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Sharma S, Mahajan SD, Chevli K, Schwartz SA, Aalinkeel R. Nanotherapeutic Approach to Delivery of Chemo- and Gene Therapy for Organ-Confined and Advanced Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2023; 40:69-100. [PMID: 37075068 PMCID: PMC11007628 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2022043827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for late-stage prostate cancer (CaP) have not been very successful. Frequently, advanced CaP progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), with 50#37;-70% of patients developing bone metastases. CaP with bone metastasis-associated clinical complications and treatment resistance presents major clinical challenges. Recent advances in the formulation of clinically applicable nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted attention in the fields of medicine and pharmacology with applications to cancer and infectious and neurological diseases. NPs have been rendered biocompatible, pose little to no toxicity to healthy cells and tissues, and are engineered to carry large therapeutic payloads, including chemo- and genetic therapies. Additionally, if required, targeting specificity can be achieved by chemically coupling aptamers, unique peptide ligands, or monoclonal antibodies to the surface of NPs. Encapsulating toxic drugs within NPs and delivering them specifically to their cellular targets overcomes the problem of systemic toxicity. Encapsulating highly labile genetic therapeutics such as RNA within NPs provides a protective environment for the payload during parenteral administration. The loading efficiencies of NPs have been maximized while the controlled their therapeutic cargos has been released. Theranostic ("treat and see") NPs have developed combining therapy with imaging capabilities to provide real-time, image-guided monitoring of the delivery of their therapeutic payloads. All of these NP accomplishments have been applied to the nanotherapy of late-stage CaP, offering a new opportunity for a previously dismal prognosis. This article gives an update on current developments in the use of nanotechnology for treating late-stage, castration-resistant CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Sharma
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Supriya D. Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Kent Chevli
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Stanley A. Schwartz
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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2
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Wang L, Yan Y. A Review of pH-Responsive Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles for RNAi-Based Therapeutics. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100183. [PMID: 34160896 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) shows great potential in the treatment of varying cancer and genetic disorders. The lack of safe and effective delivery methods is an ongoing challenge to realize the full potential of RNAi-based therapeutics. pH-responsive hybrid nanoparticle is a promising non-virus platform for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery with unique properties including the robust response to the acidic microenvironment and the capability of theranostic and combined therapeutics. The mechanism of RNAi and the delivery barriers for RNAi-based therapeutics are first discussed. Then, the general patterns of pH-response and the typical construction of hybrid nanoparticles are demonstrated. The recent advances in pH-responsive organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery are highlighted, in particular, how pH-response of ionizable groups, acid-labile bonds, and decomposition of inorganic components affect the physicochemical properties of hybrid nanoparticles and benefit the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of siRNA payloads are discussed. At last, the remaining problems and the prospects for pH-responsive hybrid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yunfeng Yan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
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Jafarzadeh S, Nasiri Sadr A, Kaffash E, Goudarzi S, Golab E, Karimipour A. The Effect of Hematocrit and Nanoparticles Diameter on Hemodynamic Parameters and Drug Delivery in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm with Consideration of Blood Pulsatile Flow. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 195:105545. [PMID: 32521389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The present article has simulated to investigate the efficient hemodynamic parameters, the drug persistence, and drug distribution on an abdominal aortic aneurysm. METHODS Blood as a non-Newtonian fluid enters the artery acting as a real pulse waveform; its behavior is dependent on hematocrit and strain rate. In this simulation of computational fluid dynamic, magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide which were in advance coated with the drug, are injected into the artery during a cardiac cycle. A two-phase model was applied to investigate the distribution of these carriers. RESULTS The results are presented for different hematocrits and the nanoparticle diameter. It is observed that hematocrit significantly affects drug persistence, so that lower hematocrit incites more accumulation of the drug in the dilatation part of the artery. The better drug accumulation is noticed, at the higher wall shear stress. Although no considerable impact on the flow pattern and wall shear stress was found with various nanoparticle diameters, the smaller size of the nanoparticles results in a greater amount of drug augmentation in the aneurysm wall output. CONCLUSIONS At the higher hematocrit levels, the blood resistance to drug delivery increases throughout the artery. Also, the drug accumulates less on the aneurysm wall and stays longer on the aneurysm wall. On the contrary, the drug accumulates more by decreasing hematocrit level and stays shorter on the aneurysm wall. Moreover, the maximum drug concentration is observed at the lowest hematocrit level and nanoparticle diameter; also, the diameter of nanoparticles imposes no significant effect on the vorticity and wall shear stress. It is seen that the increment of the hematocrit level reduces the strength of vorticity and increases the amount of wall shear stress in the dilatation segment of the artery. The shear stress at three points of the dilatation wall is extreme, where the maximum density of nanoparticles occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Jafarzadeh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology (SUT), P.O. Box: 11155-1639, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arsalan Nasiri Sadr
