1
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Ashirov T, Fritz PW, Yildirim T, Coskun A. Diels-Alder cycloaddition polymerization for porous poly-phenylenes with exceptional gas uptake properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2657-2660. [PMID: 38348903 PMCID: PMC10903296 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional porous polyphenylenes (2D/3D-pPPs) via the Diels-Alder cycloaddition polymerization reaction. The resulting 2D and 3D-pPPs showed surface areas up to 1553 m2 g-1, pore volumes of 1.45 cm3 g-1 and very high H2 uptake capacities of 7.4 and 7.1 wt% at 77 K, respectively, along with a competitive high-pressure CO2 and CH4 uptake performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Ashirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick W Fritz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.
| | - Taner Yildirim
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.
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2
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Langlais V, Schneider K, Tang H. Light assisted synthesis of poly-para-phenylene on Ag(001). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:055001. [PMID: 34700309 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of poly-para-phenylene (PPP) obtained by light-assisted on-surface-synthesis (OSS) on Ag(100) was carried out by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy together with density functional theory calculations. The use of light in combination with heat allows to lower by 50 K annealing temperature the each stage of the Ullmann coupling. Debromination of the 4,4″ dibromo-p-terphenyl precursors was thus realized at 300 K, the formation of the first oligomers from the organometallic intermediate by silver bridging atom release at 423 K and PPP by complete elimination of the silver at 473 K. This approach to lower the reaction temperature permits to enhance the Ag(100) surface reactivity to become comparable to that of Cu(111). The underlying mechanism of light effect was proposed to occur via surface mediated excitation, with the creation of photoexcited electrons known as hot electrons correlated with surface plasmon excitation. This original pathway combining both light and heat provides an additional parameter to control OSS by separating the precursor activation stage from the diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Langlais
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - K Schneider
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - H Tang
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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3
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Danbo Mao, Yuechuan Wang. Pyrolysis Behavior of Ester Substituted Poly(p-phenylene)s and Determination of Its Microstructural Arrangement through TGA. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090421040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Abdulkarim A, Nathusius M, Bäuerle R, Strunk KP, Beck S, Räder HJ, Pucci A, Melzer C, Jänsch D, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Beyond p-Hexaphenylenes: Synthesis of Unsubstituted p-Nonaphenylene by a Precursor Protocol. Chemistry 2021; 27:281-288. [PMID: 32786130 PMCID: PMC7839583 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unsubstituted oligo‐para‐phenylenes (OPP) exceeding para‐hexaphenylene—in the literature often referred to as p‐sexiphenyl—has long remained elusive due to their insolubility. We report the first preparation of unsubstituted para‐nonaphenylenes (9PPs) by extending our precursor route to poly‐para‐phenylenes (PPP) to a discrete oligomer. Two geometric isomers of methoxylated syn‐ and anti‐cyclohexadienylenes were synthesized, from which 9PP was obtained via thermal aromatization in thin films. 9PP was characterized via optical, infrared and solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as atomic force microscopy and mass spectrometry, and compared to polymeric analogues. Due to the lack of substitution, para‐nonaphenylene, irrespective of the precursor isomer employed, displays pronounced aggregation in the solid state. Intermolecular excitonic coupling leads to formation of H‐type aggregates, red‐shifting emission of the films to greenish. 9PP allows to study the structure–property relationship of para‐phenylene oligomers and polymers, especially since the optical properties of PPP depend on the molecular shape of the precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdulkarim
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Nathusius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rainer Bäuerle
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Philipp Strunk
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Melzer
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Liu F, Ahn J, Miyake J, Miyatake K. Poly(para-phenylene) ionomer membranes: effect of methyl and trifluoromethyl substituents. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01141c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(para-phenylene sulfonic acid) containing CF3 groups exhibits thin membrane forming capability, high proton conductivity, mechanical strength, gas barrier properties, and chemical stability as a proton conductive membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Liu
- Graduate School of Medical, Industrial and Agricultural Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Jinju Ahn
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Junpei Miyake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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6
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Stan CS, Coroaba A, Popa M, Ursu LE. Highly photoemissive polymer–transition metal complexes based on poly(2‐hydroxyethyl) methacrylate. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu S Stan
