set values of the LSR and the EPDM decreased with increasing strain amplitude and increasing strain recovery time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Märta Ruth Persson
- Dept. of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, NTNU, P.O. Box 191, 2802 Gjøvik, Norway
- Polymer and Composite Materials Group, SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (A.-M.M.R.P.); (E.A.)
| | - Erik Andreassen
- Polymer and Composite Materials Group, SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (A.-M.M.R.P.); (E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Innes JR, Young RJ, Papageorgiou DG. Graphene Nanoplatelets as a Replacement for Carbon Black in Rubber Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1204. [PMID: 35335535 PMCID: PMC8949821 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the processing and reinforcement characteristics of both carbon black (CB) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) within a nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) matrix. The aspect ratio of the GNPs was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and related to the dispersion and agglomeration within the NBR matrix, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The relationship between GNP aspect ratio and mechanical properties was studied by micromechanical modelling. The tensile and tear properties of NBR after compounding with GNPs were enhanced to a greater extent compared to carbon black, while curing times were smaller and scorch times longer, indicating some of the advantages of using GNPs. Overall, the inherent properties of GNPs along with their geometry led to the production of better-performing rubber compounds that can replace their CB-filled counterparts in applications where flexibility, tear strength and compliance are important. The influence of processing on dispersion, orientation and agglomeration of flakes was also highlighted with respect to the Young’s modulus of the NBR compounds.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abd El‐Aziz ME, Shafik ES, Tawfic ML, Morsi SMM. Biochar from waste agriculture as reinforcement filer for styrene/butadiene rubber. Polymer Composites 2022; 43:1295-1304. [DOI: 10.1002/pc.26448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCarbon black (CB), obtained by incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products, is the most important filler used to improve the properties of various rubber composites. Its production process causes very serious environmental impacts in addition to its dependence on nonrenewable resources. Therefore, the trend has been to use eco‐friendly alternative materials that reduce the pollution associated with the CB production process and at the same time achieve the required mechanical properties of rubber composites. Biochar, a carbon‐rich solid product, could fulfill this role. It can be obtained by pyrolysis of organic matter such as agricultural waste in the absence of air at temperatures of 400–600°C. Herein, biochar was used in different ratios with CB to investigate its effect on the mechanical properties of styrene/butadiene rubber. The chemical composition of biochar and CB was investigated using a scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray fluorescence. In addition, the thermal properties, tensile strength, elongation at break, as well as thermo‐oxidative aging of the prepared rubber were studied. The tensile strength for styrene/butadiene rubber (SBR) composites containing 100% CB was 14.9 MPa, which decreases by adding biochar where it becomes 13.5, 11.2, 9.5, and 6.9 for SBR composites containing 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% biochar, respectively. Furthermore, the vulcanized sample with 25% biochar (E2) shows higher retained tensile strength values than that containing 100% CB (E1) with increasing the aging time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emad S. Shafik
- Polymers and Pigments Department National Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Medhat L. Tawfic
- Polymers and Pigments Department National Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Samir M. M. Morsi
- Polymers and Pigments Department National Research Centre Giza Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Song P, Wang G, Zhang Y. Enhanced positive temperature coefficient effect by crosslinking reaction for silicone rubber/carbon black composites with high pressure sensitivity. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ge Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jung JK, Lee CH, Son MS, Lee JH, Baek UB, Chung KS, Choi MC, Bae JW. Filler Effects on H2 Diffusion Behavior in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Blended with Carbon Black and Silica Fillers of Different Concentrations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040700. [PMID: 35215613 PMCID: PMC8879493 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Filler effects on H2 diffusion in nitrile butadiene rubbers (NBRs) blended with carbon black and silica fillers of different concentrations are first investigated by employing a volumetric analysis. Total uptake, solubility, and diffusivity of hydrogen for ten filled-NBR, including neat NBR, are determined in an exposed pressure range of 1.3 MPa~92.6 MPa. Filler dependence on hydrogen uptake and diffusion is distinctly observed in the NBRs blended with high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black (CB) fillers compared to NBRs blended with medium thermal furnace (MT) CB and silica filler, which is related to the specific surface area of carbon black and interface structure. The HAF CB filled-NBR follows dual sorption behavior combined with Henry’s law and the Langmuir model, responsible for two contributions of solubility from polymer and filler. However, a single gas sorption behavior coming from the polymer is observed satisfying Henry’s law up to 92.6 MPa for NBR blended with MT CB filled-NBR and silica filled-NBR. Diffusion demonstrates Knudsen and bulk diffusion behavior below and above, respectively, at certain pressures. With increasing pressure, the filler effect on diffusion is reduced, and diffusivity converges to a value. The correlation observed between diffusivity and filler content (or crosslink density) is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kap Jung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (J.H.L.); (U.B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemical and Polymer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (C.H.L.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Min Seok Son
- Department of Biochemical and Polymer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (C.H.L.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Ji Hun Lee
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (J.H.L.); (U.B.B.)
