1
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Hesselmeier E, Kuna P, Takács I, Ivády V, Knolle W, Son NT, Ghezellou M, Ul-Hassan J, Dasari D, Kaiser F, Vorobyov V, Wrachtrup J. Qudit-Based Spectroscopy for Measurement and Control of Nuclear-Spin Qubits in Silicon Carbide. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:090601. [PMID: 38489642 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear spins with hyperfine coupling to single electron spins are highly valuable quantum bits. Here we probe and characterize the particularly rich nuclear-spin environment around single silicon vacancy color centers (V2) in 4H-SiC. By using the electron spin-3/2 qudit as a four level sensor, we identify several sets of ^{29}Si and ^{13}C nuclear spins through their hyperfine interaction. We extract the major components of their hyperfine coupling via optical detected nuclear magnetic resonance, and assign them to shells in the crystal via the density function theory simulations. We utilize the ground-state level anticrossing of the electron spin for dynamic nuclear polarization and achieve a nuclear-spin polarization of up to 98±6%. We show that this scheme can be used to detect the nuclear magnetic resonance signal of individual spins and demonstrate their coherent control. Our work provides a detailed set of parameters and first steps for future use of SiC as a multiqubit memory and quantum computing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hesselmeier
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pierre Kuna
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - István Takács
- Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Ivády
- Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Department of Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Misagh Ghezellou
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Durga Dasari
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Vadim Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for solid state physics, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Zhu YP, Chen X, Liu XR, Liu Y, Liu P, Zha H, Qu G, Hong C, Li J, Jiang Z, Ma XM, Hao YJ, Zhu MY, Liu W, Zeng M, Jayaram S, Lenger M, Ding J, Mo S, Tanaka K, Arita M, Liu Z, Ye M, Shen D, Wrachtrup J, Huang Y, He RH, Qiao S, Liu Q, Liu C. Observation of plaid-like spin splitting in a noncoplanar antiferromagnet. Nature 2024; 626:523-528. [PMID: 38356068 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Spatial, momentum and energy separation of electronic spins in condensed-matter systems guides the development of new devices in which spin-polarized current is generated and manipulated1-3. Recent attention on a set of previously overlooked symmetry operations in magnetic materials4 leads to the emergence of a new type of spin splitting, enabling giant and momentum-dependent spin polarization of energy bands on selected antiferromagnets5-10. Despite the ever-growing theoretical predictions, the direct spectroscopic proof of such spin splitting is still lacking. Here we provide solid spectroscopic and computational evidence for the existence of such materials. In the noncoplanar antiferromagnet manganese ditelluride (MnTe2), the in-plane components of spin are found to be antisymmetric about the high-symmetry planes of the Brillouin zone, comprising a plaid-like spin texture in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state. Such an unconventional spin pattern, further found to diminish at the high-temperature paramagnetic state, originates from the intrinsic AFM order instead of spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Our finding demonstrates a new type of quadratic spin texture induced by time-reversal breaking, placing AFM spintronics on a firm basis and paving the way for studying exotic quantum phenomena in related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Zhu
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiang-Rui Liu
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuntian Liu
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Heming Zha
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gexing Qu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Hong
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ma
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Jie Hao
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zeng
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Sreehari Jayaram
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Applied Quantum Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Malik Lenger
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Applied Quantum Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jianyang Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Mo
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Kiyohisa Tanaka
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masashi Arita
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Zhengtai Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Applied Quantum Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yaobo Huang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Hua He
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qihang Liu
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (SIQSE), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Xu F, Zhang S, Ma L, Hou Y, Li J, Denisenko A, Li Z, Spatz J, Wrachtrup J, Lei H, Cao Y, Wei Q, Chu Z. Quantum-enhanced diamond molecular tension microscopy for quantifying cellular forces. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi5300. [PMID: 38266085 PMCID: PMC10807811 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The constant interplay and information exchange between cells and the microenvironment are essential to their survival and ability to execute biological functions. To date, a few leading technologies such as traction force microscopy, optical/magnetic tweezers, and molecular tension-based fluorescence microscopy are broadly used in measuring cellular forces. However, the considerable limitations, regarding the sensitivity and ambiguities in data interpretation, are hindering our thorough understanding of mechanobiology. Here, we propose an innovative approach, namely, quantum-enhanced diamond molecular tension microscopy (QDMTM), to precisely quantify the integrin-based cell adhesive forces. Specifically, we construct a force-sensing platform by conjugating the magnetic nanotags labeled, force-responsive polymer to the surface of a diamond membrane containing nitrogen-vacancy centers. Notably, the cellular forces will be converted into detectable magnetic variations in QDMTM. After careful validation, we achieved the quantitative cellular force mapping by correlating measurement with the established theoretical model. We anticipate our method can be routinely used in studies like cell-cell or cell-material interactions and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linjie Ma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Department for Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hai Lei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Du Z, Gupta M, Xu F, Zhang K, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, Wrachtrup J, Wong N, Li C, Chu Z. Widefield Diamond Quantum Sensing with Neuromorphic Vision Sensors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2304355. [PMID: 37939304 PMCID: PMC10787069 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in developing ultrasensitive widefield diamond magnetometry for various applications, achieving high temporal resolution and sensitivity simultaneously remains a key challenge. This is largely due to the transfer and processing of massive amounts of data from the frame-based sensor to capture the widefield fluorescence intensity of spin defects in diamonds. In this study, a neuromorphic vision sensor to encode the changes of fluorescence intensity into spikes in the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements is adopted, closely resembling the operation of the human vision system, which leads to highly compressed data volume and reduced latency. It also results in a vast dynamic range, high temporal resolution, and exceptional signal-to-background ratio. After a thorough theoretical evaluation, the experiment with an off-the-shelf event camera demonstrated a 13× improvement in temporal resolution with comparable precision of detecting ODMR resonance frequencies compared with the state-of-the-art highly specialized frame-based approach. It is successfully deploy this technology in monitoring dynamically modulated laser heating of gold nanoparticles coated on a diamond surface, a recognizably difficult task using existing approaches. The current development provides new insights for high-precision and low-latency widefield quantum sensing, with possibilities for integration with emerging memory devices to realize more intelligent quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Du
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Madhav Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ngai Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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5
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Shen Y, Wang P, Cheung CT, Wrachtrup J, Liu RB, Yang S. Detection of Quantum Signals Free of Classical Noise via Quantum Correlation. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:070802. [PMID: 36867814 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracting useful signals is key to both classical and quantum technologies. Conventional noise filtering methods rely on different patterns of signal and noise in frequency or time domains, thus limiting their scope of application, especially in quantum sensing. Here, we propose a signal-nature-based (not signal-pattern-based) approach which singles out a quantum signal from its classical noise background by employing the intrinsic quantum nature of the system. We design a novel protocol to extract the quantum correlation signal and use it to single out the signal of a remote nuclear spin from its overwhelming classical noise backgrounds, which is impossible to be accomplished by conventional filter methods. Our Letter demonstrates the quantum or classical nature as a new degree of freedom in quantum sensing. The further generalization of this quantum nature-based method opens a new direction in quantum research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Physics and the IAS Center for Quantum Technologies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Education for the future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Quantum Coherence and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Tung Cheung
