1
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Leuchs G, Andrianov AV, Anashkina EA, Manshina AA, Banzer P, Sondermann M. Extreme Concentration and Nanoscale Interaction of Light. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1842-1851. [PMID: 35726245 PMCID: PMC9204814 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrating light strongly calls for appropriate polarization patterns of the focused light beam and for up to a full 4π solid angle geometry. Focusing on the extreme requires efficient coupling to nanostructures of one kind or another via cylindrical vector beams having such patterns, the details of which depend on the geometry and property of the respective nanostructure. Cylindrical vector beams can not only be used to study a nanostructure, but also vice versa. Closely related is the discussion of topics such as the ultimate diffraction limit, a resonant field enhancement near nanoscopic absorbers, as well as speculations about nonresonant field enhancement, which, if it exists, might be relevant to pair production in vacuum. These cases do require further rigorous simulations and more decisive experiments. While there is a wide diversity of scenarios, there are also conceptually very different models offering helpful intuitive pictures despite this diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Leuchs
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Andrianov
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena A. Anashkina
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky
State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alina A. Manshina
- Institute
of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii prospect, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Peter Banzer
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Sondermann
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Abstract
Free-space coupling to subwavelength individual optical elements is a central theme in quantum optics, as it allows the control over individual quantum systems. Here we show that, by combining an asymmetric immersion lens setup and a complementary resonating metasurface we are able to perform terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of an individual, strongly subwavelength meta-atom. We unravel the linewidth dependence as a function of the meta-atom number indicating quenching of the superradiant coupling. On these grounds, we investigate ultrastrongly coupled Landau polaritons at the single resonator level, measuring a normalized coupling ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\Omega }}}{\omega }=0.6$$\end{document}Ωω=0.6. Similar measurements on a lower density two dimensional electron gas yield a coupling ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\Omega }}}{\omega }=0.33$$\end{document}Ωω=0.33 with a cooperativity C = 94. Our findings pave the way towards the control of ultrastrong light-matter interaction at the single electron/ resonator level. The proposed technique is way more general and can be useful to characterize the complex conductivity of micron-sized samples in the terahertz domain. By combining an asymmetric immersion lens setup and a complementary resonating metasurface, the authors are able to resolve the far-field transmission of an ultrastrongly coupled, highly subwavelength split-ring single resonator at millimeter wavelengths.
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3
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Zhelnov VA, Zaytsev KI, Kucheryavenko AS, Katyba GM, Dolganova IN, Ponomarev DS, Kurlov VN, Skorobogatiy M, Chernomyrdin NV. Object-dependent spatial resolution of the reflection-mode terahertz solid immersion microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3553-3566. [PMID: 33770952 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) solid immersion microscopy is a novel promising THz imaging modality that overcomes the Abbe diffraction limit. In our prior work, an original reflection-mode THz solid immersion microscope system with the resolution of 0.15λ (in free space) was demonstrated and used for imaging of soft biological tissues. In this paper, a numerical analysis, using the finite-difference time-domain technique, and an experimental study, using a set of objects with distinct refractive indexes, were performed in order to uncover, for the first time, the object-dependent spatial resolution of the THz solid immersion microscopy. Our findings revealed that the system resolution remains strongly sub-wavelength 0.15-0.4λ for the wide range of sample refractive indices n = 1.0-5.0 and absorption coefficients α = 0-400 cm-1 (by power). Considering these findings, two distinct regimes of the THz solid immersion microscopy were identified. First is the total internal reflection regime that takes place when the sample refractive index is relatively low, while the sub-wavelength resolution is enabled by both the evanescent and ordinary reflected waves at the interface between a high-refractive-index material and an imaged object. Second is the ordinary reflection regime that occurs when the sample refractive index is high enough, so that there is no more total internal reflection at the interface, while only the ordinary reflected waves inside a high-refractive-index material are responsible for the sub-wavelength resolution. The resultant conclusions are general and can be applied for analysis of solid immersion lenses operating in other spectral ranges, such as visible and infrared, given linear nature of the Maxwell's equations.