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), P.O. Box: 53571-16589, A.C. Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Kaffash
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), P.O. Box: 91775-1365, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sahar Goudarzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology (UUT), Urmia, Iran
| | - Ehsan Golab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology (SUT), P.O. Box: 11155-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Karimipour
- Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Effect of actively targeted copolymer coating on solid tumors eradication by gold nanorods-induced hyperthermia. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119641. [PMID: 32673768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Efforts in the field of anticancer therapy are increasingly focusing on the development of localized and selective treatments. Photothermal therapy (PTT) can lead to a spatially confined death of cancer cells, exploiting an increasing in temperature generated after UV-NIR irradiation of peculiar materials. Herein, a new actively targeted gold-based drug delivery system, named PHEA-LA-Fol-AuNRs/Iri, was explored for hyperthermia and chemotherapy colon cancer treatment. Gold nanorods were stabilized using a folate-derivative of α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-D,L-aspartamide (PHEA-LA-PEG-FA) as coating agent and then loaded with the antineoplastic drug irinotecan (Iri). The efficacy of empty and irinotecan-bearing systems was investigated in vitro on human colon cancer (HCT116) cell line, as well as in vivo, employing a xenograft mouse model of colon cancer. After laser treatment, both nanostructures tested induced a considerable deceleration in tumor growth overtime, achieving the total eradication of the cancer when the nanosystems produced were intratumorally administered. Biodistribution data showed that the polymer coated nanorods were able to preferentially accumulate in the tumor site. Considering the excellent stability in aqueous media, the capacity to reach the tumor site and, finally, the in vivo efficacy, PHEA-LA-Fol-AuNRs/Iri might be recommended as an effective tool in the chemotherapy and PTT of colon cancer.
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Covalent hyaluronic-based coating of magnetite nanoparticles: Preparation, physicochemical and biological characterization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110271. [PMID: 31761218 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report about the preparation, physicochemical and biological characterization of a magneto responsive nanostructured material based on magnetite nanoparticles (NP) coated with hyaluronic acid (HA). A synthetic approach, based on a Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition "click" reaction between azido-functionalized magnetite NP and a derivative of hyaluronic acid bearing propargylated ferulic acid groups (HA-FA-Pg), was developed to link covalently the polymer layer to the magnetite NP. The functionalization steps of the magnetite NP and their coating with the HA-FA-Pg layer were monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) while Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and ζ-potential measurements were performed to characterize the aqueous dispersions of the HA-coated magnetite NP. Aggregation and sedimentation processes were investigated also by UV-visible spectroscopy and the dispersions of HA-coated magnetite NP were found significantly more stable than those of bare NP. Magnetization and zero field cooled/field cooled curves revealed that both bare and HA-coated magnetite NP are superparamagnetic at room temperature. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies showed that the coating with HA-FA-Pg significantly reduces the cytotoxicity of the magnetite NP providing the rational basis for the application of the HA-coated magnetite NP as healthcare material.
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Combining Inulin Multifunctional Polycation and Magnetic Nanoparticles: Redox-Responsive siRNA-Loaded Systems for Magnetofection. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050889. [PMID: 31096623 PMCID: PMC6571810 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) are recognized as one of the most promising agents for theranostic applications. Among methods designed for siRNA delivery, magnetofection, that is, nucleic acid cell uptake under the influence of a magnetic field acting on magnetic nucleic acid vectors, is emerging as a unique approach to combining advantages such as strong improvement of the kinetics of the delivery process and the possibility of localizing nucleic acid delivery to an area where the magnetic field is applied. This paper reports on the preparation of siRNA loaded magnetoplexes—named ICD@SS@SPIONs/siRNA—by controlled crosslinking, in the presence of SPIONs, of the polycation INU-C-DETA, synthesized starting from the polysaccharide inulin by grafting diethylenetriamine and cystamine molecules. The obtained ICD@SS@SPIONs/siRNA have suitable chemical-physical characteristics to be employed for iv administration and are also able to release siRNA in a redox-triggered manner thanks to intracellular glutathione (GSH) mediated reduction of disulphide bridges formed during the crosslinking process. Moreover, ICD@SS@SPIONs/siRNA are able to produce magnetic targeting in vitro on breast cancer cells, without appreciable cyto- and hemo-toxic effects, in a wide range of concentrations. Finally, protein binding to nanoparticles revealed that obtained systems are potentially longer circulating and applicable as a smart multifunctional agents for cancer therapy.