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ren-Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Quantum Coherence and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Physics and the IAS Center for Quantum Technologies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Widmann M, Benke M, Kübler M, Dasari D, Klotz T, Gizzi L, Röhrle O, Brenner P, Wrachtrup J. Optimizing NV magnetometry for Magnetoneurography and Magnetomyography applications. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1034391. [PMID: 36726853 PMCID: PMC9885266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1034391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetometers based on color centers in diamond are setting new frontiers for sensing capabilities due to their combined extraordinary performances in sensitivity, bandwidth, dynamic range, and spatial resolution, with stable operability in a wide range of conditions ranging from room to low temperatures. This has allowed for its wide range of applications, from biology and chemical studies to industrial applications. Among the many, sensing of bio-magnetic fields from muscular and neurophysiology has been one of the most attractive applications for NV magnetometry due to its compact and proximal sensing capability. Although SQUID magnetometers and optically pumped magnetometers (OPM) have made huge progress in Magnetomyography (MMG) and Magnetoneurography (MNG), exploring the same with NV magnetometry is scant at best. Given the room temperature operability and gradiometric applications of the NV magnetometer, it could be highly sensitive in the pT / Hz -range even without magnetic shielding, bringing it close to industrial applications. The presented work here elaborates on the performance metrics of these magnetometers to the state-of-the-art techniques by analyzing the sensitivity, dynamic range, and bandwidth, and discusses the potential benefits of using NV magnetometers for MMG and MNG applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Quantum Technology R&D Center, Beijing Automation Control Equipment Institute, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Chen Zhang ✉
| | - Jixing Zhang
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Widmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Magnus Benke
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Kübler
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Durga Dasari
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Klotz
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonardo Gizzi
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Department of Biomechatronic Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Brenner
- ZEISS Innovation Hub @ KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Jörg Wrachtrup ✉
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7
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Dasari DBR, Yang S, Chakrabarti A, Finkler A, Kurizki G, Wrachtrup J. Anti-Zeno purification of spin baths by quantum probe measurements. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7527. [PMID: 36473849 PMCID: PMC9726817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno paradigms have thus far addressed the evolution control of a quantum system coupled to an immutable bath via non-selective measurements performed at appropriate intervals. We fundamentally modify these paradigms by introducing, theoretically and experimentally, the concept of controlling the bath state via selective measurements of the system (a qubit). We show that at intervals corresponding to the anti-Zeno regime of the system-bath exchange, a sequence of measurements has strongly correlated outcomes. These correlations can dramatically enhance the bath-state purity and yield a low-entropy steady state of the bath. The purified bath state persists long after the measurements are completed. Such purification enables the exploitation of spin baths as long-lived quantum memories or as quantum-enhanced sensors. The experiment involved a repeatedly probed defect center dephased by a nuclear spin bath in a diamond at low-temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Bhaktavatsala Rao Dasari
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 97133.Physics Institute, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies, IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569 Germany
| | - Sen Yang
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Arnab Chakrabarti
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Finkler
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gershon Kurizki
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 97133.Physics Institute, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies, IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569 Germany ,grid.419552.e0000 0001 1015 6736Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Soldati RR, Dasari DBR, Wrachtrup J, Lutz E. Thermodynamics of a Minimal Algorithmic Cooling Refrigerator. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:030601. [PMID: 35905347 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate, theoretically and experimentally, the thermodynamic performance of a minimal three-qubit heat-bath algorithmic cooling refrigerator. We analytically compute the coefficient of performance, the cooling power, and the polarization of the target qubit for an arbitrary number of cycles, taking realistic experimental imperfections into account. We determine their fundamental upper bounds in the ideal reversible limit and show that these values may be experimentally approached using a system of three qubits in a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo R Soldati
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Durga B R Dasari
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric Lutz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Vorobyov V, Javadzade J, Joliffe M, Kaiser F, Wrachtrup J. Addressing Single Nuclear Spins Quantum Memories by a Central Electron Spin. Appl Magn Reson 2022; 53:1317-1330. [PMID: 35910419 PMCID: PMC9329387 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-022-01462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nuclei surrounding single electron spins are valuable resources for quantum technology. For application in this area, one is often interested in weakly coupled nuclei with coupling strength on the order of a few 10-100 kHz. In this paper, we compare methods to address single nuclear spins with this type of hyperfine coupling to a single electron spin. To achieve the required spectral resolution, we specifically focus on two methods, namely dynamical decoupling and correlation spectroscopy. We demonstrate spectroscopy of two single nuclear spins and present a method to derive components of their hyperfine coupling tensor from those measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J. Javadzade
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M. Joliffe
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F. Kaiser
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J. Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Babin C, Stöhr R, Morioka N, Linkewitz T, Steidl T, Wörnle R, Liu D, Hesselmeier E, Vorobyov V, Denisenko A, Hentschel M, Gobert C, Berwian P, Astakhov GV, Knolle W, Majety S, Saha P, Radulaski M, Son NT, Ul-Hassan J, Kaiser F, Wrachtrup J. Fabrication and nanophotonic waveguide integration of silicon carbide colour centres with preserved spin-optical coherence. Nat Mater 2022; 21:67-73. [PMID: 34795400 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optically addressable spin defects in silicon carbide (SiC) are an emerging platform for quantum information processing compatible with nanofabrication processes and device control used by the semiconductor industry. System scalability towards large-scale quantum networks demands integration into nanophotonic structures with efficient spin-photon interfaces. However, degradation of the spin-optical coherence after integration in nanophotonic structures has hindered the potential of most colour centre platforms. Here, we demonstrate the implantation of silicon vacancy centres (VSi) in SiC without deterioration of their intrinsic spin-optical properties. In particular, we show nearly lifetime-limited photon emission and high spin-coherence times for single defects implanted in bulk as well as in nanophotonic waveguides created by reactive ion etching. Furthermore, we take advantage of the high spin-optical coherences of VSi centres in waveguides to demonstrate controlled operations on nearby nuclear spin qubits, which is a crucial step towards fault-tolerant quantum information distribution based on cavity quantum electrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Babin
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Naoya Morioka
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Tobias Linkewitz
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Timo Steidl
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Raphael Wörnle
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Di Liu
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erik Hesselmeier
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vadim Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Gobert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology IISB, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Berwian
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology IISB, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgy V Astakhov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Department of Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sridhar Majety
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pranta Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marina Radulaski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Florian Kaiser
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Song T, Sun QC, Anderson E, Wang C, Qian J, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, McGuire MA, Stöhr R, Xiao D, Cao T, Wrachtrup J, Xu X. Direct visualization of magnetic domains and moiré magnetism in twisted 2D magnets. Science 2021; 374:1140-1144. [PMID: 34822270 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj7478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Song
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qi-Chao Sun
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric Anderson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jimin Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Michael A McGuire
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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12
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Chejanovsky N, Mukherjee A, Geng J, Chen YC, Kim Y, Denisenko A, Finkler A, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Dasari DBR, Auburger P, Gali A, Smet JH, Wrachtrup J. Single-spin resonance in a van der Waals embedded paramagnetic defect. Nat Mater 2021; 20:1079-1084. [PMID: 33958771 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of single-photon emitters have been identified in the atomic layers of two-dimensional van der Waals materials1-8. Here, we report on a set of isolated optical emitters embedded in hexagonal boron nitride that exhibit optically detected magnetic resonance. The defect spins show an isotropic ge-factor of ~2 and zero-field splitting below 10 MHz. The photokinetics of one type of defect is compatible with ground-state electron-spin paramagnetism. The narrow and inhomogeneously broadened magnetic resonance spectrum differs significantly from the known spectra of in-plane defects. We determined a hyperfine coupling of ~10 MHz. Its angular dependence indicates an unpaired, out-of-plane delocalized π-orbital electron, probably originating from substitutional impurity atoms. We extracted spin-lattice relaxation times T1 of 13-17 μs with estimated spin coherence times T2 of less than 1 μs. Our results provide further insight into the structure, composition and dynamics of single optically active spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Chejanovsky
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amlan Mukherjee
