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Li Q, Ghadiani H, Jalilvand V, Alam T, Farhat Z, Islam MA. Hydrogen Impact: A Review on Diffusibility, Embrittlement Mechanisms, and Characterization. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:965. [PMID: 38399215 PMCID: PMC10890464 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a broadly recognized phenomenon in metallic materials. If not well understood and managed, HE may lead to catastrophic environmental failures in vessels containing hydrogen, such as pipelines and storage tanks. HE can affect the mechanical properties of materials such as ductility, toughness, and strength, mainly through the interaction between metal defects and hydrogen. Various phenomena such as hydrogen adsorption, hydrogen diffusion, and hydrogen interactions with intrinsic trapping sites like dislocations, voids, grain boundaries, and oxide/matrix interfaces are involved in this process. It is important to understand HE mechanisms to develop effective hydrogen resistant strategies. Tensile, double cantilever beam, bent beam, and fatigue tests are among the most common techniques employed to study HE. This article reviews hydrogen diffusion behavior, mechanisms, and characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Q.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Hesamedin Ghadiani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Q.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Vahid Jalilvand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Q.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Tahrim Alam
- Enbridge Gas Inc., Ottawa, ON K1K 2C7, Canada;
| | - Zoheir Farhat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Q.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Md. Aminul Islam
- Mining Wear and Corrosion Laboratory, National Research Council Canada, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada;
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Tang H, Li B, Song Y, Liu M, Xu H, Wang G, Chung H, Li J. Reinforcement Learning-Guided Long-Timescale Simulation of Hydrogen Transport in Metals. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2304122. [PMID: 38059830 PMCID: PMC10837361 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion in alloys is an important class of atomic processes. However, atomistic simulations of diffusion in chemically complex solids are confronted with the timescale problem: the accessible simulation time is usually far shorter than that of experimental interest. In this work, long-timescale simulation methods are developed using reinforcement learning (RL) that extends simulation capability to match the duration of experimental interest. Two special limits, RL transition kinetics simulator (TKS) and RL low-energy states sampler (LSS), are implemented and explained in detail, while the meaning of general RL are also discussed. As a testbed, hydrogen diffusivity is computed using RL TKS in pure metals and a medium entropy alloy, CrCoNi, and compared with experiments. The algorithm can produce counter-intuitive hydrogen-vacancy cooperative motion. We also demonstrate that RL LSS can accelerate the sampling of low-energy configurations compared to the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, using hydrogen migration to copper (111) surface as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Boning Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yixuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mengren Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Haowei Xu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Heejung Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Lee JH, Kim YW, Kim DJ, Chung NK, Jung JK. Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring the Temperature Dependence of H 2 Permeation Parameters in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Polymer Composites Blended with Fillers: The Volumetric Analysis Method and the Differential Pressure Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:280. [PMID: 38276688 PMCID: PMC10821381 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen uptake/diffusivity in nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blended with carbon black (CB) and silica fillers was measured with a volumetric analysis method in the 258-323 K temperature range. The temperature-dependent H2 diffusivity was obtained by assuming constant solubility with temperature variations. The logarithmic diffusivity decreased linearly with increasing reciprocal temperature. The diffusion activation energies were calculated with the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies for NBR blended with high-abrasion furnace CB and silica fillers increased linearly with increasing filler content. For NBR blended with medium thermal CB filler, the activation energy decreased with increasing filler content. The activation energy filler dependency is similar to the glass transition temperature filler dependency, as determined with dynamic mechanical analysis. Additionally, the activation energy was compared with that obtained by the differential pressure method through permeability temperature dependence. The same activation energy between diffusion and permeation in the range of 33-39 kJ/mol was obtained, supporting the temperature-independent H2 solubility and H2 physisorption in polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hun Lee
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
- Department of Measurement Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Won Kim
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Jung Kim
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
| | - Nak Kwan Chung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
| | - Jae Kap Jung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.W.K.); (D.J.K.)