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7
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Liu Q, Li H, Lam KY. Optimization of Deformable Magnetic-Sensitive Hydrogel-Based Targeting System in Suspension Fluid for Site-Specific Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4632-4642. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hua Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - K. Y. Lam
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
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Leelakanok N, Geary S, Salem A. Fabrication and Use of Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-Based Formulations Designed for Modified Release of 5-Fluorouracil. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:513-528. [PMID: 29045885 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent that has been used for the treatment of a variety of malignancies since its initial introduction to the clinic in 1957. Owing to its short biological half-life, multiple dosings are generally required to maintain effective 5-FU plasma concentrations throughout the therapeutic period. Clinical studies have shown that continuous 5-FU administration is generally superior to bolus injection as exhibited by lower toxicities and increased therapeutic efficacy. Optimal therapeutic efficacy, however, is often compromised by the limiting therapeutic index. Whilst oral formulations are also used, these suffer from the drawbacks of variable bioavailability and first-pass metabolism. As a result, sustained release formulations of 5-FU have been investigated in an effort to mimic the kinetics of continuous infusion particularly for situations where local delivery is considered appropriate. The biocompatible, biodegradable, and highly tunable synthetic polymer, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), is widely used as a vector for sustained drug delivery, however, issues such as insufficient loading and inappropriate burst release kinetics have dogged progress into the clinic for small hydrophilic drugs such as 5-FU. This review provides introductory information about the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties, and clinical use of 5-FU that have contributed to the development of PLGA-based 5-FU release platforms. In addition, this review provides information on fabrication methods used for a range of 5-FU-loaded PLGA formulations and discusses factors affecting the release kinetics of 5-FU as well as the in vitro and in vivo antitumor or antiproliferative efficacy of these platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawut Leelakanok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Sean Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Aliasger Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
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9
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Cervello M, Pitarresi G, Volpe AB, Porsio B, Balasus D, Emma MR, Azzolina A, Puleio R, Loria GR, Puleo S, Giammona G. Nanoparticles of a polyaspartamide-based brush copolymer for modified release of sorafenib: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Control Release 2017; 266:47-56. [PMID: 28917533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with sorafenib for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A synthetic brush copolymer, named PHEA-BIB-ButMA (PBB), was synthesized by Atom Trasnfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) starting from the α-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-d,l-aspartamide (PHEA) and poly butyl methacrylate (ButMA). Empty and sorafenib loaded PBB NPs were, then, produced by using a dialysis method and showed spherical morphology, colloidal size, negative ζ potential and the ability to allow a sustained sorafenib release in physiological environment. Sorafenib loaded PBB NPs were tested in vitro on HCC cells in order to evaluate their cytocompatibility and anticancer efficacy if compared to free drug. Furthermore, the enhanced anticancer effect of sorafenib loaded PBB NPs was demonstrated in vivo by using a xenograft model, by first allowing Hep3B cells to grow subcutaneously into nude mice and then administering sorafenib as free drug or incorporated into NPs via intraperitoneal injection. Finally, in vivo biodistribution studies were performed, showing the ability of the produced drug delivery system to accumulate in a significant manner in the solid tumor by passive targeting, thanks to the enhanced permeability and retention effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melchiorre Cervello
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bavuso Volpe
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Porsio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Balasus
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Emma
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Azzolina
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Area Diagnostica Specialistica, Laboratorio di Istopatologia ed Immunoistochimica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido Ruggero Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Area Diagnostica Specialistica, Laboratorio di Istopatologia ed Immunoistochimica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Puleo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate "G.F. Ingrassia", Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy
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10
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Leone DA, Peschel A, Brown M, Schachner H, Ball MJ, Gyuraszova M, Salzer-Muhar U, Fukuda M, Vizzardelli C, Bohle B, Rees AJ, Kain R. Surface LAMP-2 Is an Endocytic Receptor That Diverts Antigen Internalized by Human Dendritic Cells into Highly Immunogenic Exosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:531-546. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Truzzi E, Bongio C, Sacchetti F, Maretti E, Montanari M, Iannuccelli V, Vismara E, Leo E. Self-Assembled Lipid Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Heparin-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Theranostic Purposes. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060963. [PMID: 28598368 PMCID: PMC6152759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have attracted increasing attention owing to their potential as an oral delivery system, promoting intestinal absorption in the lymphatic circulation which plays a role in disseminating metastatic cancer cells and infectious agents throughout the body. SLN features can be exploited for the oral delivery of theranostics. Therefore, the aim of this work was to design and characterise self-assembled lipid nanoparticles (SALNs) to encapsulate and stabilise iron oxide nanoparticles non-covalently coated with heparin (Fe@hepa) as a model of a theranostic tool. SALNs were characterised for physico-chemical properties (particle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro stability, and heparin leakage), as well as in vitro cytotoxicity by methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay and cell internalisation in CaCo-2, a cell line model used as an indirect indication of intestinal lymphatic absorption. SALNs of about 180 nm, which are stable in suspension and have a high encapsulation efficiency (>90%) were obtained. SALNs were able to stabilise the heparin coating of Fe@hepa, which are typically unstable in physiological environments. Moreover, SALNs–Fe@hepa showed no cytotoxicity, although their ability to be internalised into CaCo-2 cells was highlighted by confocal microscopy analysis. Therefore, the results indicated that SALNs can be considered as a promising tool to orally deliver theranostic Fe@hepa into the lymphatic circulation, although further in vivo studies are needed to comprehend further potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Truzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bongio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", via Mancinelli 7, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sacchetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Maretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Monica Montanari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Valentina Iannuccelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Elena Vismara
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", via Mancinelli 7, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Eliana Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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12
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Magnetic nanoformulations for prostate cancer. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1233-1241. [PMID: 28526660 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) play a vital role for improved imaging applications. Recently, a number of studies demonstrate MNPs can be applied for targeted delivery, sustained release of therapeutics, and hyperthermia. Based on stable particle size and shape, biocompatibility, and inherent contrast enhancement characteristics, MNPs have been encouraged for pre-clinical studies and human use. As a theranostic platform development, MNPs need to balance both delivery and imaging aspects. Thus, this review provides significant insight and advances in the theranostic role of MNPs through the documentation of unique magnetic nanoparticles used in prostate cancer, their interaction with prostate cancer cells, in vivo fate, targeting, and biodistribution. Specific and custom-made applications of various novel nanoformulations in prostate cancer are discussed.
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13
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Design and evaluation of surface functionalized superparamagneto-plasmonic nanoparticles for cancer therapeutics. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Wang H, Mu Q, Revia R, Wang K, Zhou X, Pauzauskie PJ, Zhou S, Zhang M. Chitosan-Gated Magnetic-Responsive Nanocarrier for Dual-Modal Optical Imaging, Switchable Drug Release, and Synergistic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201601080. [PMID: 28121065 PMCID: PMC5510588 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A dual-layer shell hollow nanostructure as drug carrier that provides instant on/off function for drug release and contrast enhancement for multimodal imaging is reported. The on-demand drug release is triggered by irradiation of an external magnetic field. The nanocarrier also demonstrates a high drug loading capacity and synergistic magnetic-thermal and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Qingxin Mu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Richard Revia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xuezhe Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Pauzauskie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Shuiqin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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15
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Khan MAM, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A. Cobalt iron oxide nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity and regulate the apoptotic genes through ROS in human liver cells (HepG2). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:665-673. [PMID: 27701048 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (CIO NPs) have been one of the most widely explored magnetic NPs because of their excellent chemical stability, mechanical hardness and heat generating potential. However, there is limited information concerning the interaction of CIO NPs with biological systems. In this study, we investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated cytotoxicity and apoptotic response of CIO NPs in human liver cells (HepG2). Diameter of crystalline CIO NPs was found to be 23nm with a band gap of 1.97eV. CIO NPs induced cell viability reduction and membrane damage, and degree of induction was dose- and time-dependent. CIO NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress revealed by induction of ROS, depletion of glutathione and lower activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme. Real-time PCR data has shown that mRNA level of tumor suppressor gene p53 and apoptotic genes (bax, CASP3 and CASP9) were higher, while the expression level of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 was lower in cells following exposure to CIO NPs. Activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 enzymes was also higher in CIO NPs exposed cells. Furthermore, co-exposure of N-acetyl-cysteine (ROS scavenger) efficiently abrogated the modulation of apoptotic genes along with the prevention of cytotoxicity caused by CIO NPs. Overall, we observed that CIO NPs induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS via p53 pathway. This study suggests that toxicity mechanisms of CIO NPs should be further investigated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Majeed Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Sabareeswaran A, Ansar EB, Harikrishna Varma PRV, Mohanan PV, Kumary TV. Effect of surface-modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONS) on mast cell infiltration: An acute in vivo study. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1523-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Mauro N, Campora S, Adamo G, Scialabba C, Ghersi G, Giammona G. Polyaminoacid–doxorubicin prodrug micelles as highly selective therapeutics for targeted cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An amphiphilic copolymer carrying high-dose doxorubicin (21% on a weight basis), PHEA–EDA–P,C–Doxo, was prepared by coupling doxorubicin with a biocompatible polyaminoacid through a pH-sensitive spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)