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4
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Lochner P, Kurzmann A, Schott R, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Lorke A, Geller M. Contrast of 83% in reflection measurements on a single quantum dot. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8817. [PMID: 31217487 PMCID: PMC6584550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a high optical contrast between the photon emission from a single self-assembled quantum dot (QD) and the back-scattered excitation laser light. In an optimized semiconductor heterostructure with an epitaxially grown gate, an optically-matched layer structure and a distributed Bragg reflector, a record value of 83% is obtained; with tilted laser excitation even 885%. This enables measurements on a single dot without lock-in technique or suppression of the laser background by cross-polarization. These findings open up the possibility to perform simultaneously time-resolved and polarization-dependent resonant optical spectroscopy on a single quantum dot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Lochner
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Annika Kurzmann
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Lorke
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Geller
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
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5
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Abstract
Controlling the directivity of emission and absorption at the nanoscale holds great promise for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices. Previously, directive structures have largely been centered in two categories—nanoscale antennas, and classical lenses. Herein, we utilize an evolutionary algorithm to design 3D dielectric nanophotonic lens structures leveraging both the interference-based control of antennas and the broadband operation of lenses. By sculpting the dielectric environment around an emitter, these nanolenses achieve directivities of 101 for point-sources, and 67 for finite-source nanowire emitters; 3× greater than that of a traditional spherical lens with nearly constant performance over a 200 nm wavelength range. The nanolenses are experimentally fabricated on GaAs nanowires, and characterized via photoluminescence Fourier microscopy, with an observed beaming half-angle of 3.5° and a measured directivity of 22. Simulations attribute the main limitation in the obtained directivity to imperfect alignment of the nanolens to the nanowire beneath. While nanoscale emitters hold promise in single-photon devices, the directivity of their emission must be improved for practical applications. Here, Johlin et al. use an evolutionary algorithm to design a dielectric nanophotonic lens that greatly enhances the directivity of a semiconductor nanowire.
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6
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Stiesdal N, Kumlin J, Kleinbeck K, Lunt P, Braun C, Paris-Mandoki A, Tresp C, Büchler HP, Hofferberth S. Observation of Three-Body Correlations for Photons Coupled to a Rydberg Superatom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:103601. [PMID: 30240243 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of nontrivial three-photon correlations imprinted onto initially uncorrelated photons through an interaction with a single Rydberg superatom. Exploiting the Rydberg blockade mechanism, we turn a cold atomic cloud into a single effective emitter with collectively enhanced coupling to a focused photonic mode which gives rise to clear signatures in the connected part of the three-body correlation function of the outgoing photons. We show that our results are in good agreement with a quantitative model for a single, strongly coupled Rydberg superatom. Furthermore, we present an idealized but exactly solvable model of a single two-level system coupled to a photonic mode, which allows for an interpretation of our experimental observations in terms of bound states and scattering states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Stiesdal
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Kumlin
- Institute for Theoretical Physics III and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kevin Kleinbeck
- Institute for Theoretical Physics III and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Lunt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoph Braun
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
| | - Asaf Paris-Mandoki
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christoph Tresp
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Peter Büchler
- Institute for Theoretical Physics III and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hofferberth
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
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7
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Striebel M, Wrachtrup J, Gerhardt I. Absorption and Extinction Cross Sections and Photon Streamlines in the Optical Near-field. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15420. [PMID: 29133925 PMCID: PMC5684246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical interaction of light and matter is modeled as an oscillating dipole in a plane wave electromagnetic field. We analyze absorption, scattering and extinction for this system by the energy flow, visualized as streamlines of the Poynting vector. Depending on the dissipative damping of the oscillator, a part of the streamlines ends up in the dipole. Based on a graphical investigation of the streamlines, this represents the absorption cross section, and forms a far-field absorption aperture. In the near-field of the oscillator, a modification of the aperture is observed. As in the case for a linear dipole, we model the energy flow and derive the effective absorption apertures for an oscillator with a circular dipole characteristics - such as an atom in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Striebel