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Román-Sedano AM, Campillo B, Villalobos JC, Castillo F, Flores O. Hydrogen Diffusion in Nickel Superalloys: Electrochemical Permeation Study and Computational AI Predictive Modeling. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6622. [PMID: 37895604 PMCID: PMC10608437 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Ni-based superalloys are materials utilized in high-performance services that demand excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Its usages can include fuel storage, gas turbines, petrochemistry, and nuclear reactor components, among others. On the other hand, hydrogen (H), in contact with metallic materials, can cause a phenomenon known as hydrogen embrittlement (HE), and its study related to the superalloys is fundamental. This is related to the analysis of the solubility, diffusivity, and permeability of H and its interaction with the bulk, second-phase particles, grain boundaries, precipitates, and dislocation networks. The aim of this work was mainly to study the effect of chromium (Cr) content on H diffusivity in Ni-based superalloys; additionally, the development of predictive models using artificial intelligence. For this purpose, the permeability test was employed based on the double cell experiment proposed by Devanathan-Stachurski, obtaining the effective diffusion coefficient (Deff), steady-state flux (Jss), and the trap density (NT) for the commercial and experimentally designed and manufactured Ni-based superalloys. The material was characterized with energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic absorption, CHNS/O chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), brightfield optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the other hand, predictive models were developed employing artificial neural networks (ANNs) using experimental results as a database. Furthermore, the relative importance of the main parameters related to the H diffusion was calculated. The Deff, Jss, and NT achieved showed relatively higher values considering those reported for Ni alloys and were found in the following orders of magnitude: [1 × 10-8, 1 × 10-11 m2/s], [1 × 10-5, 9 × 10-7 mol/cm2s], and [7 × 1025 traps/m3], respectively. Regarding the predictive models, linear correlation coefficients of 0.96 and 0.80 were reached, corresponding to the Deff and Jss. Due to the results obtained, it was suitable to dismiss the effect of Cr in solid solution on the H diffusion. Finally, the predictive models developed can be considered for the estimation of Deff and Jss as functions of the characterized features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernardo Campillo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (B.C.)
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Julio C. Villalobos
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Morelia, Av. Tecnológico, No. 1500, Col. Lomas de Santiaguito, Morelia CP 58120, Mexico
| | - Fermín Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo Flores
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (B.C.)
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Mexico
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Eichinger M, Loder B, Tkadletz M, Schnideritsch H, Klösch G, Mori G. On the Change in Hydrogen Diffusion and Trapping Behaviour of Pearlitic Rail Steel at Different Stages of Production. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5780. [PMID: 37687473 PMCID: PMC10489129 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
To avoid hydrogen flaking in rail production, it is of crucial importance to understand the differences in hydrogen diffusion and trapping between different production steps. Therefore, as-cast unfinished material was compared with two finished rails, hot-rolled and head-hardened, using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), electrochemical permeation, and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). A significant increase in dislocation density was in the head-hardened rail compared with the other material states. This leads to an effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient of 5.8 × 10-7 cm2/s which is lower by a factor of four than the diffusion coefficients examined in the other states. Thermal desorption spectroscopy analyses show a clear difference between unfinished and finished rail materials. While a peak in activation energy between 32 and 38 kJ/mol is present at all states, only as-cast unfinished material shows a second peak with an activation energy of 47 kJ/mol, which is related to microvoids. The results show that in the investigated material, the effect of increasing dislocation density has a stronger influence on the effective diffusion coefficient than the presence of a second active trapping site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eichinger
- General and Analytical Chemistry, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz Josef-Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernd Loder
- General and Analytical Chemistry, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz Josef-Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Michael Tkadletz
- Functional Materials and Materials Systems, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz Josef-Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Klösch
- Voestalpine Stahl Donawitz GmbH, Kerpelystraße 199, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Gregor Mori