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers ‘Gheorghe Asachi’ Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Cristofor Simionescu Iasi Romania
| | - Adina Coroaba
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers ‘Petru Poni’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy Grigore Ghica Iasi Romania
| | - Marcel Popa
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers ‘Gheorghe Asachi’ Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Cristofor Simionescu Iasi Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists Bucharest Romania
| | - Laura E Ursu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers ‘Petru Poni’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy Grigore Ghica Iasi Romania
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7
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Tomczykowa M, Plonska-Brzezinska ME. Conducting Polymers, Hydrogels and Their Composites: Preparation, Properties and Bioapplications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E350. [PMID: 30960334 PMCID: PMC6419165 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on current state-of-the-art research on electroactive-based materials and their synthesis, as well as their physicochemical and biological properties. Special attention is paid to pristine intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and their composites with other organic and inorganic components, well-defined micro- and nanostructures, and enhanced surface areas compared with those of conventionally prepared ICPs. Hydrogels, due to their defined porous structures and being filled with aqueous solution, offer the ability to increase the amount of immobilized chemical, biological or biochemical molecules. When other components are incorporated into ICPs, the materials form composites; in this particular case, they form conductive composites. The design and synthesis of conductive composites result in the inheritance of the advantages of each component and offer new features because of the synergistic effects between the components. The resulting structures of ICPs, conducting polymer hydrogels and their composites, as well as the unusual physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and multi-functionality of these materials, facilitate their bioapplications. The synergistic effects between constituents have made these materials particularly attractive as sensing elements for biological agents, and they also enable the immobilization of bioreceptors such as enzymes, antigen-antibodies, and nucleic acids onto their surfaces for the detection of an array of biological agents. Currently, these materials have unlimited applicability in biomedicine. In this review, we have limited discussion to three areas in which it seems that the use of ICPs and materials, including their different forms, are particularly interesting, namely, biosensors, delivery of drugs and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomczykowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marta Eliza Plonska-Brzezinska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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8
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Ito M, Mera A, Mashimo T, Seki T, Karanjit S, Ohashi E, Nakayama A, Kitamura K, Hamura T, Ito H, Namba K. Synthesis and Evaluation of a 1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene (TAP)-Bonded System. Chemistry 2018; 24:17727-17733. [PMID: 30298702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A method of synthesizing a directly connected 1,3a,6a-triazapentalene (TAP) ring system as a linearly bonded aromatic system with a planar form was established. Various TAP-dimers and a 2-alkyl-TAP-trimer were synthesized and their fluorescence properties were evaluated. Although the direct connection of the TAP ring with other TAP rings did not affect the fluorescence properties in diluted solvent, TAP-dimers showed unique fluorescence properties derived from the aggregation state under highly concentrated conditions. In particular, TAP-dimer 5 f showed aggregation-induced emission in highly concentrated solution, and 5 b showed typical mechanochromic fluorescence in the solid state despite their compact molecular size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akane Mera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takaki Mashimo
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Sangita Karanjit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Eisaku Ohashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kei Kitamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kosuke Namba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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9
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Wu J, Tan C, Zhou X, Tan Y, Yang P, Jiang Y. Molecular weight analysis of water-soluble poly(phenylene ethynylene)s using MALDI-TOF MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Zhou
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhang J, Wu P. Grafting Polymers from Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) as New Thermoplastics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Pathology; Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College; Nanjing 210029 China
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11
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Chung K, McAllister A, Bilby D, Kim BG, Kwon MS, Kioupakis E, Kim J. Designing interchain and intrachain properties of conjugated polymers for latent optical information encoding. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6980-6985. [PMID: 29861936 PMCID: PMC5951112 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02403j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on systematic conjugated polymers design, we demonstrate latent information encoding which reveals and conceals hidden information upon polymers' aggregation/deaggregation.