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jӧrg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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8
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Chin YS, Steiner M, Kurtsiefer C. Nonlinear photon-atom coupling with 4Pi microscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 29089501 PMCID: PMC5663764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing nonlinear interactions between single photons and single atoms is at the forefront of optical physics. Motivated by the prospects of deterministic all-optical quantum logic, many efforts are currently underway to find suitable experimental techniques. Focusing the incident photons onto the atom with a lens yielded promising results, but is limited by diffraction to moderate interaction strengths. However, techniques to exceed the diffraction limit are known from high-resolution imaging. Here we adapt a super-resolution imaging technique, 4Pi microscopy, to efficiently couple light to a single atom. We observe 36.6(3)% extinction of the incident field, and a modified photon statistics of the transmitted field-indicating nonlinear interaction at the single-photon level. Our results pave the way to few-photon nonlinear optics with individual atoms in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Sum Chin
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Matthias Steiner
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
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9
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Bhaskar MK, Sukachev DD, Sipahigil A, Evans RE, Burek MJ, Nguyen CT, Rogers LJ, Siyushev P, Metsch MH, Park H, Jelezko F, Lončar M, Lukin MD. Quantum Nonlinear Optics with a Germanium-Vacancy Color Center in a Nanoscale Diamond Waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017. [PMID: 28621982 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.223603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a quantum nanophotonics platform based on germanium-vacancy (GeV) color centers in fiber-coupled diamond nanophotonic waveguides. We show that GeV optical transitions have a high quantum efficiency and are nearly lifetime broadened in such nanophotonic structures. These properties yield an efficient interface between waveguide photons and a single GeV center without the use of a cavity or slow-light waveguide. As a result, a single GeV center reduces waveguide transmission by 18±1% on resonance in a single pass. We use a nanophotonic interferometer to perform homodyne detection of GeV resonance fluorescence. By probing the photon statistics of the output field, we demonstrate that the GeV-waveguide system is nonlinear at the single-photon level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bhaskar
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - D D Sukachev
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A Sipahigil
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R E Evans
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M J Burek
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - C T Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - L J Rogers
- Institute for Quantum Optics, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - P Siyushev
- Institute for Quantum Optics, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M H Metsch
- Institute for Quantum Optics, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - H Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - F Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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10
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Rotenberg N, Türschmann P, Haakh HR, Martin-Cano D, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Small slot waveguide rings for on-chip quantum optical circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:5397-5414. [PMID: 28380801 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.005397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic interfaces between single emitters and light promise to enable new quantum optical technologies. Here, we use a combination of finite element simulations and analytic quantum theory to investigate the interaction of various quantum emitters with slot-waveguide rings. We predict that for rings with radii as small as 1.44 μm, with a Q-factor of 27,900, near-unity emitter-waveguide coupling efficiencies and emission enhancements on the order of 1300 can be achieved. By tuning the ring geometry or introducing losses, we show that realistic emitter-ring systems can be made to be either weakly or strongly coupled, so that we can observe Rabi oscillations in the decay dynamics even for micron-sized rings. Moreover, we demonstrate that slot waveguide rings can be used to directionally couple emission, again with near-unity efficiency. Our results pave the way for integrated solid-state quantum circuits involving various emitters.