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jianpei Geng
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Youngwook Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Adam Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jurgen H Smet
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Barson MSJ, Oberg LM, McGuinness LP, Denisenko A, Manson NB, Wrachtrup J, Doherty MW. Nanoscale Vector Electric Field Imaging Using a Single Electron Spin. Nano Lett 2021; 21:2962-2967. [PMID: 33739842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform nanoscale electric field imaging of elementary charges at ambient temperatures will have diverse interdisciplinary applications. While the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is capable of high-sensitivity electrometry, demonstrations have so far been limited to macroscopic field features or detection of single charges internal to the diamond itself. In this work, we greatly extend these capabilities by using a shallow NV center to image the electric field of a charged atomic force microscope tip with nanoscale resolution. This is achieved by measuring Stark shifts in the NV spin-resonance due to AC electric fields. We demonstrate a near single-charge sensitivity of ηe = 5.3 charges/√Hz and subelementary charge detection (0.68e). This proof-of-concept experiment provides the motivation for further sensing and imaging of electric fields using NV centers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S J Barson
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Lachlan M Oberg
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Liam P McGuinness
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Neil B Manson
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcus W Doherty
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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14
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Sun QC, Song T, Anderson E, Brunner A, Förster J, Shalomayeva T, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Gräfe J, Stöhr R, Xu X, Wrachtrup J. Magnetic domains and domain wall pinning in atomically thin CrBr 3 revealed by nanoscale imaging. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1989. [PMID: 33790290 PMCID: PMC8012586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of atomically thin van der Waals magnets provides a new platform for the studies of two-dimensional magnetism and its applications. However, the widely used measurement methods in recent studies cannot provide quantitative information of the magnetization nor achieve nanoscale spatial resolution. These capabilities are essential to explore the rich properties of magnetic domains and spin textures. Here, we employ cryogenic scanning magnetometry using a single-electron spin of a nitrogen-vacancy center in a diamond probe to unambiguously prove the existence of magnetic domains and study their dynamics in atomically thin CrBr3. By controlling the magnetic domain evolution as a function of magnetic field, we find that the pinning effect is a dominant coercivity mechanism and determine the magnetization of a CrBr3 bilayer to be about 26 Bohr magnetons per square nanometer. The high spatial resolution of this technique enables imaging of magnetic domains and allows to locate the sites of defects that pin the domain walls and nucleate the reverse domains. Our work highlights scanning nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry as a quantitative probe to explore nanoscale features in two-dimensional magnets. Van der Waals (vdW) magnets have allowed researchers to explore the two dimensional limit of magnetisation; however experimental challenges have hindered analysis of magnetic domains. Here, using an NV centre based probe, the authors analyse the nature of magnetic domains in the vdW magnet, CrBr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Chao Sun
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Tiancheng Song
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Anderson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andreas Brunner
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Förster
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Joachim Gräfe
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Liu CF, Leong WH, Xia K, Feng X, Finkler A, Denisenko A, Wrachtrup J, Li Q, Liu RB. Ultra-sensitive hybrid diamond nanothermometer. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa194. [PMID: 34691635 PMCID: PMC8288462 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising quantum sensors because of their long spin coherence time under ambient conditions. However, their spin resonances are relatively insensitive to non-magnetic parameters such as temperature. A magnetic-nanoparticle-nanodiamond hybrid thermometer, where the temperature change is converted to the magnetic field variation near the Curie temperature, were demonstrated to have enhanced temperature sensitivity ($11{\rm{\,\,mK\,\,H}}{{\rm{z}}^{ - 1/2}}$) (Wang N, Liu G-Q and Leong W-H et al. Phys Rev X 2018; 8: 011042), but the sensitivity was limited by the large spectral broadening of ensemble spins in nanodiamonds. To overcome this limitation, here we show an improved design of a hybrid nanothermometer using a single NV center in a diamond nanopillar coupled with a single magnetic nanoparticle of copper-nickel alloy, and demonstrate a temperature sensitivity of $76{\rm{\,\,\mu K\,\,H}}{{\rm{z}}^{ - 1/2}}$. This hybrid design enables detection of 2 mK temperature changes with temporal resolution of 5 ms. The ultra-sensitive nanothermometer offers a new tool to investigate thermal processes in nanoscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xi Feng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics and Center for Applied Quantum Technologies, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics and Center for Applied Quantum Technologies, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Quan Li
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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16
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Hanlon L, Gautam V, Wood JDA, Reddy P, Barson MSJ, Niihori M, Silalahi ARJ, Corry B, Wrachtrup J, Sellars MJ, Daria VR, Maletinsky P, Stuart GJ, Doherty MW. Diamond nanopillar arrays for quantum microscopy of neuronal signals. Neurophotonics 2020; 7:035002. [PMID: 32775500 PMCID: PMC7406893 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.3.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Wide-field measurement of cellular membrane dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution can facilitate analysis of the computing properties of neuronal circuits. Quantum microscopy using a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a promising technique to achieve this goal. Aim: We propose a proof-of-principle approach to NV-based neuron functional imaging. Approach: This goal is achieved by engineering NV quantum sensors in diamond nanopillar arrays and switching their sensing mode to detect the changes in the electric fields instead of the magnetic fields, which has the potential to greatly improve signal detection. Apart from containing the NV quantum sensors, nanopillars also function as waveguides, delivering the excitation/emission light to improve sensitivity. The nanopillars also improve the amplitude of the neuron electric field sensed by the NV by removing screening charges. When the nanopillar array is used as a cell niche, it acts as a cell scaffolds which makes the pillars function as biomechanical cues that facilitate the growth and formation of neuronal circuits. Based on these growth patterns, numerical modeling of the nanoelectromagnetics between the nanopillar and the neuron was also performed. Results: The growth study showed that nanopillars with a 2 - μ m pitch and a 200-nm diameter show ideal growth patterns for nanopillar sensing. The modeling showed an electric field amplitude as high as ≈ 1.02 × 10 10 mV / m at an NV 100 nm from the membrane, a value almost 10 times the minimum field that the NV can detect. Conclusion: This proof-of-concept study demonstrated unprecedented NV sensing potential for the functional imaging of mammalian neuron signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hanlon
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Address all correspondence to Liam Hanlon: ; Marcus W. Doherty:
| | - Vini Gautam
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Prithvi Reddy
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael S. J. Barson
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marika Niihori
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Ben Corry
- Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- University of Stuttgart, 3rd Institute of Physics, Stuttgart Research Centre of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Sellars
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vincent R. Daria
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Gregory J. Stuart
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marcus W. Doherty
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Address all correspondence to Liam Hanlon: ; Marcus W. Doherty:
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17
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Morioka N, Babin C, Nagy R, Gediz I, Hesselmeier E, Liu D, Joliffe M, Niethammer M, Dasari D, Vorobyov V, Kolesov R, Stöhr R, Ul-Hassan J, Son NT, Ohshima T, Udvarhelyi P, Thiering G, Gali A, Wrachtrup J, Kaiser F. Spin-controlled generation of indistinguishable and distinguishable photons from silicon vacancy centres in silicon carbide. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2516. [PMID: 32433556 PMCID: PMC7239935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum systems combining indistinguishable photon generation and spin-based quantum information processing are essential for remote quantum applications and networking. However, identification of suitable systems in scalable platforms remains a challenge. Here, we investigate the silicon vacancy centre in silicon carbide and demonstrate controlled emission of indistinguishable and distinguishable photons via coherent spin manipulation. Using strong off-resonant excitation and collecting zero-phonon line photons, we show a two-photon interference contrast close to 90% in Hong-Ou-Mandel type experiments. Further, we exploit the system’s intimate spin-photon relation to spin-control the colour and indistinguishability of consecutively emitted photons. Our results provide a deep insight into the system’s spin-phonon-photon physics and underline the potential of the industrially compatible silicon carbide platform for measurement-based entanglement distribution and photonic cluster state generation. Additional coupling to quantum registers based on individual nuclear spins would further allow for high-level network-relevant quantum information processing, such as error correction and entanglement purification. Defects in silicon carbide can act as single photon sources that also have the benefit of a host material that is already used in electronic devices. Here the authors demonstrate that they can control the distinguishability of the emitted photons by changing the defect spin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Morioka
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Advanced Research and Innovation Center, DENSO CORPORATION, Nisshin, 470-0111, Japan.