Building molecular-design insights for controlling both the intrachain and the interchain properties of conjugated polymers (CPs) is essential to determine their characteristics and to optimize their performance in applications. However, most CP designs have focused on the conjugated main chain to control the intrachain properties, while the design of side chains is usually used to render CPs soluble, even though the side chains critically affect the interchain packing. Here, we present a straightforward and effective design strategy for modifying the optical and electrochemical properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based CPs by controlling both the intrachain and interchain properties in a single system. The synthesized polymers, P1, P2 and P3, show almost identical optical absorption spectra in solution, manifesting essentially the same intrachain properties of the three CPs having restricted effective conjugation along the main chain. However, the absorption spectra of CP films are gradually tuned by controlling the interchain packing through the side-chain design. Based on the tailored optical properties, we demonstrate the encoding of latent optical information utilizing the CPs as security inks on a silica substrate, which reveals and conceals hidden information upon the reversible aggregation/deaggregation of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongwoon Chung
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
| | - Andrew McAllister
- Department of Applied Physics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
| | - David Bilby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
| | - Bong-Gi Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering , KonKuk University , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
| | - Emmanouil Kioupakis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
| | - Jinsang Kim
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA . .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA.,Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
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12
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13
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Kovalev AI, Kushakova NC, Shapovalov AV, Babushkina MA, Khotina IA. Synthesis and prospects of application of branched polyarylenes in electroluminescent devices. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Schmücker S, Kuckling D. Enhanced Preparation of Alkoxyamine-Functionalized Poly(p-phenylene)s and Their Use as Macroinitiators for the Synthesis of Stimuli-Responsive Coil-Rod-Coil Block Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Nakai Y, Mori T, Inoue Y. Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Circular Dichroism of Carbo[n]helicenes. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:7372-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304576g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Nakai
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,
Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,
Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,
Japan
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16
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Samperi F, Battiato S, Puglisi C, Giovanella U, Mendichi R, Destri S. Combined Techniques for the Characterization of Polyfluorene Copolymers and Correlation with their Optical Properties. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Samperi
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia
dei Polimeri (ICTP) UOS Catania, CNR, Via
Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Salvatore Battiato
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia
dei Polimeri (ICTP) UOS Catania, CNR, Via
Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Concetto Puglisi
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia
dei Polimeri (ICTP) UOS Catania, CNR, Via
Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Raniero Mendichi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Destri
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
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17
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Yıldırım E, Yurtsever M, Kenarlı B, Demirel AL. Microphase Separation of Phenylene Oligomers with Polymeric Side Chains: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Britze A, Jacob J, Choudhary V, Moellmann V, Grundmeier G, Luftmann H, Kuckling D. Synthesis of PPP-b-PS block copolymers using a combination of Suzuki-polycondensation and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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He J, Crase JL, Wadumethrige SH, Thakur K, Dai L, Zou S, Rathore R, Hartley CS. ortho-Phenylenes: Unusual Conjugated Oligomers with a Surprisingly Long Effective Conjugation Length. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13848-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106050s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, and Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
| | - Jason L. Crase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, and Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
| | - Shriya H. Wadumethrige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, and Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
| | - Khushabu Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, and Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
| | - Lin Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, and Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
| | - Shouzhong Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, and Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, and Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
| | - C. Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, and Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
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20
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Wakioka M, Ozawa F. Substituent Effects on P−C Reductive Elimination from Styrylpalladium(II) Phosphine Complexes. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100476z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Wakioka
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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21
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Müller TJJ, Franz AW, Barkschat née Krämer CS, Sailer M, Meerholz K, Müller D, Colsmann A, Lemmer U. Modular Synthesis and Electronic and Hole-Transport Properties of Monodisperse Oligophenothiazines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201050101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Grimsdale AC, Leok Chan K, Martin RE, Jokisz PG, Holmes AB. Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices. Chem Rev 2009; 109:897-1091. [PMID: 19228015 DOI: 10.1021/cr000013v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1718] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Grimsdale
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Khai Leok Chan
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer E. Martin
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pawel G. Jokisz
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew B. Holmes
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Republic of Singapore 639798; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Abstract
The paper gives a review of publications on polymers with conjugated matrices (PPy, PTh, PAni, hydrocarbon or mixed chains...) which incorporate metallocene complexes (Fe, Ru, Co; Ni, Ti, Zr, Ta) with two cyclopentadienyl ligands (Cp) and their derivatives, in particular with methylated cyclopentadienyl rings (Cp*), as well as hemi-metallocene complexes (Fe, Ru, Co, Mn), as pendant groups or inside the principal chain (part B). The information on related short-chain systems, monomers and oligomers, is also included. In part A, a brief overview of various conjugated polymer materials is presented, with their classification in accordance with the conductivity mechanism (ionic, electronic or mixed conductors) or with the structural type (linear-chain organic or mixed polymers, derivatization, metallopolymers, multi-dimensional structures, alternating and block copolymers with organic or mixed units, hybrid materials with a mixture of conjugated and inert polymers, polymers inside a solid matrix, conjugated polymers with incorporated nanoelements of transition metals, carbon, semiconductors etc.