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11
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Leong V, Seidler MA, Steiner M, Cerè A, Kurtsiefer C. Time-resolved scattering of a single photon by a single atom. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13716. [PMID: 27897173 PMCID: PMC5141341 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattering of light by matter has been studied extensively in the past. Yet, the most fundamental process, the scattering of a single photon by a single atom, is largely unexplored. One prominent prediction of quantum optics is the deterministic absorption of a travelling photon by a single atom, provided the photon waveform matches spatially and temporally the time-reversed version of a spontaneously emitted photon. Here we experimentally address this prediction and investigate the influence of the photon's temporal profile on the scattering dynamics using a single trapped atom and heralded single photons. In a time-resolved measurement of atomic excitation we find a 56(11)% increase of the peak excitation by photons with an exponentially rising profile compared with a decaying one. However, the overall scattering probability remains unchanged within the experimental uncertainties. Our results demonstrate that envelope tailoring of single photons enables precise control of the photon–atom interaction. The efficient excitation of atoms using photons is a fundamental step in the control of photon-atom interaction and quantum information protocols. Here the authors show that photons with an exponentially rising envelope excite a single atom efficiently compared to a decaying temporal shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Leong
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Mathias Alexander Seidler
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Matthias Steiner
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Alessandro Cerè
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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12
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Czarnocki C, Kerfoot ML, Casara J, Jacobs AR, Jennings C, Scheibner M. High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Vis Exp 2016:53719. [PMID: 27405015 PMCID: PMC4993305 DOI: 10.3791/53719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we demonstrate an optical spectroscopy method that is capable of resolving spectral features beyond that of the spin fine structure and homogeneous linewidth of single quantum dots (QDs) using a standard, easy-to-use spectrometer setup. This method incorporates both laser and photoluminescence spectroscopy, combining the advantage of laser line-width limited resolution with multi-channel photoluminescence detection. Such a scheme allows for considerable improvement of resolution over that of a common single-stage spectrometer. The method uses phonons to assist in the measurement of the photoluminescence of a single quantum dot after resonant excitation of its ground state transition. The phonon's energy difference allows one to separate and filter out the laser light exciting the quantum dot. An advantageous feature of this method is its straight forward integration into standard spectroscopy setups, which are accessible to most researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark L Kerfoot
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Joshua Casara
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Andrew R Jacobs
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced
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13
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Bettles RJ, Gardiner SA, Adams CS. Enhanced Optical Cross Section via Collective Coupling of Atomic Dipoles in a 2D Array. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:103602. [PMID: 27015480 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the optical cross section is an enticing goal in light-matter interactions, due to its fundamental role in quantum and nonlinear optics. Here, we show how dipolar interactions can suppress off-axis scattering in a two-dimensional atomic array, leading to a subradiant collective mode where the optical cross section is enhanced by almost an order of magnitude. As a consequence, it is possible to attain an optical depth which implies high-fidelity extinction, from a monolayer. Using realistic experimental parameters, we also model how lattice vacancies and the atomic trapping depth affect the transmission, concluding that such high extinction should be possible, using current experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bettles
- Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Center (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A Gardiner
- Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Center (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S Adams
- Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Center (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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14
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Geng W, Manceau M, Rahbany N, Sallet V, De Vittorio M, Carbone L, Glorieux Q, Bramati A, Couteau C. Localised excitation of a single photon source by a nanowaveguide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19721. [PMID: 26822999 PMCID: PMC4731774 DOI: 10.1038/srep19721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, integrated photonics is a key technology in quantum information processing (QIP) but achieving all-optical buses for quantum networks with efficient integration of single photon emitters remains a challenge. Photonic crystals and cavities are good candidates but do not tackle how to effectively address a nanoscale emitter. Using a nanowire nanowaveguide, we realise an hybrid nanodevice which locally excites a single photon source (SPS). The nanowire acts as a passive or active sub-wavelength waveguide to excite the quantum emitter. Our results show that localised excitation of a SPS is possible and is compared with free-space excitation. Our proof of principle experiment presents an absolute addressing efficiency ηa ~ 10(-4) only ~50% lower than the one using free-space optics. This important step demonstrates that sufficient guided light in a nanowaveguide made of a semiconductor nanowire is achievable to excite a single photon source. We accomplish a hybrid system offering great potentials for electrically driven SPSs and efficient single photon collection and detection, opening the way for optimum absorption/emission of nanoscale emitters. We also discuss how to improve the addressing efficiency of a dipolar nanoscale emitter with our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Geng
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Instrumentation and Optics (LNIO), Charles Delaunay Institute, CNRS UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes (UTT), 10000, Troyes, France
| | - Mathieu Manceau
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Rahbany
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Instrumentation and Optics (LNIO), Charles Delaunay Institute, CNRS UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes (UTT), 10000, Troyes, France
| | - Vincent Sallet
- Groupe d'étude de la matière condensée (GEMAC), CNRS, University of Versailles St Quentin, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies Via Barsanti sn, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (NNL), CNR Istituto Nanoscienze, Via per Arnesano km 5, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (NNL), CNR Istituto Nanoscienze, Via per Arnesano km 5, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Quentin Glorieux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alberto Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Couteau
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Instrumentation and Optics (LNIO), Charles Delaunay Institute, CNRS UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes (UTT), 10000, Troyes, France
- CINTRA CNRS-Thales-NTU UMI 3288, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
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15
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Ma Y, Ballesteros G, Zajac JM, Sun J, Gerardot BD. Highly directional emission from a quantum emitter embedded in a hemispherical cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2373-6. [PMID: 26393743 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the design of a solid-state, micron-sized hemispherical cavity that yields significantly enhanced extraction efficiency with modest Purcell enhancement from embedded quantum emitters. A simple analytical model provides a guideline for the design and optimization of the structure, while finite-difference time-domain simulations are used for full analysis of the optimum structure. Cavity modes with up to 90% extraction efficiency, a Purcell enhancement factor >2, and a quality factor of ≈50 are achieved. In addition, Gaussian-like far-field beam profiles with low divergence are exhibited for several modes. These monolithic cavities are promising for solid-state emitters buried in a high dielectric environment, such as self-assembled quantum dots and optically active defects in diamond.