| | - Charles Babin
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland Nagy
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Izel Gediz
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erik Hesselmeier
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Di Liu
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew Joliffe
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Niethammer
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Durga Dasari
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vadim Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roman Kolesov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Péter Udvarhelyi
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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18
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Kornher T, Xiao DW, Xia K, Sardi F, Zhao N, Kolesov R, Wrachtrup J. Sensing Individual Nuclear Spins with a Single Rare-Earth Electron Spin. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:170402. [PMID: 32412264 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth related electron spins in crystalline hosts are unique material systems, as they can potentially provide a direct interface between telecom band photons and long-lived spin quantum bits. Specifically, their optically accessible electron spins in solids interacting with nuclear spins in their environment are valuable quantum memory resources. Detection of nearby individual nuclear spins, so far exclusively shown for few dilute nuclear spin bath host systems such as the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond or the silicon vacancy in silicon carbide, remained an open challenge for rare earths in their host materials, which typically exhibit dense nuclear spin baths. Here, we present the electron spin spectroscopy of single Ce^{3+} ions in a yttrium orthosilicate host, featuring a coherence time of T_{2}=124 μs. This coherent interaction time is sufficiently long to isolate proximal ^{89}Y nuclear spins from the nuclear spin bath of ^{89}Y. Furthermore, it allows for the detection of a single nearby ^{29}Si nuclear spin, native to the host material with ∼5% abundance. This study opens the door to quantum memory applications in rare-earth ion related systems based on coupled environmental nuclear spins, potentially useful for quantum error correction schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kornher
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Da-Wu Xiao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangwei Xia
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fiammetta Sardi
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nan Zhao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Roman Kolesov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Oeckinghaus T, Momenzadeh SA, Scheiger P, Shalomayeva T, Finkler A, Dasari D, Stöhr R, Wrachtrup J. Spin-Phonon Interfaces in Coupled Nanomechanical Cantilevers. Nano Lett 2020; 20:463-469. [PMID: 31820999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coupled micro- and nanomechanical oscillators are of fundamental and technical interest for emerging quantum technologies. Upon interfacing with long-lived solid-state spins, the coherent manipulation of the quantum hybrid system becomes possible even at ambient conditions. Although the ability of these systems to act as a quantum bus inducing long-range spin-spin interactions has been known, the possibility to coherently couple electron/nuclear spins to the common modes of multiple oscillators and map their mechanical motion to spin-polarization has not been experimentally demonstrated. We here report experiments on interfacing spins to the common modes of a coupled cantilever system and show their correlation by translating ultralow forces induced by radiation from one oscillator to a distant spin. Further, we analyze the coherent spin-spin coupling induced by the common modes and estimate the entanglement generation among distant spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Oeckinghaus
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - S Ali Momenzadeh
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Philipp Scheiger
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Tetyana Shalomayeva
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , 76100 Rehovot , Israel
| | - Durga Dasari
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Center for Applied Quantum Technology , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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20
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Abstract
The prototype of a quantum random number generator is a single photon which impinges onto a beam splitter and is then detected by single photon detectors at one of the two output paths. Prior to detection, the photon is in a quantum mechanical superposition state of the two possible outcomes with –ideally– equal amplitudes until its position is determined by measurement. When the two output modes are observed by a single photon detector, the generated clicks can be interpreted as ones and zeros – and a raw random bit stream is obtained. Here we implement such a random bit generator based on single photons from a defect center in diamond. We investigate the single photon emission of the defect center by an anti-bunching measurement. This certifies the “quantumness” of the supplied photonic input state, while the random “decision” is still based on the vacuum fluctuations at the open port of the beam-splitter. Technical limitations, such as intensity fluctuations, mechanical drift, and bias are discussed. A number of ways to suppress such unwanted effects, and an a priori entropy estimation are presented. The single photon nature allows for a characterization of the non-classicality of the source, and allows to determine a background fraction. Due to the NV-center’s superior stability and optical properties, we can operate the generator under ambient conditions around the clock. We present a true 24/7 operation of the implemented random bit generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes N Greiner
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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21
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Widmann M, Niethammer M, Fedyanin DY, Khramtsov IA, Rendler T, Booker ID, Ul Hassan J, Morioka N, Chen YC, Ivanov IG, Son NT, Ohshima T, Bockstedte M, Gali A, Bonato C, Lee SY, Wrachtrup J. Electrical Charge State Manipulation of Single Silicon Vacancies in a Silicon Carbide Quantum Optoelectronic Device. Nano Lett 2019; 19:7173-7180. [PMID: 31532999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Color centers with long-lived spins are established platforms for quantum sensing and quantum information applications. Color centers exist in different charge states, each of them with distinct optical and spin properties. Application to quantum technology requires the capability to access and stabilize charge states for each specific task. Here, we investigate charge state manipulation of individual silicon vacancies in silicon carbide, a system which has recently shown a unique combination of long spin coherence time and ultrastable spin-selective optical transitions. In particular, we demonstrate charge state switching through the bias applied to the color center in an integrated silicon carbide optoelectronic device. We show that the electronic environment defined by the doping profile and the distribution of other defects in the device plays a key role for charge state control. Our experimental results and numerical modeling evidence that control of these complex interactions can, under certain conditions, enhance the photon emission rate. These findings open the way for deterministic control over the charge state of spin-active color centers for quantum technology and provide novel techniques for monitoring doping profiles and voltage sensing in microscopic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Widmann
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Research Center SCOPE and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Matthias Niethammer
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Research Center SCOPE and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Dmitry Yu Fedyanin
- Laboratory of Nanooptics and Plasmonics , Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , 9 Institutsky Lane , 141700 Dolgoprudny , Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Khramtsov
- Laboratory of Nanooptics and Plasmonics , Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , 9 Institutsky Lane , 141700 Dolgoprudny , Russian Federation
| | - Torsten Rendler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Research Center SCOPE and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Ian D Booker
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Jawad Ul Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Naoya Morioka
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Research Center SCOPE and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Research Center SCOPE and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Ivan G Ivanov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Takasaki , Gunma 370-1292 , Japan
| | - Michel Bockstedte
- Department Chemistry and Physics of Materials , University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
- Solid State Theory , University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Staudstrasse 7B2 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Adam Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest , Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budafoki út 8. , H-1111 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Cristian Bonato
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , United Kingdom
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Research Center SCOPE and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Center for Quantum Information , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Research Center SCOPE and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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22
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Groot-Berning K, Kornher T, Jacob G, Stopp F, Dawkins ST, Kolesov R, Wrachtrup J, Singer K, Schmidt-Kaler F. Deterministic Single-Ion Implantation of Rare-Earth Ions for Nanometer-Resolution Color-Center Generation. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:106802. [PMID: 31573288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.106802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single dopant atoms or dopant-related defect centers in a solid state matrix are of particular importance among the physical systems proposed for quantum computing and communication, due to their potential to realize a scalable architecture compatible with electronic and photonic integrated circuits. Here, using a deterministic source of single laser-cooled Pr^{+} ions, we present the fabrication of arrays of praseodymium color centers in yttrium-aluminum-garnet substrates. The beam of single Pr^{+} ions is extracted from a Paul trap and focused down to 30(9) nm. Using a confocal microscope, we determine a conversion yield into active color centers of up to 50% and realize a placement precision of 34 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Groot-Berning
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Kornher
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg Jacob
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Stopp
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Samuel T Dawkins
- Experimentalphysik I, Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Roman Kolesov
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kilian Singer
- Experimentalphysik I, Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Novel magnetic sensing modalities using quantum sensors or nanoscale probes have drastically improved the sensitivity and hence spatial resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) down to the nanoscale. Recent demonstrations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with paramagnetic colour centres include single molecule sensitivity, and sub-part-per-million spectral resolution. Mostly, these results have been obtained using well-characterised single sensors, which only permit extended imaging by scanning-probe microscopy. Here, we enhance multiplexed MRI with a thin layer of ensemble spin sensors in an inhomogeneous control field by optimal control spin manipulation to improve ensemble sensitivity and field of view (FOV). We demonstrate MRI of fluorine in patterned thin films only 1.2 nm in thickness, corresponding to a net moment of 120 nuclear spins per sensor spin. With the aid of the NMR signal, we reconstruct the nanoscale depth distribution of the sensor spins within the substrate. In addition, we exploit inhomogeneous ensemble control to squeeze the point spread function of the imager to about 100 nm and show that localisation of a point-like NMR signal within 40 nm is feasible. These results pave the way to quantitive NMR ensemble sensing and magnetic resonance microscopy with a resolution of few ten nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ziem