- General and Analytical Chemistry, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz Josef-Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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Yoskamtorn T, Mo J, Chen L, Wu S, Mukhopadhyay S, Hawkins A, Wu XP, Tsang SCE. Exceptional Hydrogen Diffusion Rate over Ru Nanoparticle-Doped Polar MgO(111) Surface. Small Methods 2023; 7:e2201200. [PMID: 36683207 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H) conductivity on oxide-based materials is crucially important in fuel cells and related catalysis. Here, this work measures the diffusion rate of H generated from Ru nanoparticles loaded on polar MgO(111) facet particles under H2 at elevated temperatures without moisture and compares it to conventional nonpolar MgO(110) for the first time by in situ quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). The QENS reveals an exceptional diffusion rate on the polar facet via a proton (H+ ) hopping mechanism, which is an order of magnitude superior to that of typical H+ -conducting oxides. This work attributes this to the unique atomic arrangement of alternate layers of Mg cations and O anions of the polar MgO(111) where the strong electrostatic field of terminal oxygen anions facilitates protonic migration with a lower degree of local covalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatchamapan Yoskamtorn
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Simson Wu
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | | | - Alex Hawkins
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Xin-Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shik Chi Edman Tsang
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Palumbo O, Trequattrini F, Tosti S, Santucci A, Paolone A. Hydrogen and Deuterium Solubility, Diffusivity and Permeability from Sorption Measurements in the Ni 33Ti 39Nb 28 Alloy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031082. [PMID: 36770749 PMCID: PMC9919776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen/deuterium sorption properties of Ni33Ti39Nb28 synthesized by the vacuum induction melting technique were measured between 400 and 495 °C for pressure lower than 3 bar. The Sieverts law is valid up to H(D)/M < 0.2 in its ideal form; the absolute values of the hydrogenation/deuteration enthalpy are ΔH(H2) = 85 ± 5 kJ/mol and ΔH(D2) = 84 ± 4 kJ/mol. From the kinetics of absorption, the diffusion coefficient was derived, and an Arrhenius dependence from the temperature was obtained, with Ea,d = 12 ± 1 kJ/mol for both hydrogen isotopes. The values of the alloy permeability, obtained by combining the solubility and the diffusion coefficient, were of the order of 10-9 mol m-1 s-1 Pa-0.5, a value which is one order of magnitude lower than that of Ni41Ti42Nb17, until now the best Ni-Ti-Nb alloy for hydrogen purification. In view of the simplicity of the technique here proposed to calculate the permeability, this method could be used for the preliminary screening of new alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriele Palumbo
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Trequattrini
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvano Tosti
- Dipartimento Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, ENEA, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Alessia Santucci
- Dipartimento Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, ENEA, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Annalisa Paolone
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Jung JK, Kim KT, Baek UB, Nahm SH. Volume Dependence of Hydrogen Diffusion for Sorption and Desorption Processes in Cylindrical-Shaped Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040756. [PMID: 35215669 PMCID: PMC8874465 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the actual application of gas transport properties under high pressure, the important factors are sample size dependence and permeation efficiency, related to gas sorption. With a modified volumetric analysis technique, we firstly measured the overall diffusion properties and equilibrium times for reaching the saturation of hydrogen content in both hydrogen sorption and desorption processes. The measured parameters of total uptake (C∞), total desorbed content (C0), diffusion coefficient in sorption (Ds), diffusion coefficient in desorption (Dd), sorption equilibrium time (ts) and desorption equilibrium time (td) of hydrogen in two polymers were determined relative to the diameter and thickness of the cylindrical-shaped polymers in the two processes. C∞ and C0 did not demonstrate an appreciable volume dependence for all polymers. The identical values of C∞ and C0 indicate the reversibility between sorption and desorption, which is interpreted by the occurrence of physisorption by sorbed hydrogen molecules. However, the measured diffusivity of the polymers was found to be increased with increasing thickness above 5 mm. Moreover, the larger Dd values measured in the desorption process compared to Ds may be attributed to an increased amorphous phase and volume swelling caused by increased hydrogen voids and polymer chain scission after decompression. The ts and td were found to be linearly proportional to the square of the thickness above an aspect ratio of 3.7, which was consistent with the numerical simulations based on the solution of Fick's law. This finding could be used to predict the ts in a polymer without any measurement, depending on the sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kap Jung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (U.B.B.); (S.H.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-868-5759
| | - Kyu Tae Kim
- Electricity and Magnetism Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Un Bong Baek
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (U.B.B.); (S.H.N.)
| | - Seung Hoon Nahm
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (U.B.B.); (S.H.N.)