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16
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Jamali M, Gerhardt I, Rezai M, Frenner K, Fedder H, Wrachtrup J. Microscopic diamond solid-immersion-lenses fabricated around single defect centers by focused ion beam milling. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:123703. [PMID: 25554297 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts to define microscopic solid-immersion-lenses (SIL) by focused ion beam milling into diamond substrates that are registered to a preselected single photon emitter are summarized. We show how we determine the position of a single emitter with at least 100 nm lateral and 500 nm axial accuracy, and how the milling procedure is optimized. The characteristics of a single emitter, a Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) center in diamond, are measured before and after producing the SIL and compared with each other. A count rate of 1.0 × 10(6) counts/s is achieved with a [111] oriented NV center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jamali
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rezai
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Karsten Frenner
- Institute for Technical Optics (ITO), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Helmut Fedder
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
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17
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Faez S, Türschmann P, Haakh HR, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Coherent interaction of light and single molecules in a dielectric nanoguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:213601. [PMID: 25479493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many of the currently pursued experiments in quantum optics would greatly benefit from a strong interaction between light and matter. Here, we present a simple new scheme for the efficient coupling of single molecules and photons. A glass capillary with a diameter of 600 nm filled with an organic crystal tightly guides the excitation light and provides a maximum spontaneous emission coupling factor (β) of 18% for the dye molecules doped in the organic crystal. A combination of extinction, fluorescence excitation, and resonance fluorescence spectroscopy with microscopy provides high-resolution spatiospectral access to a very large number of single molecules in a linear geometry. We discuss strategies for exploring a range of quantum-optical phenomena, including polaritonic interactions in a mesoscopic ensemble of molecules mediated by a single mode of propagating photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanli Faez
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany and Leiden Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Türschmann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald R Haakh
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany and Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany and Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Yang L, Glasenapp P, Greilich A, Reuter D, Wieck AD, Yakovlev DR, Bayer M, Crooker SA. Two-colour spin noise spectroscopy and fluctuation correlations reveal homogeneous linewidths within quantum-dot ensembles. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4949. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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19
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Yurt A, Uyar A, Cilingiroglu TB, Goldberg BB, Ünlü MS. Evanescent waves in high numerical aperture aplanatic solid immersion microscopy: effects of forbidden light on subsurface imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:7422-7433. [PMID: 24718117 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.007422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The collection of light at very high numerical aperture allows detection of evanescent waves above the critical angle of total internal reflection in solid immersion lens microscopy. We investigate the effect of such evanescent modes, so-called forbidden light, on the far-field imaging properties of an aplanatic solid immersion microscope by developing a dyadic Green's function formalism in the context of subsurface semiconductor integrated circuit imaging. We demonstrate that the collection of forbidden light allows for sub-diffraction spatial resolution and substantial enhancement of photon collection efficiency albeit inducing wave-front discontinuities and aberrations.
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20
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Yurt A, Grogan MDW, Ramachandran S, Goldberg BB, Unlü MS. Effect of vector asymmetry of radially polarized beams in solid immersion microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:7320-7329. [PMID: 24664079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.007320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically and experimentally investigate the effect of imperfect vector symmetry on radially polarized beams focused by an aplanatic solid immersion lens at a numerical aperture of 3.3. We experimentally achieve circularly symmetric focused spot with a full-width-half-maximum of ~λ0/5.7 at λ0 = 1,310 nm, free-space wavelength. The tight spatial confinement and overall circular symmetry of the focused radially polarized beam are found to be sensitive to perturbations of its cylindrical polarization symmetry. The addition of a liquid crystal based variable retarder to the optical path can effectively ensure the vector symmetry and achieve circularly symmetric focused spots at such high numerical aperture conditions.