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24
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Sailer M, Franz A, Müller T. Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Monodisperse Oligophenothiazines. Chemistry 2008; 14:2602-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Nur Y, Yurteri S, Cianga I, Yagci Y, Hacaloglu J. Thermal degradation of poly(p-phenylene-graft-ɛ-caprolactone) copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Cristadoro A, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Clustering of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and laser desorption mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:2621-8. [PMID: 17639574 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The desorption/ionization behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and laser desorption (LD) mass spectrometry was studied by the solvent-free sample preparation method. As the understanding of the desorption/ionization mechanism in MALDI is normally hampered by the different ionization and desorption efficiencies of the analytes, this work was focused on the analyses of a homologous series of four hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) possessing virtually the same ionization efficiency: HBC parent, hexamethyl-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-C1), hexapropyl-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-C3) and hexakis(dodecyl)-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-C12). The different signal intensities obtained in their mass spectra can be related to differences in their desorption efficiencies, which are attributed to the different strengths of the intermolecular interactions between unsubstituted and alkylated HBCs in the solid state. The influence of the aromatic structure of PAHs on their photoionization/desorption probability was investigated. As a model system, an equimolar mixture composed of HBC-C12 and hexakis(dodecyl)-hexaphenylbenzene (HPB-C12) was chosen. The aromatic structures of both molecules and thus their absorption coefficients at the laser wavelength differ substantially and have a huge influence on their photoionization efficiency. The combined effect of laser light absorption and intermolecular interactions on the desorption/ionization behaviour of giant PAHs was further studied by using an equimolar mixture composed of a larger PAH (C(222)H(42)) and its dendritic precursor (C(222)H(150)). This mixture shows the opposite behaviour to that of the former example, because the balance between desorption and ionization efficiency has changed significantly. The present investigation should be of interest for providing a better understanding of MALDI and LD spectra obtained from natural PAH-containing samples, such as heavy oils, asphaltenes or pitches, for which our artificial mixtures represent suitable model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cristadoro
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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27
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Levent Demirel A, Yurteri S, Cianga I, Yagci Y. Synthesis and morphological characterization of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(2-methyloxazoline) substituted phenyl rings and phenylene oligomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Ma Z, Qiang LL, Fan QL, Wang YY, Pu KY, Yin R, Huang W. Direct laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of conjugated polymers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:20-4. [PMID: 17143935 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two conjugated polymers (CPs), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PF) and poly(3-octylthiophene) (PT) were analyzed by direct laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-ToF MS). Because of their strong absorption near the wavelength of the laser (337 nm), easy and transient energy transfer properties and sufficient thermal stability, CPs can be desorbed and ionized directly without a matrix. For comparison, these two polymers were also analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-ToF MS in the positive reflectron mode. The results revealed that they are very similar in terms of quality and resolution. All results demonstrate that LDI-ToF MS is an alternative method for the mass characterization of some conjugated systems, thereby simplifying the process of sample preparation and result analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhun Ma
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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29
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Polyphenylene-type Emissive Materials: Poly(para-phenylene)s,Polyfluorenes, and Ladder Polymers. EMISSIVE MATERIALS NANOMATERIALS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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30