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Yang F, Yan T, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhao L. Modeling the Hydrogen Redistribution at the Grain Boundary of Misoriented Bicrystals in Austenite Stainless Steel. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15020479. [PMID: 35057197 PMCID: PMC8780259 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement, as one of the major concerns for austenitic stainless steel, is closely linked to the diffusion of hydrogen through the grain boundary of materials. The phenomenon is still not well understood yet, especially the full interaction between hydrogen diffusion and the misorientation of the grains. This work aimed at the development of a robust numerical strategy to model the full coupling of the hydrogen diffusion and the anisotropic behavior of crystals in 316 stainless steel. A constitutive model, which allows easy incorporation of crystal orientation, various loading conditions, and arbitrary model geometries, was established by using the finite element package ABAQUS. The study focuses on three different bicrystal models composed of misoriented crystals, and the results indicate that the redistribution of hydrogen is significant closely to the grain boundary, and the redistribution is driven by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the misorientation of two neighboring grains. A higher elastic modulus ratio along the tensile direction will lead to a higher hydrogen concentration difference in the two grains equidistant from the grain boundary. The hydrogen concentration shows a high value in the crystal along the direction with stiff elastic modulus. Moreover, there exists a large hydrogen concentration gradient in a narrow region very close to the grain boundary to balance the concentration difference of the neighboring grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Yang
- School of Science, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710054, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tao Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (T.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (T.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Haibing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI), Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Lingyan Zhao
- School of Science, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710054, China;
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10
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Jung M, Park J, Muhammad R, Kim JY, Grzimek V, Russina M, Moon HR, Park JT, Oh H. Elucidation of Diffusivity of Hydrogen Isotopes in Flexible MOFs by Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2007412. [PMID: 33821527 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic-quantum-sieving-assisted H2 :D2 separation in flexible porous materials is more effective than the currently used energy-intensive cryogenic distillation and girdle-sulfide processes for isotope separation. It is believed that material flexibility results in a pore-breathing phenomenon under the influence of external stimuli, which helps in adjusting the pore size and gives rise to the optimum quantum-sieving phenomenon at each stage of gas separation. However, only a few studies have investigated kinetic-quantum-sieving-assisted isotope separation using flexible porous materials. In addition, no reports are available on the microscopic observation of isotopic molecular transportation during the separation process under dynamic transition. Here, the experimental observation of a significantly faster diffusion of deuterium than hydrogen in a flexible pore structure, even at high temperatures, through quasi-elastic neutron scattering, is reported. Unlike rigid structures, the extracted diffusion dynamics of hydrogen isotopes within flexible frameworks show that the diffusion difference between the isotopes increases with an increase in temperature. Owing to this unique inverse trend, a new strategy is suggested for achieving higher operating temperatures for efficient isotope separation utilizing a flexible metal-organic framework system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Raeesh Muhammad
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Veronika Grzimek
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Margarita Russina
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Hoi Ri Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jitae T Park
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), TU München, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| | - Hyunchul Oh
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
- Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
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11
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Li Q, Cheng G, Qin M, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Research on Carbide Characteristics and Their Influence on the Properties of Welding Joints for 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V Steel. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:891. [PMID: 33668481 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The carbide characteristics of 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V steel have an extremely important influence on the mechanical properties of welding joints. In addition, hydrogen resistance behavior is crucial for steel applied in hydrogenation reactors. The carbide morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the carbide microstructure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile and impact tests were carried out and the influence of carbides on properties was studied. A hydrogen diffusion test was carried out, and the hydrogen brittleness resistance of welding metal and base metal was studied by tensile testing of hydrogenated samples to evaluate the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties. The research results show that the strength of the welding metal was slightly higher and the Charpy impact value was significantly lower compared to the base metal. The hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the welding metal was stronger than that of the base metal. The presence of more carbides and inclusions was the main cause of the decreased impact property and hydrogen brittleness resistance of the welding metal. These conclusions have certain reference value for designing and manufacturing hydrogenation reactors.
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Colognesi D, Demmel F, Filabozzi A, Pietropaolo A, Pozio A, Romanelli G, Santucci A, Tosti S. Proton Dynamics in Palladium-Silver: An Inelastic Neutron Scattering Investigation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235587. [PMID: 33261164 PMCID: PMC7730539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton dynamics in Pd77Ag23 membranes is investigated by means of various neutron spectroscopic techniques, namely Quasi Elastic Neutron Scattering, Incoherent Inelastic Neutron Scattering, Neutron Transmission, and Deep Inelastic Neutron Scattering. Measurements carried out at the ISIS spallation neutron source using OSIRIS, MARI and VESUVIO spectrometers were performed at pressures of 1, 2, and 4 bar, and temperatures in the 330–673 K range. The energy interval spanned by the different instruments provides information on the proton dynamics in a time scale ranging from about 102 to 10−4 ps. The main finding is that the macroscopic diffusion process is determined by microscopic jump diffusion. In addition, the vibrational density of states of the H atoms in the metal lattice has been determined for a number of H concentrations and temperatures. These measurements follow a series of neutron diffraction experiments performed on the same sample and thus provide a complementary information for a thorough description of structural and dynamical properties of H-loaded Pd-Ag membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Colognesi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “N. Carrara”, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Franz Demmel
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, ISIS Facility, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK; (F.D.); (G.R.)