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21
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Aljunid SA, Maslennikov G, Wang Y, Dao HL, Scarani V, Kurtsiefer C. Excitation of a single atom with exponentially rising light pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:103001. [PMID: 25166660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the interaction between a single atom and optical pulses in a coherent state with a controlled temporal envelope. In a comparison between a rising exponential and a square envelope, we show that the rising exponential envelope leads to a higher excitation probability for fixed low average photon numbers, in accordance with a time-reversed Weisskopf-Wigner model. We characterize the atomic transition dynamics for a wide range of the average photon numbers and are able to saturate the optical transition of a single atom with ≈50 photons in a pulse by a strong focusing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Abdullah Aljunid
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Gleb Maslennikov
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Yimin Wang
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Hoang Lan Dao
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Valerio Scarani
- Center for Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Center for Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
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22
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Leuchs G, Sondermann M. Light-matter interaction in free space. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2013; 60:36-42. [PMID: 23606789 PMCID: PMC3627204 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2012.716461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We review recent experimental advances in the field of efficient coupling of single atoms and light in free space. Furthermore, a comparison of efficient free space coupling and strong coupling in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is given. Free space coupling does not allow for observing oscillatory exchange between the light field and the atom which is the characteristic feature of strong coupling in cavity QED. Like cavity QED, free space QED does, however, offer full switching of the light field, a 180° phase shift conditional on the presence of a single atom as well as 100% absorption probability of a single photon by a single atom. Furthermore, free space cavity QED comprises the interaction with a continuum of modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Leuchs
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | - Markus Sondermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Rezus YLA, Walt SG, Lettow R, Renn A, Zumofen G, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Single-photon spectroscopy of a single molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:093601. [PMID: 22463633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.093601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Efficient interaction of light and matter at the ultimate limit of single photons and single emitters is of great interest from a fundamental point of view and for emerging applications in quantum engineering. However, the difficulty of generating single-photon streams with specific wavelengths, bandwidths, and power as well as the weak interaction probability of a single photon with an optical emitter pose a formidable challenge toward this goal. Here, we demonstrate a general approach based on the creation of single photons from a single emitter and their use for performing spectroscopy on a second emitter situated at a distance. While this first proof of principle realization uses organic molecules as emitters, the scheme is readily extendable to quantum dots and color centers. Our work ushers in a new line of experiments that provide access to the coherent and nonlinear couplings of few emitters and few propagating photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L A Rezus
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Vamivakas AN, Zhao Y, Fält S, Badolato A, Taylor JM, Atatüre M. Nanoscale optical electrometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:166802. [PMID: 22107415 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.166802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate an all-optical approach to single-electron sensing using the optical transitions of a semiconductor quantum dot. The measured electric-field sensitivity of 5 (V/m)/√Hz corresponds to detecting a single electron located 5 μm from the quantum dot-nearly 10 times greater than the diffraction limited spot size of the excitation laser-in 1 s. The quantum-dot-based electrometer is more sensitive than other devices operating at a temperature of 4.2 K or higher and further offers suppressed backaction on the measured system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Vamivakas
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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25
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Hétet G, Slodička L, Hennrich M, Blatt R. Single atom as a mirror of an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:133002. [PMID: 22026849 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.133002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
By tightly focusing a laser field onto a single cold ion trapped in front of a far-distant dielectric mirror, we could observe a quantum electrodynamic effect whereby the ion behaves as the optical mirror of a Fabry-Pérot cavity. We show that the amplitude of the laser field is significantly altered due to a modification of the electromagnetic mode structure around the atom in a novel regime in which the laser intensity is already changed by the atom alone. We propose a direct application of this system as a quantum memory for single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hétet
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Pototschnig M, Chassagneux Y, Hwang J, Zumofen G, Renn A, Sandoghdar V. Controlling the phase of a light beam with a single molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:063001. [PMID: 21902319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.063001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We employ heterodyne interferometry to investigate the effect of a single organic molecule on the phase of a propagating laser beam. We report on the first phase-contrast images of individual molecules and demonstrate a single-molecule electro-optical phase switch by applying a voltage to the microelectrodes embedded in the sample. Our results may find applications in single-molecule holography, fast optical coherent signal processing, and single-emitter quantum operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pototschnig