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Chen H, He M, Chen ZK, Zhou CZ. The cationization mechanism study of novel oligo (p-phenyleneethynylene)s. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:1695-701. [PMID: 16099167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two series of new oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s (OPEs) O1-O4 and O5-O8, which have been proven to be one of the chief classes of molecules mainly used as the wires and other potential backbones of molecular electronic devices, have been synthesized by stepwise synthetic approach. The characterization of these oligomers was performed on MALDI TOF MS. Different cationization salts have been applied to investigate the ionization processes of these series of oligomers under MALDI conditions. The experimental results show that these oligomers display a strong tendency to undergo radical cationization and varied ionization efficiency with different cationization agents attributable to their difference in cationic diameters. Furthermore, we found that these two series of oligomers differed in ionization properties because of their different end-groups even when the same cationization agent was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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31
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Singha NK, Rimmer S, Klumperman B. Mass spectrometry of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Eur Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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33
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Kassalainen GE, Williams SKR. Coupling thermal field-flow fractionation with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of synthetic polymers. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1887-94. [PMID: 12713047 DOI: 10.1021/ac020594j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) have been coupled to yield a powerful combination of techniques for polymer analysis. Thermal FFF's high molecular weight (MW) selectivity and sensitivity to chemical composition are used to separate polydisperse polymers and polymer mixtures into the narrow polydispersity and homogeneous chemical composition fractions essential for MALDI-TOFMS analyses. On the other hand, MALDI-TOFMS's ability to directly measure molecular weight alleviates the need for polymer standards for ThFFF. In this first-time coupling of ThFFF and MALDI-TOFMS, compatibility issues were addressed and optimum conditions and procedures were identified and developed to maximize the capabilities of the combined technique. Depending on the polymer MW and the method of MALDI sample deposition, fractions from 1-10 ThFFF runs were combined for MALDI-TOFMS analysis. Binary solvents were used to enhance ThFFF retention and resolution of low-MW (<15-kDa) polymers, and methods were developed to allow routine MALDI-TOFMS analyses of polystyrene polymers up to 575 kDa. Overall, the MW compatibility of the two techniques was extended from several kilodaltons to several hundred kilodaltons. Polymer fractions were collected after separation by ThFFF and analyzed either by MALDI-TOFMS or reinjection into the ThFFF system. Good agreement was observed between the MW distribution data obtained by MALDI-TOFMS and ThFFF. The application of ThFFF/MALDI-TOFMS to polydisperse polymers and polymer mixtures was demonstrated. This combined technique was also shown to be a viable means for preparing standards from the original polymer sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina E Kassalainen
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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34
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Ricks HL, Choudry UH, Marshall AR, Bunz UHF. Rod vs Coil: Molecular Weight Comparison of a Poly(dialkyl-p-phenyleneethynylene) with Its Reduced Poly(2,5-dialkyl-p-xylylene). Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025630v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly L. Ricks
- USC NanoCenter and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Umaran H. Choudry
- USC NanoCenter and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Alan R. Marshall
- USC NanoCenter and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- USC NanoCenter and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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35
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Chen H, He M, Pei J, Liu B. End-group analysis of blue light-emitting polymers using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002; 74:6252-8. [PMID: 12510746 DOI: 10.1021/ac020528h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been applied to provide information on the structure of a copolymer, e.g., repeat unit and end group. Seven conjugated polymers, which have been demonstrated as the active component in blue light-emitting diodes, were synthesized through Suzuki polycondensation reaction in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst. Their molecular weights were obtained using gel permeation chromatography analysis. MALDI-TOF MS was used to investigate the structure information in detail. The proposed end-group structures were confirmed by the identity between the observed and the simulated isotopic distribution of each polymer. The results demonstrate that these synthetic polymers possess various end groups and even contain macrocycles. The catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 was found to introduce phenyl end groups via aryl-aryl exchange between the catalytic palladium intermediate and the triphenylphosphine ligand. All these results are based on the analysis of the mass spectrum data, which suggests that MALDI-TOF MS is an extraordinarily strong tool in synthetic polymer structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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36