| | - Alessandra Filabozzi
- Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Dipartimento di Fisica, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonino Pietropaolo
- ENEA, Dipartimento di Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy; (A.S.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alfonso Pozio
- ENEA, Dipartimento Tecnologie Energetiche, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy;
| | - Giovanni Romanelli
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, ISIS Facility, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK; (F.D.); (G.R.)
| | - Alessia Santucci
- ENEA, Dipartimento di Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy; (A.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Silvano Tosti
- ENEA, Dipartimento di Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy; (A.S.); (S.T.)
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13
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Yang J, Liu G, Zheng W. Study on Hydrogen Diffusion Behavior during Welding of Heavy Plate. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13173887. [PMID: 32899150 PMCID: PMC7504570 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the multi-layer and multi-pass welding process of the heavy plate, the hydrogen diffusion behavior was numerically simulated to study the effect of solid-state phase transition (SSPT) on the hydrogen diffusion in the thickness direction, and the influence of the residual stress-induced diffusion after SSPT. The calculation results were compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows that the distribution of hydrogen concentration in the direction of thickness was in good agreement. The position with the most severe cold cracking sensitivity was located at a 20-30 mm depth from the top surface in this article. After welding, the hydrogen concentration in this position was kept at a high level for a long time under the effect of the size-constraint effect of the heavy plate and the existence of welding residual stress gradient. In addition, the SSPT reduced the residual stress level of weld metal (WM) significantly, increased that of the heat affected zone (HAZ), and the hydrogen was redistributed under the influence of stress. In the process of phase transformation, the parameters of hydrogen diffusion property of the material changed dramatically in a short time, the hydrogen diffusion coefficient increased in order of magnitude, and the solubility decreased in order of magnitude. This directly led to the upward diffusion of hydrogen in WM, and produced a self-gathering effect. For a welded joint of heavy plate, the self-gathering effect between passes was effective in the short-range and ineffective in the long-range.
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Gajowiec G, Bartmański M, Majkowska-Marzec B, Zieliński A, Chmiela B, Derezulko M. Hydrogen Embrittlement and Oxide Layer Effect in the Cathodically Charged Zircaloy-2. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1913. [PMID: 32325722 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is aimed at determining the less investigated effects of hydrogen uptake on the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the oxidized Zircaloy-2 alloy. The specimens were oxidized and charged with hydrogen. The different oxidation temperatures and cathodic current densities were applied. The scanning electron microscopy, X-ray electron diffraction spectroscopy, hydrogen absorption assessment, tensile, and nanoindentation tests were performed. At low oxidation temperatures, an appearance of numerous hydrides and cracks, and a slight change of mechanical properties were noticed. At high-temperature oxidation, the oxide layer prevented the hydrogen deterioration of the alloy. For nonoxidized samples, charged at different current density, nanoindentation tests showed that both hardness and Young’s modulus revealed the minims at specific current value and the stepwise decrease in hardness during hydrogen desorption. The obtained results are explained by the barrier effect of the oxide layer against hydrogen uptake, softening due to the interaction of hydrogen and dislocations nucleated by indentation test, and hardening caused by the decomposition of hydrides. The last phenomena may appear together and result in hydrogen embrittlement in forms of simultaneous hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity and delayed hydride cracking.