- 3rd Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. .,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - M Garsi
- 3rd Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Fedder
- 3rd Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Swabian Instruments GmbH, Stammheimer Str. 41, 70435, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Wrachtrup
- 3rd Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Michl J, Steiner J, Denisenko A, Bülau A, Zimmermann A, Nakamura K, Sumiya H, Onoda S, Neumann P, Isoya J, Wrachtrup J. Robust and Accurate Electric Field Sensing with Solid State Spin Ensembles. Nano Lett 2019; 19:4904-4910. [PMID: 31348669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron spins in solids constitute remarkable quantum sensors. Individual defect centers in diamond were used to detect individual nuclear spins with a nanometer scale resolution, and ensemble magnetometers rival SQUID and vapor cell magnetometers when taking into account room-temperature operation and size. NV center spins can also detect electric field vectors, despite their weak coupling to electric fields. Here, we employ ensembles of NV center spins to measure macroscopic AC electric fields with high precision. We utilize low strain, 12C enriched diamond to achieve the maximum sensitivity and tailor the spin Hamiltonian via the proper magnetic field adjustment to map out the AC electric field strength and polarization and arrive at refined electric field coupling constants. For high-precision measurements, we combine classical lock-in detection with aspects from quantum phase estimation for the effective suppression of technical noise. Eventually, this enables t-1/2 uncertainty scaling of the electric field strength over extended averaging periods, enabling us to reach a precision down to 10-7 V/μm for an AC electric field with a frequency of 2 kHz and an amplitude of 0.012 V/ μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Michl
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Jakob Steiner
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - André Bülau
- Hahn-Schickard , Allmandring 9b , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - André Zimmermann
- Institut für Mikrointegration , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 9b , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Kazuo Nakamura
- Application Technology Research Institute , Tokyo Gas Company, Ltd. , Yokohama 230-0045 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sumiya
- Advanced Materials Laboratory , Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. , Itami 664-0016 , Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Takasaki 370-1292 , Japan
| | - Philipp Neumann
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Junichi Isoya
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8573 , Japan
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
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25
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Wang P, Chen C, Peng X, Wrachtrup J, Liu RB. Characterization of Arbitrary-Order Correlations in Quantum Baths by Weak Measurement. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:050603. [PMID: 31491311 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Correlations of fluctuations are the driving forces behind the dynamics and thermodynamics in quantum many-body systems. For qubits embedded in a quantum bath, the correlations in the bath are key to understanding and combating decoherence-a critical issue in quantum information technology. However, there is no systematic method for characterizing the many-body correlations in quantum baths beyond the second order or the Gaussian approximation. Here we present a scheme to characterize the correlations in a quantum bath to arbitrary order. The scheme employs a weak measurement of the bath via the projective measurement of a central system. The bath correlations, including both the "classical" and the "quantum" parts, can be reconstructed from the correlations of the measurement outputs. The possibility of full characterization of many-body correlations in a quantum bath forms the basis for optimizing quantum control against decoherence in realistic environments, for studying the quantum characteristics of baths, and for the quantum sensing of correlated clusters in quantum baths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinhua Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ren-Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Chen YC, Salter PS, Niethammer M, Widmann M, Kaiser F, Nagy R, Morioka N, Babin C, Erlekampf J, Berwian P, Booth MJ, Wrachtrup J. Laser Writing of Scalable Single Color Centers in Silicon Carbide. Nano Lett 2019; 19:2377-2383. [PMID: 30882227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single photon emitters in silicon carbide (SiC) are attracting attention as quantum photonic systems ( Awschalom et al. Nat. Photonics 2018 , 12 , 516 - 527 ; Atatüre et al. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018 , 3 , 38 - 51 ). However, to achieve scalable devices, it is essential to generate single photon emitters at desired locations on demand. Here we report the controlled creation of single silicon vacancy (VSi) centers in 4H-SiC using laser writing without any postannealing process. Due to the aberration correction in the writing apparatus and the nonannealing process, we generate single VSi centers with yields up to 30%, located within about 80 nm of the desired position in the transverse plane. We also investigated the photophysics of the laser writing VSi centers and concluded that there are about 16 photons involved in the laser writing VSi center process. Our results represent a powerful tool in the fabrication of single VSi centers in SiC for quantum technologies and provide further insights into laser writing defects in dielectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chen
- Third Institute of Physics , University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Patrick S Salter
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PJ , United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Niethammer
- Third Institute of Physics , University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Matthias Widmann
- Third Institute of Physics , University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- Third Institute of Physics , University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Roland Nagy
- Third Institute of Physics , University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Naoya Morioka
- Third Institute of Physics , University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Charles Babin
- Third Institute of Physics , University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | | | | | - Martin J Booth
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PJ , United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Third Institute of Physics , University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
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27
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Laube C, Oeckinghaus T, Lehnert J, Griebel J, Knolle W, Denisenko A, Kahnt A, Meijer J, Wrachtrup J, Abel B. Controlling the fluorescence properties of nitrogen vacancy centers in nanodiamonds. Nanoscale 2019; 11:1770-1783. [PMID: 30629069 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Control over the formation and fluorescence properties of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs) is an important factor for their use in medical and sensor applications. However, reports providing a deep understanding of the potential factors influencing these properties are rare and focus only on a few influencing factors. The current contribution targets this issue and we report a comprehensive study of the fluorescence properties of NVs in nanodiamonds as a function of electron irradiation fluence and surface termination. Here we show that process parameters such as defect center interactions, in particular, different nitrogen defects and radiation induced lattice defects, as well as surface functionalities have a strong influence on the fluorescence intensity, fluorescence lifetime and the charge state ratio of the NV centers. By employing a time-correlated single photon counting approach we also established a method for fast macroscopic monitoring of the fluorescence properties of ND samples. We found that the fluorescence properties of NV centers may be controlled or even tuned depending upon the radiation treatment, annealing, and surface termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Laube
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Bodenstedt S, Jakobi I, Michl J, Gerhardt I, Neumann P, Wrachtrup J. Nanoscale Spin Manipulation with Pulsed Magnetic Gradient Fields from a Hard Disc Drive Writer. Nano Lett 2018; 18:5389-5395. [PMID: 30063362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The individual and coherent control of solid-state based electron spins is important covering fields from quantum information processing and quantum metrology to material research and medical imaging. Especially for the control of individual spins in nanoscale networks, the generation of strong, fast, and localized magnetic fields is crucial. Highly engineered devices that demonstrate most of the desired features are found in nanometer size magnetic writers of hard disk drives (HDD). Currently, however, their nanoscale operation in particular comes at the cost of excessive magnetic noise. Here, we present HDD writers as a tool for the efficient manipulation of single as well as multiple spins. We show that their tunable gradients of up to 100 μT/nm can be used to spectrally address individual spins on the nanoscale. Their gigahertz bandwidth allows one to switch control fields within nanoseconds, faster than characteristic time scales such as Rabi and Larmor periods, spin-spin couplings, or optical transitions, thus extending the set of feasible spin manipulations. We used the fields to drive spin transitions through nonadiabatic fast passages or to enable the optical readout of spin states in strong misaligned fields. Building on these techniques, we further apply the large magnetic field gradients for microwave selective addressing of single spins and show its use for the nanoscale optical colocalization of two emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bodenstedt
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - I Jakobi
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - J Michl
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - I Gerhardt
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - P Neumann
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - J Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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29
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Shagieva F, Zaiser S, Neumann P, Dasari DBR, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Reuter R, Meriles CA, Wrachtrup J. Microwave-Assisted Cross-Polarization of Nuclear Spin Ensembles from Optically Pumped Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. Nano Lett 2018; 18:3731-3737. [PMID: 29719156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to optically initialize the electronic spin of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has long been considered a valuable resource to enhance the polarization of neighboring nuclei, but efficient polarization transfer to spin species outside the diamond crystal has proven challenging. Here we demonstrate variable-magnetic-field, microwave-enabled cross-polarization from the NV electronic spin to protons in a model viscous fluid in contact with the diamond surface. Further, slight changes in the cross-relaxation rate as a function of the wait time between successive repetitions of the transfer protocol suggest slower molecular dynamics near the diamond surface compared to that in bulk. This observation is consistent with present models of the microscopic structure of a fluid and can be exploited to estimate the diffusion coefficient near a solid-liquid interface, of importance in colloid science.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shagieva
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - S Zaiser
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - P Neumann
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - D B R Dasari
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - R Stöhr