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Xu P, Kumar J, Samuelson L, Cholli AL. Monitoring the enzymatic polymerization of 4-phenylphenol by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a novel approach. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:889-93. [PMID: 12217031 DOI: 10.1021/bm0255600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for polymer characterization. It has been used to understand the enzymatic polymerization of 4-phenylphenol and to monitor number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight of the polymer as a function of systematic addition of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in the reaction. A novel method, an introduction of internal standard for quantification of data, has been developed for MALDI-TOF MS to investigate the fate of each mers during the reaction. The preliminary data suggest that this approach provides new insight on the enzymatic synthesis, which is not available by other techniques. For the first time, we are able to understand the fate of several mers as a function of reaction conditions. The relative content of each mer increases with the addition of H(2)O(2), except for dimer and trimer. For example, the concentration of dimer species decreases as a function of H(2)O(2). On the other hand, the concentration of trimer species increases first and then decreases in the course of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Center for Advanced Materials, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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37
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Rivera E, Belletête M, Xia Zhu X, Durocher G, Giasson R. Novel polyacetylenes containing pendant 1-pyrenyl groups: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and optical properties. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Trimpin S, Grimsdale AC, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Characterization of an insoluble poly(9,9-diphenyl-2,7-fluorene) by solvent-free sample preparation for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3777-82. [PMID: 12175166 DOI: 10.1021/ac0111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of solvent-free sample preparation for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allowed the characterization of an insoluble fraction of poly(9,9-diphenylfluorene) that was previously hindered by the lack of suitable characterization methods. The MALDI mass spectrometric analysis gives valuable mechanistic information about the heterogeneous polymerization process of the insoluble high molecular weight fraction of the polymer. The fragmentation appearing even under moderate desorption and ionization conditions of this rigid backbone analyte is identified as a multiple loss of the bulky phenyl side groups and can be avoided by applying the new MALDI matrix 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. A specialized fragmentation study by postsource decay MALDI-TOF MS reveals a molecular weight dependent change in fragmentation mechanism from an exclusive cleavage of side groups from long polymer chains to an additional cleavage of the polymer backbone of short polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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39
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Walters KA, Ley KD, Cavalaheiro CS, Miller SE, Gosztola D, Wasielewski MR, Bussandri AP, van Willigen H, Schanze KS. Photophysics of pi-conjugated metal-organic oligomers: aryleneethynylenes that contain the (bpy)Re(CO)(3)Cl chromophore. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:8329-42. [PMID: 11516282 DOI: 10.1021/ja015813h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of a series of four monodisperse, metal-organic pi-conjugated oligomers of varying length is reported. The oligomers are based on the aryleneethynylene architecture, and they contain a 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-diyl (bpy) metal binding unit. The photophysical properties of the free oligomers and their complexes with the (L)Re(I)(CO)(3)X chromophore (where L = the bpy-oligomer and X = Cl or NCCH(3)) were explored by a variety of methods including electrochemistry, UV-visible absorption, variable temperature photoluminescence (PL), transient absorption (TA), and time-resolved electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (TREPR). The absorption of the free oligomers and the metal complexes is dominated by the pi,pi* transitions of the pi-conjugated oligomers. The free oligomers feature a strong blue fluorescence that is quenched entirely in the (L)Re(I)(CO)(3)X complexes. The metal-oligomers feature a weak, relatively long-lived red photoluminescence that is assigned to emission from both the (3)pi,pi* manifold of the pi-conjugated system and the dpi Re --> pi* bpy-oligomer metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((3)MLCT) state. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the PL, TA, and TREPR results an excited-state model is developed which indicates that the oligomer-based (3)pi,pi* state and the (3)MLCT states are in close energetic proximity. Consequently the photophysical properties reflect a composite of the properties of the two excited-state manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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40