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15
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Han KL, Han JH, Kim BS, Jeong HJ, Choi JM, Hwang JE, Oh S, Park JS. Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Buffer in InGaZnO Transistors under Repetitive Bending Stress for High Electrical and Mechanical Stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:3784-3791. [PMID: 31878779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of the multilayered hybrid buffer consisting of Al2O3/PA (polyacrylic) organic layer/Al2O3 on the electrical and mechanical properties of amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). The multilayered organic/inorganic hybrid buffer has multiple beneficial effects on the flexible TFTs under repetitive bending stress. First, compared to the PA or Al2O3 single-layered buffer, the multilayered hybrid buffer showed an improved WVTR value of 1.1 × 10-4 g/m2 day. Even after 40,000 bending cycles, the WVTR value of the hybrid buffer increased only by 17%, while the WVTR value of the Al2O3 layer doubled after cyclical bending stress. We also confirmed that the hybrid buffer has advantages in mechanical durability of the TFT layers because of the change in the position of the neutral plane and the strain reduction effect by the PA organic layer. When we fabricate a top-gate a-IGZO TFT with the hybrid buffer layer (HB TFT), the device shows Vth = 0.74 V, μFE = 14.4 cm2/V·s, a subthreshold slope of 0.27 V/dec, and hysteresis of 0.21 V, which are superior to that of TFTs fabricated on an Al2O3 single-layer buffer (IB TFT). From the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elastic recoil detection analysis, the difference in the electrical performance of TFTs could be explained by hydrogen-related molecules. After annealing at 270 °C, the amounts of hydrogen found in the a-IGZO layer for the IB, HB, and OB TFTs were 3.57 × 1021, 5.77 × 1021, and 7.34 × 1021 atoms/cm3, respectively. A top-gate bottom-contact structured a-IGZO TFT fabricated on the PA layer (OB TFT) showed a gate dielectric breakdown because of excessively high hydrogen content and high nonbonding oxygen content. On the other hand, HB TFTs showed better positive bias stability because of the higher hydrogen concentration, as hydrogen (when not excessive) is beneficial in passivating electron traps. Finally, we conducted 60,000 repetitive bending cycles on IB TFTs and HB TFTs with various bending radii down to 1.5 mm. The HB TFT shows improved mechanical durability and exhibits less electrical degradation during and after repetitive bending stress, compared to the IB TFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Lim Han
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Han
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Su Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jeong
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Myung Choi
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Hwang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Saeroonter Oh
- Division of Electrical Engineering , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do 15588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Park
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
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Chen HC, Kuo CW, Chang TC, Lai WC, Chen PH, Chen GF, Huang SP, Chen JJ, Zhou KJ, Shih CC, Tsao YC, Huang HC, Sze SM. Investigation of the Capacitance-Voltage Electrical Characteristics of Thin-Film Transistors Caused by Hydrogen Diffusion under Negative Bias Stress in a Moist Environment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:40196-40203. [PMID: 31573173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of moisture on the electrical characteristics of an amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistor (a-IGZO TFT) was investigated. In commercial applications of such TFTs, high stability and quality performance in humid environments are essential. During TFT operation under ambient moisture, the electrolysis of water molecules occurs via the tip electric field effect. Hydrogen diffuses from the etch-stop layer or back-channel into the main channel under a negative electric field. The hydrogen atoms act as shallow donors (which causes the carrier concentration in the channel to rise), causing the threshold voltage (VTH) to shift in the negative direction. Hydrogen diffusion from the overlap of the source/drain and gate electrodes to the channel center caused by the tip electric field induces a significant barrier lowering and VTH shifts in a short-channel device. However, under negative bias stress (NBS) in ambient moisture, the negative VTH shift is more obvious in short- than in long-channel devices, indicating suppressed hydrogen diffusion in long-channel devices. This is attributed to the electrolysis of water by the tip electric field at the source, drain, and gate electrodes, which causes hydrogen to diffuse to the center of the channel. Here, a novel physical model of the capacitance-voltage (C-V) electrical property changes under ambient moisture is proposed, based on the early appearance of abnormalities in the C-V measurements. The electrolysis of water caused by the tip electric field and electrical abnormalities caused by hydrogen diffusion into the a-IGZO active layer are explained by this model. A secondary-ion mass spectrometry analysis shows that hydrogen content in the channel generally increases under NBS in ambient moisture. The degradation behavior due to moisture in a-IGZO is clarified. Thus, inhibiting the tip electric field may benefit future flexible-display and gas-sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chih Chen
- Department of Photonics , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701 , Taiwan , R. O. C
| | | | | | - Wei-Chih Lai
- Department of Photonics , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701 , Taiwan , R. O. C
| | - Po-Hsun Chen
- Department of Applied Science , Naval Academy , Kaohsiung 813 , Taiwan , R. O. C
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon M Sze
- Department of Electronics Engineering , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan , R. O. C
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17
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Xiong Z, Zheng W, Tang L, Yang J. Self-Gathering Effect of the Hydrogen Diffusion in Welding Induced by the Solid-State Phase Transformation. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E2897. [PMID: 31500328 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen diffusion in welding was investigated by using thermal-mechanical-hydrogen diffusion sequential coupled procedures based on finite element method. A self-gathering effect induced by the solid-state phase transformation was discovered. Because of the self-gathering effect, the hydrogen concentration in weld metal was accumulated to a peak value which can be larger than the initial hydrogen concentration in molten pool, and subsequently the hydrogen concentration in heat affect zone was redistributed. In multi-pass welding, the gathered effect not only happened inside a weld pass, but also in the inter-pass, which further increased the sensitivity of the hydrogen-assisted cold cracking. Controlling should be adopted to restrain the hydrogen accumulation. Welding stress evolution during the solid-state phase transformation process had limited effect on the hydrogen diffusion.