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - A Denisenko
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - R Reuter
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - C A Meriles
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - J Wrachtrup
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
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30
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Raghunandan M, Wrachtrup J, Weimer H. High-Density Quantum Sensing with Dissipative First Order Transitions. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:150501. [PMID: 29756853 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.150501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sensing of external fields using quantum systems is a prime example of an emergent quantum technology. Generically, the sensitivity of a quantum sensor consisting of N independent particles is proportional to sqrt[N]. However, interactions invariably occurring at high densities lead to a breakdown of the assumption of independence between the particles, posing a severe challenge for quantum sensors operating at the nanoscale. Here, we show that interactions in quantum sensors can be transformed from a nuisance into an advantage when strong interactions trigger a dissipative phase transition in an open quantum system. We demonstrate this behavior by analyzing dissipative quantum sensors based upon nitrogen-vacancy defect centers in diamond. Using both a variational method and a numerical simulation of the master equation describing the open quantum many-body system, we establish the existence of a dissipative first order transition that can be used for quantum sensing. We investigate the properties of this phase transition for two- and three-dimensional setups, demonstrating that the transition can be observed using current experimental technology. Finally, we show that quantum sensors based on dissipative phase transitions are particularly robust against imperfections such as disorder or decoherence, with the sensitivity of the sensor not being limited by the T_{2} coherence time of the device. Our results can readily be applied to other applications in quantum sensing and quantum metrology where interactions are currently a limiting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Raghunandan
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hendrik Weimer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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31
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Kolesov R, Lasse S, Rothfuchs C, Wieck AD, Xia K, Kornher T, Wrachtrup J. Superresolution Microscopy of Single Rare-Earth Emitters in YAG and H3 Centers in Diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:033903. [PMID: 29400537 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.033903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate superresolution imaging of single rare-earth emitting centers, namely, trivalent cerium, in yttrium aluminum garnet crystals by means of stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. The achieved all-optical resolution is ≈50 nm. Similar results were obtained on H3 color centers in diamond. In both cases, STED resolution is improving slower than the conventional inverse square-root dependence on the depletion beam intensity. In the proposed model of this effect, the anomalous behavior is caused by excited state absorption and the interaction of the emitter with nonfluorescing crystal defects in its local surrounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kolesov
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Lasse
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Rothfuchs
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150 Gebäude NB, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A D Wieck
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150 Gebäude NB, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K Xia
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - T Kornher
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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32
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Chejanovsky N, Kim Y, Zappe A, Stuhlhofer B, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Dasari D, Finkler A, Smet JH, Wrachtrup J. Quantum Light in Curved Low Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14758. [PMID: 29116207 PMCID: PMC5676806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dimensional wide bandgap semiconductors open a new playing field in quantum optics using sub-bandgap excitation. In this field, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been reported to host single quantum emitters (QEs), linking QE density to perimeters. Furthermore, curvature/perimeters in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have demonstrated a key role in QE formation. We investigate a curvature-abundant BN system - quasi one-dimensional BN nanotubes (BNNTs) fabricated via a catalyst-free method. We find that non-treated BNNT is an abundant source of stable QEs and analyze their emission features down to single nanotubes, comparing dispersed/suspended material. Combining high spatial resolution of a scanning electron microscope, we categorize and pin-point emission origin to a scale of less than 20 nm, giving us a one-to-one validation of emission source with dimensions smaller than the laser excitation wavelength, elucidating nano-antenna effects. Two emission origins emerge: hybrid/entwined BNNT. By artificially curving h-BN flakes, similar QE spectral features are observed. The impact on emission of solvents used in commercial products and curved regions is also demonstrated. The 'out of the box' availability of QEs in BNNT, lacking processing contamination, is a milestone for unraveling their atomic features. These findings open possibilities for precision engineering of QEs, puts h-BN under a similar 'umbrella' of TMDC's QEs and provides a model explaining QEs spatial localization/formation using electron/ion irradiation and chemical etching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Chejanovsky
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Youngwook Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrea Zappe
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stuhlhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Durga Dasari
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amit Finkler
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jurgen H Smet
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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33
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Pfender M, Aslam N, Simon P, Antonov D, Thiering G, Burk S, Fávaro de Oliveira F, Denisenko A, Fedder H, Meijer J, Garrido JA, Gali A, Teraji T, Isoya J, Doherty MW, Alkauskas A, Gallo A, Grüneis A, Neumann P, Wrachtrup J. Protecting a Diamond Quantum Memory by Charge State Control. Nano Lett 2017; 17:5931-5937. [PMID: 28872881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, solid-state spin systems have emerged as promising candidates for quantum information processing. Prominent examples are the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, phosphorus dopants in silicon (Si:P), rare-earth ions in solids, and VSi-centers in silicon-carbide. The Si:P system has demonstrated that its nuclear spins can yield exceedingly long spin coherence times by eliminating the electron spin of the dopant. For NV centers, however, a proper charge state for storage of nuclear spin qubit coherence has not been identified yet. Here, we identify and characterize the positively charged NV center as an electron-spin-less and optically inactive state by utilizing the nuclear spin qubit as a probe. We control the electronic charge and spin utilizing nanometer scale gate electrodes. We achieve a lengthening of the nuclear spin coherence times by a factor of 4. Surprisingly, the new charge state allows switching of the optical response of single nodes facilitating full individual addressability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pfender
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nabeel Aslam
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Simon
- Walter Schottky Institut, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Denis Antonov
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sina Burk
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helmut Fedder
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Swabian Instruments GmbH, Frankenstr. 39, 71701 Schwieberdingen, Germany
| | - Jan Meijer
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Universität Leipzig , Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jose A Garrido
- Walter Schottky Institut, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adam Gali
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tokuyuki Teraji
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junichi Isoya
- Research Center for Knowledge Communities, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8550, Japan
| | - Marcus William Doherty
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Audrius Alkauskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Alejandro Gallo
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Grüneis
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Neumann
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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34
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Schlipf L, Oeckinghaus T, Xu K, Dasari DBR, Zappe A, de Oliveira FF, Kern B, Azarkh M, Drescher M, Ternes M, Kern K, Wrachtrup J, Finkler A. A molecular quantum spin network controlled by a single qubit. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1701116. [PMID: 28819646 PMCID: PMC5553819 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Scalable quantum technologies require an unprecedented combination of precision and complexity for designing stable structures of well-controllable quantum systems on the nanoscale. It is a challenging task to find a suitable elementary building block, of which a quantum network can be comprised in a scalable way. We present the working principle of such a basic unit, engineered using molecular chemistry, whose collective control and readout are executed using a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond. The basic unit we investigate is a synthetic polyproline with electron spins localized on attached molecular side groups separated by a few nanometers. We demonstrate the collective readout and coherent manipulation of very few (≤ 6) of these S = 1/2 electronic spin systems and access their direct dipolar coupling tensor. Our results show that it is feasible to use spin-labeled peptides as a resource for a molecular qubit-based network, while at the same time providing simple optical readout of single quantum states through NV magnetometry. This work lays the foundation for building arbitrary quantum networks using well-established chemistry methods, which has many applications ranging from mapping distances in single molecules to quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schlipf
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Oeckinghaus
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kebiao Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Durga Bhaktavatsala Rao Dasari
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrea Zappe
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mykhailo Azarkh
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Markus Ternes
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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35
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Aslam N, Pfender M, Neumann P, Reuter R, Zappe A, Fávaro de Oliveira F, Denisenko A, Sumiya H, Onoda S, Isoya J, Wrachtrup J. Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with chemical resolution. Science 2017; 357:67-71. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a key analytical technique in chemistry, biology, and medicine. However, conventional NMR spectroscopy requires an at least nanoliter-sized sample volume to achieve sufficient signal. We combined the use of a quantum memory and high magnetic fields with a dedicated quantum sensor based on nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond to achieve chemical shift resolution in 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy of 20-zeptoliter sample volumes. We demonstrate the application of NMR pulse sequences to achieve homonuclear decoupling and spin diffusion measurements. The best measured NMR linewidth of a liquid sample was ~1 part per million, mainly limited by molecular diffusion. To mitigate the influence of diffusion, we performed high-resolution solid-state NMR by applying homonuclear decoupling and achieved a 20-fold narrowing of the NMR linewidth.