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Slodička L, Hétet G, Gerber S, Hennrich M, Blatt R. Electromagnetically induced transparency from a single atom in free space. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:153604. [PMID: 21230903 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.153604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report an absorption spectroscopy experiment and the observation of electromagnetically induced transparency from a single trapped atom. We focus a weak and narrow band Gaussian light beam onto an optically cooled 138Ba+ ion using a high numerical aperture lens. Extinction of this beam is observed with measured values of up to 1.35%. We demonstrate electromagnetically induced transparency of the ion by tuning a strong control beam over a two-photon resonance in a three-level Λ-type system. The probe beam extinction is inhibited by more than 75% due to population trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Slodička
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Abdumalikov AA, Astafiev O, Zagoskin AM, Pashkin YA, Nakamura Y, Tsai JS. Electromagnetically induced transparency on a single artificial atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:193601. [PMID: 20866963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental observation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on a single macroscopic artificial "atom" (superconducting quantum system) coupled to open 1D space of a transmission line. Unlike in an optical media with many atoms, the single-atom EIT in 1D space is revealed in suppression of reflection of electromagnetic waves, rather than absorption. The observed almost 100% modulation of the reflection and transmission of propagating microwaves demonstrates full controllability of individual artificial atoms and a possibility to manipulate the atomic states. The system can be used as a switchable mirror of microwaves and opens a good perspective for its applications in photonic quantum information processing and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdumalikov
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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29
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Astafiev OV, Abdumalikov AA, Zagoskin AM, Pashkin YA, Nakamura Y, Tsai JS. Ultimate on-chip quantum amplifier. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:183603. [PMID: 20482174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.183603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report amplification of electromagnetic waves by a single artificial atom in open 1D space. Our three-level artificial atom--a superconducting quantum circuit--coupled to a transmission line presents an analog of a natural atom in open space. The system is the most fundamental quantum amplifier whose gain is limited by a spontaneous emission mechanism. The noise performance is determined by the quantum noise revealed in the spectrum of spontaneous emission, also characterized in our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Astafiev
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
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30
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Englund D, Majumdar A, Faraon A, Toishi M, Stoltz N, Petroff P, Vucković J. Resonant excitation of a quantum dot strongly coupled to a photonic crystal nanocavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:073904. [PMID: 20366887 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.073904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe the resonant excitation of a single quantum dot that is strongly coupled to a photonic crystal nanocavity. The cavity represents a spectral window for resonantly probing the optical transitions of the quantum dot. We observe narrow absorption lines attributed to the single and biexcition quantum dot transitions and measure antibunched population of the detuned cavity mode [g{(2)}(0)=0.19].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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31
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Astafiev O, Zagoskin AM, Abdumalikov AA, Pashkin YA, Yamamoto T, Inomata K, Nakamura Y, Tsai JS. Resonance Fluorescence of a Single Artificial Atom. Science 2010; 327:840-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1181918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Astafiev
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - A. M. Zagoskin
- Department of Physics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Yu. A. Pashkin
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - T. Yamamoto
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - K. Inomata
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - Y. Nakamura
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - J. S. Tsai
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
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32
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Aljunid SA, Tey MK, Chng B, Liew T, Maslennikov G, Scarani V, Kurtsiefer C. Phase shift of a weak coherent beam induced by a single atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:153601. [PMID: 19905637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on a direct measurement of a phase shift on a weak coherent beam by a single 87Rb atom in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. By strongly focusing the probe mode to the location of the atom, a maximum phase shift of about 1 degree is observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Abdullah Aljunid
- Center for Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543
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33
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Davanço M, Srinivasan K. Efficient spectroscopy of single embedded emitters using optical fiber taper waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:10542-10563. [PMID: 19550451 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.010542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A technique based on using optical fiber taper waveguides for probing single emitters embedded in thin dielectric membranes is assessed through numerical simulations. For an appropriate membrane geometry, photoluminescence collection efficiencies in excess of 10% are predicted, exceeding the efficiency of standard free-space collection by an order of magnitude. Our results indicate that these fiber taper waveguides offer excellent prospects for performing efficient spectroscopy of single emitters embedded in thin films, such as a single self-assembled quantum dot in a semiconductor membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Davanço
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-6203, USA.