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18
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Xing X, Zhou J, Zhang S, Zhang H, Li Z, Li Z. Quantification of Temperature Dependence of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Pipeline Steel. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12040585. [PMID: 30781386 PMCID: PMC6416715 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperature on bulk hydrogen concentration and diffusion have been tested with the Devanathan⁻-Stachurski method. Thus, a model based on hydrogen potential, diffusivity, loading frequency, and hydrostatic stress distribution around crack tips was applied in order to quantify the temperature's effect. The theoretical model was verified experimentally and confirmed a temperature threshold of 320 K to maximize the crack growth. The model suggests a nanoscale embrittlement mechanism, which is generated by hydrogen atom delivery to the crack tip under fatigue loading, and rationalized the ΔK dependence of traditional models. Hence, this work could be applied to optimize operations that will prolong the life of the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xing
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266500, China.
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266500, China.
| | - Shouxin Zhang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266500, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Zili Li
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266500, China.
| | - Zhenjun Li
- Petrochina West Pipeline Company, Wulumuqi 830001, China.
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19
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Abstract
Control over plasmonic colors on the nanoscale is of great interest for high-resolution display, imaging, and information encryption applications. However, so far, very limited schemes have been attempted for dynamic plasmonic color generation. In this paper, we demonstrate a scanning plasmonic color generation scheme, in which subwavelength plasmonic pixels can be laterally switched on/off through directional hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of a magnesium screen. We show several dynamic plasmonic color displays with different scanning functions by varying the number and geometries of the palladium gates, where hydrogen enters the scanning screens. In particular, we employ the scanning effects to create a dynamic plasmonic quick response code. The information cannot be decrypted by varying the polarization states of light or by accessing the physical features. Rather, it can only be read out using hydrogen as a decoding key. Our work advances the established design concepts for plasmonic color printing and provides insights into the development of optical information storage and anticounterfeiting features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Duan
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstrasse 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics , University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Na Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstrasse 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics , University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
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Peng Y, Geng Z, Zhao S, Wang L, Li H, Wang X, Zheng X, Zhu J, Li Z, Si R, Zeng J. Pt Single Atoms Embedded in the Surface of Ni Nanocrystals as Highly Active Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Nitro Compounds. Nano Lett 2018; 18:3785-3791. [PMID: 29782802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts exhibit high selectivity in hydrogenation due to their isolated active sites, which ensure uniform adsorption configurations of substrate molecules. Compared with the achievement in catalytic selectivity, there is still a long way to go in exploiting the catalytic activity of single-atom catalysts. Herein, we developed highly active and selective catalysts in selective hydrogenation by embedding Pt single atoms in the surface of Ni nanocrystals (denoted as Pt1/Ni nanocrystals). During the hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene, the TOF numbers based on surface Pt atoms of Pt1/Ni nanocrystals reached ∼1800 h-1 under 3 atm of H2 at 40 °C, much higher than that of Pt single atoms supported on active carbon, TiO2, SiO2, and ZSM-5. Mechanistic studies reveal that the remarkable activity of Pt1/Ni nanocrystals derived from sufficient hydrogen supply because of spontaneous dissociation of H2 on both Pt and Ni atoms as well as facile diffusion of H atoms on Pt1/Ni nanocrystals. Moreover, the ensemble composed of the Pt single atom and nearby Ni atoms in Pt1/Ni nanocrystals leads to the adsorption configuration of 3-nitrostyrene favorable for the activation of nitro groups, accounting for the high selectivity for 3-vinylaniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Geng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Songtao Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Liangbing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201204 , P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Rui Si
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201204 , P. R. China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