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Marsitzky D, Vestberg R, Blainey P, Tang BT, Hawker CJ, Carter KR. Self-encapsulation of poly-2,7-fluorenes in a dendrimer matrix. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:6965-72. [PMID: 11459474 DOI: 10.1021/ja010020g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of complex dendritic, rigid rod poly-2,7-fluorene homopolymers and copolymers via a macromonomer approach is reported. Several 2,7-dibromofluorene monomers containing benzyl ether dendrons (generations 1, 2, and 3) in the 9,9'-position of the fluorene ring were prepared and employed in condensation polymerizations to yield both homopolymers and copolymers with diethylhexylfluorene. Fluorescence measurements of the materials reveal extensive conjugation along the polymer backbone. The determination of the solid-state PL spectra and quantum efficiencies showed that there is an apparent optimum size of the dendritic side groups with the [G-2]-derivatives showing high reactivity with associated site isolation of the conjugated chain. AFM analysis and DSC results confirmed that the hybrid polymers and copolymers did not show any sign of a microphase-separated morphology. First EL-results demonstrated that the homopolymers have higher turn-on voltages then the corresponding copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marsitzky
- Contribution from the IBM Almaden Research Center, NSF Center for Polymeric Interfaces and Macromolecular Assemblies, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099
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41
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Jayakannan M, van Dongen JLJ, Janssen RAJ. Mechanistic Aspects of the Suzuki Polycondensation of Thiophenebisboronic Derivatives and Diiodobenzenes Analyzed by MALDI−TOF Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Jayakannan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost L. J. van Dongen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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42
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Watson MD, Fechtenkötter A, Müllen K. Big is beautiful--"aromaticity" revisited from the viewpoint of macromolecular and supramolecular benzene chemistry. Chem Rev 2001; 101:1267-300. [PMID: 11710221 DOI: 10.1021/cr990322p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1038] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Watson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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43
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44
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Výprachtický D, Cimrová V, Machová L, Pokorná V. Excimer Formation in Oligo[2,5-bis(hexadecyloxy)-1,4-phenylene]s Followed by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20011473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Using the steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, the behavior of "hairy-rod" oligo- and poly[2,5-bis(hexadecyloxy)-1,4-phenylene]s in tetrahydrofuran solutions was investigated. The materials were prepared by the Yamamoto coupling reaction using zinc as a reducing metal, the nickel(II)/triphenylphosphine complex as a catalyst, and 2,2'-bipyridine as a coligand. The appropriate oligomer fractions were separated by fractional precipitation and characterized by GPC and end group analysis. The fluorescence quantum yield of oligomers and polymers increased with their increasing conjugation length. The fluorescence emission spectra of polymers and longer oligomers exhibited one emission maximum at 390 nm with a single-exponential decay and fluorescence lifetimes (τ) around 1 ns. The substitution in positions 2 and 5 forces the adjacent backbone benzene units out of the plane, which results in twist angles 60-80°, and the bulky substituents exclude the cofacial sandwich-type configuration necessary for excimer formation. However, with shorter oligomers, another emission band at 460 nm appeared. Fluorescence decays at 460 nm were found to be double-exponential with longer excited-state lifetimes [e.g. τ1 = 6.9 ns (76%), τ2 = 2.4 ns (24%)]. With shorter oligomers (dimer, trimer), we assume a sandwich-type configuration with sufficiently close interchain distance and hence the excimer can form. Hydrophobic interactions of long aliphatic side chains in a polar medium play an important role in the excimer formation.