| | - Un Bong Baek
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (J.H.L.); (U.B.B.)
| | - Ki Soo Chung
- Department of Physics and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Myung Chan Choi
- Rubber Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Korea; (M.C.C.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Jong Woo Bae
- Rubber Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Korea; (M.C.C.); (J.W.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim GH, Moon YI, Jung JK, Choi MC, Bae JW. Influence of Carbon Black and Silica Fillers with Different Concentrations on Dielectric Relaxation in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Investigated by Impedance Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:155. [PMID: 35012180 PMCID: PMC8747209 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In neat nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), three relaxation processes were identified by impedance spectroscopy: α and α' processes and the conduction contribution. We investigated the effects of different carbon black (CB) and silica fillers with varying filler content on the dielectric relaxations in NBR by employing a modified dispersion analysis program that deconvolutes the corresponding processes. The central frequency for the α' process with increasing high abrasion furnace (HAF) CB filler was gradually upshifted at room temperature, while the addition of silica led to a gradual downshift of the center frequency. The activation energy behavior for the α' process was different from that for the central frequency. The use of HAF CB led to a rapid increase in DC conductivity, resulting from percolation. The activation energy for the DC conductivity of NBRs with HAF CB decreased with increasing filler, which is consistent with that reported in different groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physics and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Young-Il Moon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Jae-Kap Jung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Myung-Chan Choi
- Rubber Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Korea; (M.-C.C.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Jong-Woo Bae
- Rubber Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Korea; (M.-C.C.); (J.-W.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fengler C, Spange S, Sommer M, Wilhelm M. Synthesis of Superabsorbent Poly(vinylamine) Core–Shell Particles Monitored by Time-Domain NMR. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fengler
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Spange
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kojima T, Washio T, Hara S, Koishi M, Amino N. Analysis on Microstructure-Property Linkages of Filled Rubber Using Machine Learning and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162683. [PMID: 34451223 PMCID: PMC8401526 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the microstructure–property relationship can be achieved by sampling and analyzing a microstructure leading to a desired material property. During the simulation of filled rubber, this approach includes extracting common aggregates from a complex filler morphology consisting of hundreds of filler particles. However, a method for extracting a core structure that determines the rubber mechanical properties has not been established yet. In this study, we analyzed complex filler morphologies that generated extremely high stress using two machine learning techniques. First, filler morphology was quantified by persistent homology and then vectorized using persistence image as the input data. After that, a binary classification model involving logistic regression analysis was developed by training a dataset consisting of the vectorized morphology and stress-based class. The filler aggregates contributing to the desired mechanical properties were extracted based on the trained regression coefficients. Second, a convolutional neural network was employed to establish a classification model by training a dataset containing the imaged filler morphology and class. The aggregates strongly contributing to stress generation were extracted by a kernel. The aggregates extracted by both models were compared, and their shapes and distributions producing high stress levels were discussed. Finally, we confirmed the effects of the extracted aggregates on the mechanical property, namely the validity of the proposed method for extracting stress-contributing fillers, by performing coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kojima
- Research and Advanced Development Division, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1 Oiwake, Hiratsuka 254-8601, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.); (N.A.)
