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Qiu J, Chen X, Le AN, López-Barrón CR, Rohde BJ, White RP, Lipson JEG, Krishnamoorti R, Robertson ML. Thermodynamic Interactions in Polydiene/Polyolefin Blends Containing Diverse Polydiene and Polyolefin Units. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Qiu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Xuejian Chen
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Amy N. Le
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | | | - Brian J. Rohde
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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2
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White RP, Buculei D, Beale AMJM, Goovaerts I, Keddie JL, Lipson JEG. Spectroscopic ellipsometry as a route to thermodynamic characterization. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6660-6673. [PMID: 36004577 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00959e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for synthesizing molecularly designed materials are expanding, but methods for their thermodynamic characterization are not. This shortfall presents a challenge to the goal of connecting local molecular structure with material properties and response. Fundamental thermodynamic quantities, including the thermal expansion coefficient, α, can serve as powerful inputs to models, yielding insight and predictive power for phenomena ranging from miscibility to dynamic relaxation. However, the usual routes for thermodynamic characterization often require a significant sample size (e.g. one gram), or challenging experimental set-ups (e.g. mercury as a confining fluid), or both. Here, we apply spectroscopic ellipsometry, which is an optical technique for thin film analysis, to obtain thermodynamic data. We clarify issues in the scientific literature concerning the connection between ellipsometric and volumetric thermal expansion coefficients for substances in both the glass and melt states. We analyze temperature-dependent data derived using both ellipsometry and macro-scale dilatometric techniques for ten different polymers. We find superb correlation between the α values obtained via the two techniques, after considering the effects of mechanical confinement by the substrate for a glassy thin film. We show how the ellipsometric α can serve as input to the locally correlated lattice theory to yield predictions for the percent free volume in each polymer as a function of temperature. We find that the ellipsometric α at the glass transition temperature, Tg, is not only material dependent, but it is linearly correlated with Tg itself. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, which requires only very small quantities of sample and is straightforward to perform, will significantly expand the range of systems for which thermodynamic properties can be characterized. It will thus advance our ability to use theory and modeling to predict the miscibility and dynamic relaxation of new materials. As such, ellipsometry will be able to underpin materials synthesis and property design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA.
| | - Dragos Buculei
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Alexia M J M Beale
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Ilias Goovaerts
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Joseph L Keddie
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jane E G Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA.
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3
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Crystallization and polymorphic behaviour of melt miscible blends of crystalline homopolymers with close melting temperatures under confinement. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Evaluation of the compressible regular solution model predictions via rheologically determined phase diagram for polyvinylchloride/polycaprolactone blend. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Fascinating morphology and crystallization behavior of melt miscible binary blends of crystalline homopolymers depicting nearly simultaneous melting transitions. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Jangareddy S, Register RA. Incorporation of Styrene into a Model Polyolefin for Enhanced Compatibility with Polyisoprene. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Jangareddy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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8
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White RP, Aoki Y, Higgins JS, Keddie JL, Lipson JEG, Cabral JT. Thermodynamics of Model PαMSAN/dPMMA Blend: A Combined Study by SANS, Ellipsometry, and Locally Correlated Lattice (LCL) Theory. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Yutaka Aoki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Julia S. Higgins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - João T. Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Capponi
- Department of Industrial and Applied Genomics, IBM AI and Cognitive Software Organization, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120-6099, United States
- NSF Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, United States
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU) - Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dušan Račko
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 3, 841 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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10
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Schweizer KS, Simmons DS. Progress towards a phenomenological picture and theoretical understanding of glassy dynamics and vitrification near interfaces and under nanoconfinement. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:240901. [PMID: 31893888 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of alterations to dynamics and vitrification in the nanoscale vicinity of interfaces-commonly referred to as "nanoconfinement" effects on the glass transition-has been an open question for a quarter century. We first analyze experimental and simulation results over the last decade to construct an overall phenomenological picture. Key features include the following: after a metrology- and chemistry-dependent onset, near-interface relaxation times obey a fractional power law decoupling relation with bulk relaxation; relaxation times vary in a double-exponential manner with distance from the interface, with an intrinsic dynamical length scale appearing to saturate at low temperatures; the activation barrier and vitrification temperature Tg approach bulk behavior in a spatially exponential manner; and all these behaviors depend quantitatively on the nature of the interface. We demonstrate that the thickness dependence of film-averaged Tg for individual systems provides a poor basis for discrimination between different theories, and thus we assess their merits based on the above dynamical gradient properties. Entropy-based theories appear to exhibit significant inconsistencies with the phenomenology. Diverse free-volume-motivated theories vary in their agreement with observations, with approaches invoking cooperative motion exhibiting the most promise. The elastically cooperative nonlinear Langevin equation theory appears to capture the largest portion of the phenomenology, although important aspects remain to be addressed. A full theoretical understanding requires improved confrontation with simulations and experiments that probe spatially heterogeneous dynamics within the accessible 1-ps to 1-year time window, minimal use of adjustable parameters, and recognition of the rich quantitative dependence on chemistry and interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Schweizer
- Departments of Materials Science, Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - David S Simmons
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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11
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Han X, Liang X, Cai L, He A, Nie H. Amphiphilic Janus nanosheets by grafting reactive rubber brushes for reinforced rubber materials. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00863b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An amphiphilic Janus nanosheet with different reactive rubber brushes on two opposite sides can simultaneously strengthen and toughen rubber blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education)