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36
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Fávaro de Oliveira F, Antonov D, Wang Y, Neumann P, Momenzadeh SA, Häußermann T, Pasquarelli A, Denisenko A, Wrachtrup J. Tailoring spin defects in diamond by lattice charging. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15409. [PMID: 28513581 PMCID: PMC5442357 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic-size spin defects in solids are unique quantum systems. Most applications require nanometre positioning accuracy, which is typically achieved by low-energy ion implantation. A drawback of this technique is the significant residual lattice damage, which degrades the performance of spins in quantum applications. Here we show that the charge state of implantation-induced defects drastically influences the formation of lattice defects during thermal annealing. Charging of vacancies at, for example, nitrogen implantation sites suppresses the formation of vacancy complexes, resulting in tenfold-improved spin coherence times and twofold-improved formation yield of nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. This is achieved by confining implantation defects into the space-charge layer of free carriers generated by a boron-doped diamond structure. By combining these results with numerical calculations, we arrive at a quantitative understanding of the formation and dynamics of the implanted spin defects. These results could improve engineering of quantum devices using solid-state systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Denis Antonov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ya Wang
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Philipp Neumann
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Seyed Ali Momenzadeh
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Timo Häußermann
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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37
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Rendler T, Neburkova J, Zemek O, Kotek J, Zappe A, Chu Z, Cigler P, Wrachtrup J. Optical imaging of localized chemical events using programmable diamond quantum nanosensors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14701. [PMID: 28317922 PMCID: PMC5364376 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of multifunctional nanoscale sensors working under physiological conditions enables monitoring of intracellular processes that are important for various biological and medical applications. By attaching paramagnetic gadolinium complexes to nanodiamonds (NDs) with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres through surface engineering, we developed a hybrid nanoscale sensor that can be adjusted to directly monitor physiological species through a proposed sensing scheme based on NV spin relaxometry. We adopt a single-step method to measure spin relaxation rates enabling time-dependent measurements on changes in pH or redox potential at a submicrometre-length scale in a microfluidic channel that mimics cellular environments. Our experimental data are reproduced by numerical simulations of the NV spin interaction with gadolinium complexes covering the NDs. Considering the versatile engineering options provided by polymer chemistry, the underlying mechanism can be expanded to detect a variety of physiologically relevant species and variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Rendler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jitka Neburkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zemek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Zappe
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Radulaski M, Widmann M, Niethammer M, Zhang JL, Lee SY, Rendler T, Lagoudakis KG, Son NT, Janzén E, Ohshima T, Wrachtrup J, Vučković J. Scalable Quantum Photonics with Single Color Centers in Silicon Carbide. Nano Lett 2017; 17:1782-1786. [PMID: 28225630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon carbide is a promising platform for single photon sources, quantum bits (qubits), and nanoscale sensors based on individual color centers. Toward this goal, we develop a scalable array of nanopillars incorporating single silicon vacancy centers in 4H-SiC, readily available for efficient interfacing with free-space objective and lensed-fibers. A commercially obtained substrate is irradiated with 2 MeV electron beams to create vacancies. Subsequent lithographic process forms 800 nm tall nanopillars with 400-1400 nm diameters. We obtain high collection efficiency of up to 22 kcounts/s optical saturation rates from a single silicon vacancy center while preserving the single photon emission and the optically induced electron-spin polarization properties. Our study demonstrates silicon carbide as a readily available platform for scalable quantum photonics architecture relying on single photon sources and qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radulaski
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthias Widmann
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Niethammer
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jingyuan Linda Zhang
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Torsten Rendler
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University , SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Janzén
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University , SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) , Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jelena Vučković
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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39
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Arnold D, Siegel S, Grisanti E, Wrachtrup J, Gerhardt I. A rubidium M x-magnetometer for measurements on solid state spins. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:023103. [PMID: 28249519 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The detection of environmental magnetic fields is well established by optically pumped atomic magnetometers. Another focus of magnetometry can be the research on magnetic or spin-active solid-state samples. Here we introduce a simple and compact design of a rubidium-based Mx magnetometer, which allows for hosting solid-state samples. The optical, mechanical, and electrical design is reported, as well as simple measurements which introduce the ground-state spin-relaxation time, the signal-to-noise ratio of a measurement, and subsequently the overall sensitivity of the magnetometer. The magnetometer is optimized for the most sensitive operation with respect to laser power and magnetic field excitation at the Larmor frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arnold
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Steven Siegel
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Emily Grisanti
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
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40
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Jakobi I, Neumann P, Wang Y, Dasari DBR, El Hallak F, Bashir MA, Markham M, Edmonds A, Twitchen D, Wrachtrup J. Measuring broadband magnetic fields on the nanoscale using a hybrid quantum register. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:67-72. [PMID: 27618258 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation and control of fast switchable magnetic fields with large gradients on the nanoscale is of fundamental interest in material science and for a wide range of applications. However, it has not yet been possible to characterize those fields at high bandwidth with arbitrary orientations. Here, we measure the magnetic field generated by a hard-disk-drive write head with high spatial resolution and large bandwidth by coherent control of single electron and nuclear spins. We are able to derive field profiles from coherent spin Rabi oscillations close to the gigahertz range, measure magnetic field gradients on the order of 1 mT nm-1 and quantify axial and radial components of a static and dynamic magnetic field independent of its orientation. Our method paves the way for precision measurement of the magnetic fields of nanoscale write heads, which is important for future miniaturization of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Jakobi
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Neumann
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ya Wang
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Durga Bhaktavatsala Rao Dasari
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fadi El Hallak
- Seagate Technology, 1 Disc Drive, Springtown Industrial Estate, Londonderry BT48 0BF, UK
| | - Muhammad Asif Bashir
- Seagate Technology, 1 Disc Drive, Springtown Industrial Estate, Londonderry BT48 0BF, UK
| | - Matthew Markham
- Element Six, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Andrew Edmonds
- Element Six, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Daniel Twitchen
- Element Six, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart and Institute for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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Häberle T, Oeckinghaus T, Schmid-Lorch D, Pfender M, de Oliveira FF, Momenzadeh SA, Finkler A, Wrachtrup J. Nuclear quantum-assisted magnetometer. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:013702. [PMID: 28147665 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic sensing and imaging instruments are important tools in biological and material sciences. There is an increasing demand for attaining higher sensitivity and spatial resolution, with implementations using a single qubit offering potential improvements in both directions. In this article we describe a scanning magnetometer based on the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond as the sensor. By means of a quantum-assisted readout scheme together with advances in photon collection efficiency, our device exhibits an enhancement in signal to noise ratio of close to an order of magnitude compared to the standard fluorescence readout of the nitrogen-vacancy center. This is demonstrated by comparing non-assisted and assisted methods in a T1 relaxation time measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Häberle
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Oeckinghaus
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmid-Lorch
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfender
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Seyed Ali Momenzadeh
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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42
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Portalupi SL, Widmann M, Nawrath C, Jetter M, Michler P, Wrachtrup J, Gerhardt I. Simultaneous Faraday filtering of the Mollow triplet sidebands with the Cs-D 1 clock transition. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13632. [PMID: 27886194 PMCID: PMC5133695 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid quantum systems integrating semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and atomic vapours become important building blocks for scalable quantum networks due to the complementary strengths of individual parts. QDs provide on-demand single-photon emission with near-unity indistinguishability comprising unprecedented brightness—while atomic vapour systems provide ultra-precise frequency standards and promise long coherence times for the storage of qubits. Spectral filtering is one of the key components for the successful link between QD photons and atoms. Here we present a tailored Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter based on the caesium-D1 transition for interfacing it with a resonantly pumped QD. The presented Faraday filter enables a narrow-bandwidth (Δω=2π × 1 GHz) simultaneous filtering of both Mollow triplet sidebands. This result opens the way to use QDs as sources of single as well as cascaded photons in photonic quantum networks aligned to the primary frequency standard of the caesium clock transition. Hybrid quantum systems combine efficient high-quality quantum dot sources with atomic vapours that can serve as precise frequency standards or quantum memories. Here, Portalupi et al. demonstrate an optimized atomic Cs-Faraday filter working with single photons emitted from a semiconductor quantum dot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Luca Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Widmann