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibarakishi 567-0047, Osaka, Japan; (T.W.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Takashi Washio
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibarakishi 567-0047, Osaka, Japan; (T.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Satoshi Hara
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibarakishi 567-0047, Osaka, Japan; (T.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Masataka Koishi
- Research and Advanced Development Division, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1 Oiwake, Hiratsuka 254-8601, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Naoya Amino
- Research and Advanced Development Division, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1 Oiwake, Hiratsuka 254-8601, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.); (N.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Airinei A, Asandulesa M, Stelescu MD, Tudorachi N, Fifere N, Bele A, Musteata V. Dielectric, Thermal and Water Absorption Properties of Some EPDM/Flax Fiber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2555. [PMID: 34372157 PMCID: PMC8347194 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper deals with the dielectric and sorption properties of some flax fiber-reinforced ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) composites containing different fiber loadings as well as their behavior after exposure to different doses of electron beam irradiation. Three relaxation processes were evinced, a weak relaxation β at sub-Tg temperatures and two α-type relaxations above the Tg. The EPDM/flax composites exhibited higher values of dielectric constant, dielectric loss and conductivity as compared to a pristine EPDM sample. Using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS) (TG/FTIR/MS system), the degradation products can be identified. The water uptake increased as the flax fiber level increased in composites. The water uptake tests of irradiated composites showed that the highest water content was obtained for a flax fiber level of 20 phr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Airinei
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.T.); (N.F.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Mihai Asandulesa
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.T.); (N.F.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Niţǎ Tudorachi
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.T.); (N.F.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Nicusor Fifere
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.T.); (N.F.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Adrian Bele
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.T.); (N.F.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Musteata
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.T.); (N.F.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nagaraja SM, Henning S, Ilisch S, Beiner M. Common Origin of Filler Network Related Contributions to Reinforcement and Dissipation in Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2534. [PMID: 34372137 PMCID: PMC8347107 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study focusing on the visco-elastic properties of two series of carbon black filled composites with natural rubber (NR) and its blends with butadiene rubber (NR-BR) as matrices is reported. Strain sweeps at different temperatures are performed. Filler network-related contributions to reinforcement (ΔG') are quantified by the classical Kraus equation while a modified Kraus equation is used to quantify different contributions to dissipation (ΔGD″, ΔGF″). Results indicate that the filler network is visco-elastic in nature and that it is causing a major part of the composite dissipation at small and intermediate strain amplitudes. The temperature dependence of filler network-related reinforcement and dissipation contributions is found to depend significantly on the rubber matrix composition. We propose that this is due to differences in the chemical composition of the glassy rubber bridges connecting filler particles since the filler network topology is seemingly not significantly influenced by the rubber matrix for a given filler content. The underlying physical picture explains effects in both dissipation and reinforcement. It predicts that these glassy rubber bridges will soften sequentially at temperatures much higher than the bulk Tg of the corresponding rubber. This is hypothetically due to rubber-filler interactions at interfaces resulting in an increased packing density in the glassy rubber related to the reduction of free volume. From a general perspective, this study provides deeper insights towards the molecular origin of reinforcement and dissipation in rubber composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriharish Malebennur Nagaraja
- Fraunhofer Institut für Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und Systemen IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.M.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Sven Henning
- Fraunhofer Institut für Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und Systemen IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.M.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Sybill Ilisch
- Trinseo Deutschland GmbH, E 17, 06258 Schkopau, Germany;
| | - Mario Beiner
- Fraunhofer Institut für Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und Systemen IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.M.N.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nardelli F, Martini F, Carignani E, Rossi E, Borsacchi S, Cettolin M, Susanna A, Arimondi M, Giannini L, Geppi M, Calucci L. Glassy and Polymer Dynamics of Elastomers by 1H-Field-Cycling NMR Relaxometry: Effects of Fillers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4546-4554. [PMID: 33885314 PMCID: PMC8279540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1H spin-lattice relaxation rate (R1) dispersions were acquired by field-cycling (FC) NMR relaxometry between 0.01 and 35 MHz over a wide temperature range on polyisoprene rubber (IR), either unfilled or filled with different amounts of carbon black, silica, or a combination of both, and sulfur cured. By exploiting the frequency-temperature superposition principle and constructing master curves for the total FC NMR susceptibility, χ″(ω) = ωR1(ω), the correlation times for glassy dynamics, τs, were determined. Moreover, the contribution of polymer dynamics, χpol″(ω), to χ″(ω) was singled out by subtracting the contribution of glassy dynamics, χglass″(ω), well represented by the Cole-Davidson spectral density. Glassy dynamics resulted moderately modified by the presence of fillers, τs values determined for the filled rubbers being slightly different from those of the unfilled one. Polymer dynamics was affected by the presence of fillers in the Rouse regime. A change in the frequency dependence of χpol″(ω) at low frequencies was observed for all filled rubbers, more pronounced for those reinforced with silica, which suggests that the presence of the filler particles can affect chain conformations, resulting in a different Rouse mode distribution, and/or interchain interactions modulated by translational motions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell’Università