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34
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He J, Yadavalli K, Zhao Z, Li N, Hao Z, Wang KL, Jacob AP. InAs/GaAs nanostructures grown on patterned Si(001) by molecular beam epitaxy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:455607. [PMID: 21832784 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/45/455607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential benefit from the combination of the optoelectronic and electronic functionality of III-V semiconductors with silicon technology is one of the most desired outcomes to date. Here we have systematically investigated the optical properties of InAs quantum structure embedded in GaAs grown on patterned sub-micron and nanosize holes on Si(001). III-V material tends to accumulate in the patterned sub-micron holes and a material depletion region is observed around holes when GaAs/InAs/GaAs is deposited directly on patterned Si(001). By use of a 60 nm SiO(2) layer and patterning sub-micron and nanosize holes through the oxide layer to the substrate, we demonstrate that high optical quality InAs nanostructures, both quantum dots and quantum wells, formed by a two-monolayer InAs layer embedded in GaAs can be epitaxially grown on Si(001). We also report the power-dependent and temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra of these structures. The results show that hole diameter (sub-micron versus nanosize) has a strong effect on the structural and optical properties of GaAs/InAs/GaAs nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Device Research Laboratory, Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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35
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Zumofen G, Mojarad NM, Sandoghdar V, Agio M. Perfect reflection of light by an oscillating dipole. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:180404. [PMID: 18999800 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.180404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We show theoretically that a directional dipole wave can be perfectly reflected by a single pointlike oscillating dipole. Furthermore, we find that, in the case of a strongly focused plane wave, up to 85% of the incident light can be reflected by the dipole. Our results hold for the full spectrum of the electromagnetic interactions and have immediate implications for achieving strong coupling between a single propagating photon and a single quantum emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zumofen
- Nano-Optics Group, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Wrigge G, Hwang J, Gehardt I, Zumofen G, Sandoghdar V. Exploring the limits of single emitter detection in fluorescence and extinction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:17358-65. [PMID: 18958019 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.017358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental comparison and a theoretical analysis of the signal-to-noise ratios in fluorescence and extinction spectroscopy of a single emitter. We show that because of its homodyne nature the extinction measurements can be advantageous if the emitter is weakly excited. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of this method for the detection and spectroscopy of weakly emitting systems such as rare earth ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wrigge
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and opt ETH, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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37
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Köklü FH, Quesnel JI, Vamivakas AN, Ippolito SB, Goldberg BB, Unlü MS. Widefield subsurface microscopy of integrated circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:9501-9506. [PMID: 18575515 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.009501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We apply the numerical aperture increasing lens technique to widefield subsurface imaging of silicon integrated circuits. We demonstrate lateral and longitudinal resolutions well beyond the limits of conventional backside imaging. With a simple infrared widefield microscope (lambda(0) = 1.2 microm), we demonstrate a lateral spatial resolution of 0.26 microm (0.22 lambda(0)) and a longitudinal resolution of 1.24 microm (1.03 lambda(0)) for backside imaging through the silicon substrate of an integrated circuit. We present a spatial resolution comparison between widefield and confocal microscopy, which are essential in integrated circuit analysis for emission and excitation microscopy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Hakan Köklü
- Department of Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Pinotsi D, Imamoglu A. Single photon absorption by a single quantum emitter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:093603. [PMID: 18352711 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We show that a three-level lambda quantum emitter with equal spontaneous emission rates on both optically active transitions can absorb an incident single-photon pulse with a probability approaching unity, provided that the focused light profile matches that of the emitter dipole emission. Even with realistic focusing geometries, our results could find applications in long-distance entanglement of spin qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pinotsi
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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