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Xincheng Liang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education)
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Lei Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education)
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Aihua He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education)
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Huarong Nie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education)
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
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12
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Ravichandran A, Chen CC, Khare R. Prediction of χ Parameter of Polymer Blends by Combining Molecular Simulations and Integral Equation Theory. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9022-9031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ravichandran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 43121, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
| | - Chau-Chyun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 43121, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
| | - Rajesh Khare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 43121, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
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13
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Mulhearn WD, Register RA. Melt Miscibility in Diblock Copolymers Containing Polyethylene and Substituted Hydrogenated Polynorbornenes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Mulhearn
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Mulhearn WD, Register RA. Lower Critical Ordering Transition of an All-Hydrocarbon Polynorbornene Diblock Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Mulhearn
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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16
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Huang X, Roth CB. Changes in the temperature-dependent specific volume of supported polystyrene films with film thickness. J Chem Phys 2017; 144:234903. [PMID: 27334190 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have measured or predicted thickness-dependent shifts in density or specific volume of polymer films as a possible means of understanding changes in the glass transition temperature Tg(h) with decreasing film thickness with some experimental works claiming unrealistically large (25%-30%) increases in film density with decreasing thickness. Here we use ellipsometry to measure the temperature-dependent index of refraction of polystyrene (PS) films supported on silicon and investigate the validity of the commonly used Lorentz-Lorenz equation for inferring changes in density or specific volume from very thin films. We find that the density (specific volume) of these supported PS films does not vary by more than ±0.4% of the bulk value for film thicknesses above 30 nm, and that the small variations we do observe are uncorrelated with any free volume explanation for the Tg(h) decrease exhibited by these films. We conclude that the derivation of the Lorentz-Lorenz equation becomes invalid for very thin films as the film thickness approaches ∼20 nm, and that reports of large density changes greater than ±1% of bulk for films thinner than this likely suffer from breakdown in the validity of this equation or in the difficulties associated with accurately measuring the index of refraction of such thin films. For larger film thicknesses, we do observed small variations in the effective specific volume of the films of 0.4 ± 0.2%, outside of our experimental error. These shifts occur simultaneously in both the liquid and glassy regimes uniformly together starting at film thicknesses less than ∼120 nm but appear to be uncorrelated with Tg(h) decreases; possible causes for these variations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Huang
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Higgins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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19
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Wu C. Phase Morphologies of Binary Polymer Blends Predicted by Systematically Coarse-Grained Models. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201500087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofu Wu
- College of Materials and Environment Engineering; Hunan University of Humanities Science & Technology; Dixing Road 487 Louxing DistrictLoudi 417000 Hunan Province P. R. China
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20
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Chen QP, Chu JD, DeJaco RF, Lodge TP, Siepmann JI. Molecular Simulation of Olefin Oligomer Blend Phase Behavior. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qile P. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Justine D. Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Robert F. DeJaco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - J. Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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Kuhakongkiat N, Wachteng V, Nobukawa S, Yamaguchi M. Interphase transfer of plasticizer between immiscible rubbers. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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White RP, Lipson JEG. Free Volume in the Melt and How It Correlates with Experimental Glass Transition Temperatures: Results for a Large Set of Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:588-592. [PMID: 35596302 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a continuing, strong interest in making connections between the polymeric glass transition (Tg) and bulk properties. In this Letter we apply the Locally Correlated Lattice (LCL) model to study a group of 51 polymers and demonstrate two broad correlations. In the first, we show that the theoretically determined polymeric free volume in the melt, all at a single common T, P (425 K, 1 atm), correlates noticeably with the experimentally determined Tg values, and that this trend sharpens considerably when families of polymers are examined. Further, we show a strikingly linear correlation between the experimental Tg and the LCL model calculation for the percent free volume expected at the polymeric Tg. We suggest that this trend has a predictive value, acting as a boundary of T-dependent minimum-required free volume separating the melt and glassy regimes. Our theoretical estimates of free volume values at a polymer's Tg range between 4 and 16%, and their evident temperature dependence indicates an important role for temperature in glassification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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23
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Xu WS, Freed KF. Generalized Entropy Theory of Glass Formation in Polymer Melts with Specific Interactions. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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DeFelice J, Lipson JEG. Polymer Miscibility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Free Volume as a Driving Force. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501199n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey DeFelice
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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25
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White RP, Lipson JEG. Free Volume, Cohesive Energy Density, and Internal Pressure as Predictors of Polymer Miscibility. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5005474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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26
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Niu Q, Jiang X, He A. Synthesis of spherical trans-1,4-polyisoprene/trans-1,4-poly(butadiene-co-isoprene) rubber alloys within reactor. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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White RP, Lipson JEG. Origins of Unusual Phase Behavior in Polymer/Ionic Liquid Solutions. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400710z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
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