- University of Palermo
- 32 90123 Palermo
- Italy
| | - S. Campora
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)
- University of Palermo
- 16 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - G. Adamo
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)
- University of Palermo
- 16 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - C. Scialabba
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)
- University of Palermo
- 32 90123 Palermo
- Italy
| | - G. Ghersi
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)
- University of Palermo
- 16 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - G. Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)
- University of Palermo
- 32 90123 Palermo
- Italy
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18
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Kandasamy G, Maity D. Recent advances in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for in vitro and in vivo cancer nanotheranostics. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:191-218. [PMID: 26520409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been extensively used in cancer therapy and diagnosis (theranostics) via magnetic targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. due to their remarkable magnetic properties, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. However, the magnetic properties of SPIONs are influenced by various physicochemical and synthesis parameters. So, this review mainly focuses on the influence of spin canting effects, introduced by the variations in size, shape, and organic/inorganic surface coatings, on the magnetic properties of SPIONs. This review also describes the several predominant chemical synthesis procedures and role of the synthesis parameters for monitoring the size, shape, crystallinity and composition of the SPIONs. Moreover, this review discusses about the latest developments of the inorganic materials and organic polymers for encapsulation of the SPIONs. Finally, the most recent advancements of the SPIONs and their nanopackages in combination with other imaging/therapeutic agents have been comprehensively discussed for their effective usage as in vitro and in vivo theranostic agents in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshlenin Kandasamy
- Nanomaterials Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Dipak Maity
- Nanomaterials Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
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19
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Jahangiri S, Akbarzadeh A. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of Methotrexate-loaded magnetic nanoparticles modified with biocompatible copolymers. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1733-40. [PMID: 26479846 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1090443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are attractive materials that have been widely used in medicine for drug delivery, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications. In our study, SPION and the anticancer drug, Methotrexate, were encapsulated into polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol (PCL-PEG) nanoparticles for local treatment. The magnetic properties conferred by SPION could help to maintain the nanoparticles in the joint with an external magnet. The drug encapsulation efficiency achieved for Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles modified with PCL-PEG copolymer was 92.36%. There is potential for use of these nanoparticles for biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Jahangiri
- a Department of Science , Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University , Ahar , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- b Department of Medical Nanotechnology , Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran , and.,c Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Venkatesan K, Rajan Babu D, Kavya Bai MP, Supriya R, Vidya R, Madeswaran S, Anandan P, Arivanandhan M, Hayakawa Y. Structural and magnetic properties of cobalt-doped iron oxide nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion method for biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10 Suppl 1:189-98. [PMID: 26491320 PMCID: PMC4599615 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s82210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt-doped iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by solution combustion technique. The structural and magnetic properties of the prepared samples were also investigated. The average crystallite size of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticle was calculated using Scherrer equation, and it was found to be 16±5 nm. The particle size was measured by transmission electron microscope. This value was found to match with the crystallite size calculated by Scherrer equation corresponding to the prominent intensity peak (311) of X-ray diffraction. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope image shows clear lattice fringes and high crystallinity of cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles exhibited the saturation magnetization value of 47 emu/g and coercivity of 947 Oe. The anti-microbial activity of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles showed better results as an anti-bacterial agent. The affinity constant was determined for the nanoparticles, and the cytotoxicity studies were conducted for the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles at different concentrations and the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ravi Supriya