di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno
Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Carignani
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Rossi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Borsacchi
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell’Università
di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno
Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luca Giannini
- Pirelli
Tyre SpA, Viale Sarca 222, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Geppi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell’Università
di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno
Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Calucci
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell’Università
di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno
Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Song P, Wu J, Wang G, Zhang Y. Effects of crosslinking reaction and extension strain on the electrical properties of silicone rubber/carbon nanofiller composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ge Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Caputo S, Hristov V, Nicola AD, Herbst H, Pizzirusso A, Donati G, Munaò G, Albunia AR, Milano G. Efficient Hybrid Particle-Field Coarse-Grained Model of Polymer Filler Interactions: Multiscale Hierarchical Structure of Carbon Black Particles in Contact with Polyethylene. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:1755-1770. [PMID: 33577311 PMCID: PMC8023654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we propose, validate, and give first applications for large-scale systems of coarse-grained models suitable for filler/polymer interfaces based on carbon black (CB) and polyethylene (PE). The computational efficiency of the proposed approach, based on hybrid particle-field models (hPF), allows large-scale simulations of CB primary particles of realistic size (∼20 nm) embedded in PE melts. The molecular detailed models, here introduced, allow a microscopic description of the bound layer, through the analysis of the conformational behavior of PE chains adsorbed on different surface sites of CB primary particles, where the conformational behavior of adsorbed chains is different from models based on flat infinite surfaces. On the basis of the features of the systems, an optimized version of OCCAM code for large-scale (up to more than 8 million of beads) parallel runs is proposed and benchmarked. The computational efficiency of the proposed approach opens the possibility of a computational screening of the bound layer, involving the optimal combination of surface chemistry, size, and shape of CB aggregates and the molecular weight distribution of the polymers achieving an important tool to address the polymer/fillers interface and interphase engineering in the polymer industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caputo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Velichko Hristov
- Innovation
& Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Department
of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata-ken 992-8510, Japan
| | - Harald Herbst
- Innovation
& Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Antonio Pizzirusso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Greta Donati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della
Terra, Università degli Studi di
Messina, Viale F. Stagno
d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Milano
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sökmen S, Oßwald K, Reincke K, Ilisch S. Influence of Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract (TDAE) Content and Addition Time on Rubber-Filler Interactions in Silica Filled SBR/BR Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:698. [PMID: 33669037 PMCID: PMC7956569 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High compatibility and good rubber-filler interactions are required in order to obtain high quality products. Rubber-filler and filler-filler interactions can be influenced by various material factors, such as the presence of processing aids. Although different processing aids, especially the plasticizers, and their effects on compatibility have been investigated in the literature, their influence on rubber-filler interactions in highly active filler reinforced mixtures is not explicit and has not been investigated in depth. For this purpose, the influence of treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil content and its addition time on interactions between silica and rubber chains were investigated in this study. Rubber-filler and filler-filler interactions of uncured and cured silica-filled SBR/BR blends were characterized by using rubber layer L concept and dynamic mechanical analysis, whereas mechanical properties were studied by tensile test and Shore A hardness. Five parts per hundred rubber (phr) TDAE addition at 0, 1.5, and 3 min of mixing were characterized to investigate the influence of TDAE addition time on rubber-filler interactions. It was observed that addition time of TDAE can influence the development of bounded rubber structure and the interfacial interactions, especially at short time of mixing, less than 5 min. Oil addition with silica at 1.5 min of mixing resulted in fast rubber layer development and a small reduction in storage shear modulus of uncured blends. The influence of oil content on rubber-filler and filler-filler interactions were investigated for the binary blends without oil, with 5 and 20 phr TDAE content. The addition of 5 phr oil resulted in a slight increase in rubber layer and 0.05 MPa reduction in Payne effect of uncured blends. The storage tensile modulus of vulcanizates at small strains decreased from 13.97 to 8.28 MPa after oil addition. Twenty parts per hundred rubber (phr) oil addition to binary blends caused rubber layer L to decrease from 0.45 to 0.42. The storage tensile modulus of the vulcanizates and its reduction with higher amplitudes were incontrovertibly high among the vulcanizates with lower oil content, which were 13.57 and 4.49 MPa, respectively. When any consequential change in mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/butadiene rubber (BR) blends could not be observed at different TDAE addition time, increasing amount of oil in blends enhanced elongation at break, and decreased Shore A hardness and tensile strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selin Sökmen
- Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (K.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Katja Oßwald
- Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (K.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Katrin Reincke
- Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (K.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Sybill Ilisch
- Trinseo Deutschland GmbH, Street E 17, 06258 Schkopau, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Baggioli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Mosè Casalegno
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio David
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Pasquini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Raos
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xiong Y, Shen S, Kang M, Wang Z, Lu A. Effect of fluorescence labeling on mechanical properties of silica filled silicone rubber. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Huang L, Shui Y, Chen W, Li Z, Song H, Sun G, Xu J, Zhong G, Liu D. How the Aggregates Determine Bound Rubber Models in Silicone Rubber? A Contrast Matching Neutron Scattering Study. Chin J Polym Sci 2021; 39:365-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
35
|
Kim DY, Park JW, Lee DY, Seo KH. Correlation between the Crosslink Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compound via Accelerators and Reinforcement. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2020. [PMID: 32899685 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme elasticity and reversible deformability of rubber, which is one of the most versatile polymers in modern society, is dependent on several factors, including the processing conditions, curing system, and types of additives used. Since the rubber's mechanical properties are influenced by the existing structural crosslinks, their correlation with the crosslink characteristics of rubber was investigated using the equilibrium swelling theory of the Flory-Rehner equation and the rubber-filler interaction theory of the Kraus equation. Herein, we examined whether the accelerator and reinforcement agent quantitatively contributed to chemical cross-linkages and rubber-filler interaction. In conclusion, the accelerator content supported the chemically crosslinked structures of the monosulfides and the disulfides in natural rubber (NR). Additionally, these results demonstrated that the mechanical properties and the thermal resistance of NR were dependent on the crosslink characteristics. The findings of this study provide an insight into the development and application of NR products for the mechanical optimization of rubber-based products.
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu W, Lv L, Yang Z, Zheng Y, Wang H. The Effect of OMMT on the Properties of Vehicle Damping Carbon Black-Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091983. [PMID: 32878193 PMCID: PMC7565881 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the filled natural rubber (NR) was prepared with organic montmorillonite (OMMT) and carbon black (CB). The effects of the amount of OMMT on the properties of CB/NR composites were investigated by measuring the physical and mechanical properties, compression set and compression heat properties, processing properties and damping properties. The formulation was optimized depending on the different conditions of end applications and the damping properties of rubber were maximized without affecting the other properties of the rubber. The results showed that the rubber composite system filled with 2 phr (parts per hundreds of rubber) OMMT had better mechanical properties and excellent damping performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (W.L.); (L.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber and Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lutao Lv
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (W.L.); (L.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zonglin Yang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (W.L.); (L.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuqing Zheng
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (W.L.); (L.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (W.L.); (L.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ding Z, Li J, Zhang B, Luo Y. Rapid and high-concentration exfoliation of montmorillonite into high-quality and mono-layered nanosheets. Nanoscale 2020; 12:17083-17092. [PMID: 32785369 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04514d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
After montmorillonite (MTM) was first exfoliated into nanosheets as a reinforcing filler in the 1980s, layered clay became a hotspot of interest. However, to date, the exfoliation of the resource-rich and inexpensive layered MTM into high-quality nanosheets still remains a significant challenge. Herein, a simple and effective strategy to exfoliate layered MTM into mono-layered sheets via the aggregation of polyethyl-phosphate glycol ester (Exolit OP 550) is proposed. A significant decrease in exfoliation time from 120 min to 3 min was observed at room temperature only via a gentle stirring process. Moreover, various factors that reduce the viscosity of the mixture could be utilized to boost the exfoliated concentration to a record high value of 100 wt%, which is an increase of 460-2400% compared with that in other works. A tentative model was also proposed to illustrate the exfoliation mechanism based on the detection of segmental confined movement, structural evolution, and polymer-clay interaction. Particularly, the as-observed critical concentration of 200 wt% MTM indicated a saturation effect for the surface-adsorbed polymer. The critical concentration for the onset of exfoliation was 150 wt%. In addition, the structure of the exfoliated nanosheets in Exolit OP 550 underwent a temperature-sensitive and irreversible transformation. Thus, our study may provide new insight for the exfoliation of clay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmao Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China. and Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Bowen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China. and Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China. and Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhao A, Shi XY, Sun SH, Zhang HM, Zuo M, Song YH, Zheng Q. Insights into the Payne Effect of Carbon Black Filled Styrene-butadiene Rubber Compounds. Chin J Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Candau N, Oguz O, Peuvrel-Disdier E, Bouvard JL, Pradille C, Billon N. Strain and filler ratio transitions from chains network to filler network damage in EPDM during single and cyclic loadings. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