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Trimpin S, Rouhanipour A, Az R, Räder HJ, Müllen K. New aspects in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a universal solvent-free sample preparation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1364-1373. [PMID: 11466797 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method of solvent-free sample preparation is shown to be of universal applicability for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Results obtained were compared with those of traditional solvent-based sample preparation for MALDI-MS in order to demonstrate their similarities with respect to accuracy, sensitivity and resolution for polymers such as polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) in a mass range from 2 to 100 kDa. The results revealed that there is fundamentally no difference in the quality of the obtained mass spectra, and we conclude that the mechanism of desorption and ionization remains unchanged. However, the solvent-free sample preparation turned out to have some advantages over the traditional method in certain cases: quick and easy applicability is shown for polyetherimide avoiding time-consuming optimization procedures. In particular, industrial pigments that are insoluble in common solvents were characterized without interfering signals from fragments. The method even showed improvements with respect to reproducibility and mass discrimination effects in comparison to traditional sample preparation. Additionally, this contribution provides new insight regarding the analyte/matrix preorganization for the desorption step which now appears to be independent of crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Jackson SN, Murray KK. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a sulfolane matrix. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1448-1452. [PMID: 11507758 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (IR-MALDI) of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene was performed using a 10.6-microm CO2 laser and a liquid matrix. Sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide) was found to be an effective matrix for PAH ionization: mass spectra obtained with a sulfolane matrix contain an intense molecular ion peak; interference from PAH fragment and matrix peaks is negligible in all cases. The main limitation of the sulfolane matrix is sample evaporation after 3 to 5 min in vacuum. This sample lifetime can be increased to between 15 and 30 min using a 2:1 (v/v) mixture of sulfolane and glycerol, but the resulting spectra have greater matrix interference and decreased shot-to-shot signal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Characterization of synthetic polymers by MALDI-TOF/MS: investigation into new methods of sample target preparation and consequence on mass spectrum finger print. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5106-14. [PMID: 11055735 DOI: 10.1021/ac000124u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of synthetic polymers by Matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI) is limited by the solubility of different oligomers in a suitable solvent, and the fingerprint of the mass spectrum is affected by the properties of solvents employed (eg., pH, secondary solvents, evaporation) during sample target preparation. If solvents are not used during sample target preparation, then solvent properties should not play an important role in determining the quality of the MALDI mass spectrum. We report here two solventless approaches for sample target preparation. It was observed that Poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG) showed the same molecular mass distribution in different modes of sample target preparation. Fluorinated polymer used in these studies was affected by sample target preparation protocol and by target surface. Pyrolysis of PEG oligomers was observed in all the methods of sample target preparation. The desorbed high mass neutral oligomers fragment to give small oligomers which are then cationized by the desolvation of the cationized matrix clusters. Moreover, the origin of the matrix clusters (i.e., formed in the condensed phase or in the gas phase) determines the relative intensities of PEG oligomers cationized by sodium or potassium.
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MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of insoluble giant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a new method of sample preparation. Anal Chem 2000; 72:4591-7. [PMID: 11028615 DOI: 10.1021/ac000372q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The insolubility of giant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) prevents their characterization by conventional analytical methods, which require a solubilization of the analyte. Laser desorption mass spectrometry may be used to analyze insoluble samples but is limited to relatively low molecular weights (approximately 2000), in the case of PAHs. To overcome this limitation, we applied MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Since MALDI sample preparation also requires solubility of analyte and matrix molecules, the sample preparation needed modification. The giant PAHs (>2000 Da) were investigated after using a new sample preparation, consisting of mechanically mixing analyte and matrix without any solubilization procedures. This solvent-free process allows insoluble compounds to be characterized. Furthermore, new organic molecules can be used as a matrix. Indeed, 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, a new matrix with promising properties, has proven to be particularly suitable for the measurement of PAHs. Thanks to the successful characterization with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the chemical design of giant PAHs, which was hindered until now for a lack of analytical methods, can now continue to develop.
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Folch I, Borrós S, Amabilino DB, Veciana J. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of some conducting polymers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:550-555. [PMID: 10797651 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(200004)35:4<550::aid-jms968>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The application of laser desorption/ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to the study of the structure of some conducting polymers was investigated. A methodology was developed and the experimental conditions for the characterization of these polymers were established. The parameters chosen to be changed for the method optimization are the matrix material (seven different matrices were tested depending on the polymer studied) and the solvent used in the preparation of the samples. The method seems to be suitable for the study of the structure of two oxidation states of polyaniline: emeraldine and pernigraniline. The analysis of the polymers derived from m-aminophenylbenzothiazole, benzothiazole and tetrathiopentalenes was also performed.} Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Folch
- Secció de Ciència de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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Liu J, Loewe RS, McCullough RD. Employing MALDI-MS on Poly(alkylthiophenes): Analysis of Molecular Weights, Molecular Weight Distributions, End-Group Structures, and End-Group Modifications. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9905324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Robert S. Loewe
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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