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Vidya
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Hayakawa
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Lima-Tenório MK, Gómez Pineda EA, Ahmad NM, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Magnetic nanoparticles: In vivo cancer diagnosis and therapy. Int J Pharm 2015; 493:313-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Licciardi M, Li Volsi A, Sardo C, Mauro N, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Inulin-Ethylenediamine Coated SPIONs Magnetoplexes: A Promising Tool for Improving siRNA Delivery. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3674-87. [PMID: 26085039 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An inulin based polycation (Inu-EDA) has been synthesized by the grafting of ethylenediamine molecules onto inulin backbone. The obtained inulin copolymer has been though to coat SPIONs (IC-SPIONs) and obtain stable magnetoplexes by complexation of IC-SPIONs with a model duplexed siRNA, for improving oligonucleotide transfection efficiency. METHODS The physical-chemical characteristics of IC-SPIONs and IC-SPIONs/siRNA magnetoplexes have been investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopies, dynamic light scattering, FT-IR and qualitative surface elementary analysis. Cell compatibility and internalization in vitro of IC-SPIONs have been evaluated by MTS and fluorescence microscopy respectively on cancer (HCT116) and normal human (16HBE) cells. The efficiency of gene silencing effect of magnetoplexes was studied on both tumoral (JHH6) and non tumoral (16HBE) cell lines also by applying an external magnet. RESULTS IC-SPIONs showed dimension of 30 nm and resulted cytocompatible on the tested cell lines; in the presence of an external magnet, the magnetic force enhanced the IC-SPIONs uptake inside cells. Magnetically improved transfection was observed in 16HBE cells under magnetofective conditions, in accordance with the IC-SPIONs uptake enhancement in the presence of an external magnet. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the potential application of this system as a magnetically targeted drug delivery system. Graphical Abstract Magnetically improved siRNA transfection in cells under magnetofective conditions upon uptake enhancement of IC-SPIONs in the presence of an external magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Licciardi
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
- Mediterranean Center for Human Health Advanced Biotechnologies (Med-CHAB), Palermo, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Anna Li Volsi
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Sardo
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Human Health Advanced Biotechnologies (Med-CHAB), Palermo, Italy
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23
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Le Cerf D. [Stimuli-sensitive polymer systems]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2014; 72:389-99. [PMID: 25438649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The polymers can be found in different forms in solution (particles, capsules, pseudo-micelles, hydrogels…) or on surface with important prospects in many field applications. These polymer systems are particularly very good candidates to entrap, transport and deliver an active substance in biomedical applications however with many limitations on control of release of a given target. The stimuli-sensitive polymers, also called smart or environmentally sensitive polymers, present physical or chemical changes under the action of small variations of an external stimulus. This signal acts as a stimulus which causes the change of conformation and/or solvation of the macromolecular chains by modifying their various interactions. The stimuli are classified into two broad categories: physical or external stimuli: temperature, mechanical stress, light, magnetic and electric fields; chemical and biochemical or internal stimuli: pH, ionic strength, chemical molecule (glucose, redox) or biochemical (enzymes, antigens…). The use of stimuli-sensitive pathway is widely used in the literature to enhance or trigger the release of an active compound. In this paper, we present the different stimuli addressing the theoretical aspects, polymers corresponding to these stimuli. Some examples illustrate these systems for the controlled release of active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Le Cerf
- Normandie université, France; Laboratoire polymères biopolymères surfaces, université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France; CNRS UMR 6270 & FR3038, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France.
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Scialabba C, Licciardi M, Mauro N, Rocco F, Ceruti M, Giammona G. Inulin-based polymer coated SPIONs as potential drug delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:695-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Antimicrobial and controlled release studies of a novel nystatin conjugated iron oxide nanocomposite. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:651831. [PMID: 24900976 PMCID: PMC4037599 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nystatin is a tetraene diene polyene antibiotic showing a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. In the present study, we prepared a nystatin nanocomposite (Nyst-CS-MNP) by loading nystatin (Nyst) on chitosan (CS) coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The magnetic nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results showed that the MNPs and nanocomposite are pure magnetite. The FTIR analysis confirmed the binding of CS on the surface of the MNPs and also the loading of Nyst in the nanocomposite. The Nyst drug loading was estimated using UV-Vis instrumentation and showing a 14.9% loading in the nanocomposite. The TEM size image of the MNPs, CS-MNP, and Nyst-CS-MNP was 13, 11, and 8 nm, respectively. The release profile of the Nyst drug from the nanocomposite followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The antimicrobial activity of the as-synthesized Nyst and Nyst-CS-MNP nanocomposite was evaluated using an agar diffusion method and showed enhanced antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In this manner, this study introduces a novel nanocomposite that can decrease fungus activity on-demand for numerous medical applications.
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