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Song Y, Han Z, Chai M, Yang B, Liu Y, Cheng G, Li Y, Ai S. Effect of Cementite on the Hydrogen Diffusion/Trap Characteristics of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel with and without Annealing. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:ma11050788. [PMID: 29757223 PMCID: PMC5978165 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a critical issue that affects the reliability of hydrogenation reactors. The hydrogen diffusivity/trap characteristics of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel are important parameters mainly used to study the HE mechanism of steel alloys. In this work, the hydrogen diffusivity/trap characteristics of heat-treated (annealed) and untreated 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel were studied using an electrochemical permeation method. The microstructures of both 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steels were investigated by metallurgical microscopy. The effect of cementite on the hydrogen diffusivity/trap mechanisms was studied using thermodynamics-based and Lennard–Jones potential theories. The results revealed that the cementite located at the grain boundaries and at the interfaces of lath ferrite served as a kind of hydrogen trap (i.e., an irreversible hydrogen trap). In addition, hydrogen was transported from ferrite to cementite via up-hill diffusion, thereby supporting the hypothesis of cementite acting as a hydrogen trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zelin Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Mengyu Chai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yilun Liu
- School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Guangxu Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Song Ai
- School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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22
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Toribio J, Aguado L, Lorenzo M, Kharin V. Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Pearlitic Steel Rods: The Role of Residual Stresses Generated by Fatigue Precracking. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10050485. [PMID: 28772845 PMCID: PMC5459094 DOI: 10.3390/ma10050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of metals is an issue of major concern in engineering since this phenomenon causes many catastrophic failures of structural components in aggressive environments. SCC is even more harmful under cathodic conditions promoting the phenomenon known as hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC), hydrogen assisted fracture (HAF) or hydrogen embrittlement (HE). A common way to assess the susceptibility of a given material to HAC, HAF or HE is to subject a cracked rod to a constant extension rate tension (CERT) test until it fractures in this harsh environment. This paper analyzes the influence of a residual stress field generated by fatigue precracking on the sample’s posterior susceptibility to HAC. To achieve this goal, numerical simulations were carried out of hydrogen diffusion assisted by the stress field. Firstly, a mechanical simulation of the fatigue precracking was developed for revealing the residual stress field after diverse cyclic loading scenarios and posterior stress field evolution during CERT loading. Afterwards, a simulation of hydrogen diffusion assisted by stress was carried out considering the residual stresses after fatigue and the superposed rising stresses caused by CERT loading. Results reveal the key role of the residual stress field after fatigue precracking in the HAC phenomena in cracked steel rods as well as the beneficial effect of compressive residual stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Toribio
- Fracture & Structural Integrity Research Group (FSIRG), University of Salamanca (USAL), E.P.S., Campus Viriato, 49022 Zamora, Spain.
| | - Leticia Aguado
- Fracture & Structural Integrity Research Group (FSIRG), University of Salamanca (USAL), E.P.S., Campus Viriato, 49022 Zamora, Spain.
| | - Miguel Lorenzo
- Fracture & Structural Integrity Research Group (FSIRG), University of Salamanca (USAL), E.P.S., Campus Viriato, 49022 Zamora, Spain.
| | - Viktor Kharin
- Fracture & Structural Integrity Research Group (FSIRG), University of Salamanca (USAL), E.P.S., Campus Viriato, 49022 Zamora, Spain.
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23
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Yamada S, Kurokawa Y, Miyajima S, Konagai M. Investigation of hydrogen plasma treatment for reducing defects in silicon quantum dot superlattice structure with amorphous silicon carbide matrix. Nanoscale Res Lett 2014; 9:72. [PMID: 24521208 PMCID: PMC3926976 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of hydrogen plasma treatment (HPT) on the properties of silicon quantum dot superlattice films. Hydrogen introduced in the films efficiently passivates silicon and carbon dangling bonds at a treatment temperature of approximately 400°C. The total dangling bond density decreases from 1.1 × 1019 cm-3 to 3.7 × 1017 cm-3, which is comparable to the defect density of typical hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide films. A damaged layer is found to form on the surface by HPT; this layer can be easily removed by reactive ion etching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Yamada
- Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Kurokawa
- Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Miyajima
- Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Makoto Konagai
- Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Photovoltaics Research Center (PVREC), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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