40
|
Liu Z, Ling F, Diao X, Fu M, Bai H, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Stereocomplex-type polylactide with remarkably enhanced melt-processability and electrical performance via incorporating multifunctional carbon black. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
41
|
|
42
|
Zhu M, Zhang Y, Sheng H, Wang B, Hu Y. Effect carbon black microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyurethane composites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1625384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Hefei Genius Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Deilamy Moezzi M, Karrabi M, Jahani Y. Influence of adding carbon black on electrical conductivity in dynamically vulcanized of poly (vinylidene fluoride)/fluoroelastomer composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:46-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-019-09235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
45
|
Takahashi Y, Liang X, Nakajima K. Mechanical property and structure of a butadiene rubber composite filled with syndiotactic polybutadiene resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takahashi
- Basic Technology GroupUBE Industries, Ltd. 8‐1, Goi‐Minamikaigan Ichihara, Chiba 290‐0045 Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 Ookayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 Ookayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 Ookayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Besghini D, Mauri M, Simonutti R. Time Domain NMR in Polymer Science: From the Laboratory to the Industry. Applied Sciences 2019; 9:1801. [DOI: 10.3390/app9091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly controlled polymers and nanostructures are increasingly translated from the lab to the industry. Together with the industrialization of complex systems from renewable sources, a paradigm change in the processing of plastics and rubbers is underway, requiring a new generation of analytical tools. Here, we present the recent developments in time domain NMR (TD-NMR), starting with an introduction of the methods. Several examples illustrate the new take on traditional issues like the measurement of crosslink density in vulcanized rubber or the monitoring of crystallization kinetics, as well as the unique information that can be extracted from multiphase, nanophase and composite materials. Generally, TD-NMR is capable of determining structural parameters that are in agreement with other techniques and with the final macroscopic properties of industrial interest, as well as reveal details on the local homogeneity that are difficult to obtain otherwise. Considering its moderate technical and space requirements of performing, TD-NMR is a good candidate for assisting product and process development in several applications throughout the rubber, plastics, composites and adhesives industry.
Collapse
|
48
|
Moezzi MD, Karrabi M, Jahani Y. Thermal, Tensile, Electrical, Dynamic Mechanical Thermal and Rheological Properties of Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Fluoroelastomer Composites Filled with Carbon Black. INT POLYM PROC 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present work was focused on studying the effects of different CB loadings on the rheological, thermal, tensile, dynamic mechanical and electrical properties of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and FKM composites. To these ends, the CB grade and method chosen for compound preparation were CB (N330) and melt mixing, respectively. The composites were melt blended with CB at 190 °C in an internal mixer, after which the properties of filled and unfilled composites were compared. The presence of CB improved the mechanical properties, such as the Young's modulus and tensile strength, and increased thermal stability given the high thermal stability of CB and the interaction between the CB particles and the polymer matrices. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) showed the glass transition temperatures of the composites. The analysis also revealed that the area under the loss tangent (tan δ) peak decreased and that the tan δ temperature of the rubber phase increased with CB loading. The increase in the electrical conductivity of the composites under different CB loadings was also examined, and the percolation threshold of conductive thermoplastic vulcanizate composite based on conductive CB was observed. The effect of CB and its content on rheological behavior of the PVDF/FKM blends was studied and the experimental data was correlated by a physical model named General Equation Model (GEM). A relation between rheology and conductivity of the blends with filler percolation was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Moezzi
- 1Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Karrabi
- 1Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Y. Jahani
- 1Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Koga T, Barkley D, Nagao M, Taniguchi T, Carrillo JMY, Sumpter BG, Masui T, Kishimoto H, Koga M, Rudick JG, Endoh MK. Interphase Structures and Dynamics near Nanofiller Surfaces in Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michihiro Nagao
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United States
- Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jan-Michael Y. Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Tomomi Masui
- Sumitomo Rubber
Industries
Ltd., 1-1, 2-chome, Tsutsui-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 671-0027, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Sumitomo Rubber
Industries
Ltd., 1-1, 2-chome, Tsutsui-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 671-0027, Japan
| | - Maho Koga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|