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cornelius Nawrath
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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43
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Schreyvogel C, Polyakov V, Burk S, Fedder H, Denisenko A, Fávaro de Oliveira F, Wunderlich R, Meijer J, Zuerbig V, Wrachtrup J, Nebel CE. Active and fast charge-state switching of single NV centres in diamond by in-plane Al-Schottky junctions. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:1727-1735. [PMID: 28144522 PMCID: PMC5238644 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate an active and fast control of the charge state and hence of the optical and electronic properties of single and near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centres (NV centres) in diamond. This active manipulation is achieved by using a two-dimensional Schottky-diode structure from diamond, i.e., by using aluminium as Schottky contact on a hydrogen terminated diamond surface. By changing the applied potential on the Schottky contact, we are able to actively switch single NV centres between all three charge states NV+, NV0 and NV- on a timescale of 10 to 100 ns, corresponding to a switching frequency of 10-100 MHz. This switching frequency is much higher than the hyperfine interaction frequency between an electron spin (of NV-) and a nuclear spin (of 15N or 13C for example) of 2.66 kHz. This high-frequency charge state switching with a planar diode structure would open the door for many quantum optical applications such as a quantum computer with single NVs for quantum information processing as well as single 13C atoms for long-lifetime storage of quantum information. Furthermore, a control of spectral emission properties of single NVs as a single photon emitters - embedded in photonic structures for example - can be realized which would be vital for quantum communication and cryptography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Polyakov
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sina Burk
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helmut Fedder
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Wunderlich
- Department of Physics and Geoscience, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Meijer
- Department of Physics and Geoscience, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verena Zuerbig
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph E Nebel
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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44
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Chejanovsky N, Rezai M, Paolucci F, Kim Y, Rendler T, Rouabeh W, Fávaro de Oliveira F, Herlinger P, Denisenko A, Yang S, Gerhardt I, Finkler A, Smet JH, Wrachtrup J. Structural Attributes and Photodynamics of Visible Spectrum Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Nano Lett 2016; 16:7037-7045. [PMID: 27700104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Newly discovered van der Waals materials like MoS2, WSe2, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and recently C2N have sparked intensive research to unveil the quantum behavior associated with their 2D structure. Of great interest are 2D materials that host single quantum emitters. h-BN, with a band gap of 5.95 eV, has been shown to host single quantum emitters which are stable at room temperature in the UV and visible spectral range. In this paper we investigate correlations between h-BN structural features and emitter location from bulk down to the monolayer at room temperature. We demonstrate that chemical etching and ion irradiation can generate emitters in h-BN. We analyze the emitters' spectral features and show that they are dominated by the interaction of their electronic transition with a single Raman active mode of h-BN. Photodynamics analysis reveals diverse rates between the electronic states of the emitter. The emitters show excellent photo stability even under ambient conditions and in monolayers. Comparing the excitation polarization between different emitters unveils a connection between defect orientation and the h-BN hexagonal structure. The sharp spectral features, color diversity, room-temperature stability, long-lived metastable states, ease of fabrication, proximity of the emitters to the environment, outstanding chemical stability, and biocompatibility of h-BN provide a completely new class of systems that can be used for sensing and quantum photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Chejanovsky
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rezai
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Federico Paolucci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Youngwook Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Torsten Rendler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wafa Rouabeh
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Herlinger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sen Yang
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jurgen H Smet
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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45
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Liu W, Naydenov B, Chakrabortty S, Wuensch B, Hübner K, Ritz S, Cölfen H, Barth H, Koynov K, Qi H, Leiter R, Reuter R, Wrachtrup J, Boldt F, Scheuer J, Kaiser U, Sison M, Lasser T, Tinnefeld P, Jelezko F, Walther P, Wu Y, Weil T. Fluorescent Nanodiamond-Gold Hybrid Particles for Multimodal Optical and Electron Microscopy Cellular Imaging. Nano Lett 2016; 16:6236-6244. [PMID: 27629492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a continuous demand for imaging probes offering excellent performance in various microscopy techniques for comprehensive investigations of cellular processes by more than one technique. Fluorescent nanodiamond-gold nanoparticles (FND-Au) constitute a new class of "all-in-one" hybrid particles providing unique features for multimodal cellular imaging including optical imaging, electron microscopy, and, and potentially even quantum sensing. Confocal and optical coherence microscopy of the FND-Au allow fast investigations inside living cells via emission, scattering, and photothermal imaging techniques because the FND emission is not quenched by AuNPs. In electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis of FND-Au reveals greatly enhanced contrast due to the gold particles as well as an extraordinary flickering behavior in three-dimensional cellular environments originating from the nanodiamonds. The unique multimodal imaging characteristics of FND-Au enable detailed studies inside cells ranging from statistical distributions at the entire cellular level (micrometers) down to the tracking of individual particles in subcellular organelles (nanometers). Herein, the processes of endosomal membrane uptake and release of FNDs were elucidated for the first time by the imaging of individual FND-Au hybrid nanoparticles with single-particle resolution. Their convenient preparation, the availability of various surface groups, their flexible detection modalities, and their single-particle contrast in combination with the capability for endosomal penetration and low cytotoxicity make FND-Au unique candidates for multimodal optical-electronic imaging applications with great potential for emerging techniques, such as quantum sensing inside living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Naydenov
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabyasachi Chakrabortty
- Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Wuensch
- NanoBioSciences Group, Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology , Pockelsstrasse 14, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristina Hübner
- NanoBioSciences Group, Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology , Pockelsstrasse 14, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Ritz
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) GmbH , Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rolf Reuter
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felix Boldt
- Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonas Scheuer
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Miguel Sison
- Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , BM 5143, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Theo Lasser
- Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , BM 5143, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philip Tinnefeld
- NanoBioSciences Group, Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology , Pockelsstrasse 14, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 430074 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tanja Weil
- Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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46
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Abstract
We propose a method to achieve a high degree of control of nanomechanical oscillators by coupling their mechanical motion to single spins. Manipulating the spin alone and measuring its quantum state heralds the cooling or squeezing of the oscillator even for weak spin-oscillator couplings. We analytically show that the asymptotic behavior of the oscillator is determined by a spin-induced thermal filter function whose overlap with the initial thermal distribution of the oscillator determines its cooling, heating, or squeezing. Counterintuitively, the rate of cooling dependence on the instantaneous thermal occupancy of the oscillator renders robust cooling or squeezing even for high initial temperatures and damping rates. We further estimate how the proposed scheme can be used to control the motion of a thin diamond cantilever by coupling it to its defect centers at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bhaktavatsala Rao
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Research Center SCOPE, and MPI for Solid State Research, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Ali Momenzadeh
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Research Center SCOPE, and MPI for Solid State Research, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Research Center SCOPE, and MPI for Solid State Research, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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47
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Abstract
Different approaches have improved the sensitivity of either electron or nuclear magnetic resonance to the single spin level. For optical detection it has essentially become routine to observe a single electron spin or nuclear spin. Typically, the systems in use are carefully designed to allow for single spin detection and manipulation, and of those systems, diamond spin defects rank very high, being so robust that they can be addressed, read out and coherently controlled even under ambient conditions and in a versatile set of nanostructures. This renders them as a new type of sensor, which has been shown to detect single electron and nuclear spins among other quantities like force, pressure and temperature. Adapting pulse sequences from classic NMR and EPR, and combined with high resolution optical microscopy, proximity to the target sample and nanoscale size, the diamond sensors have the potential to constitute a new class of magnetic resonance detectors with single spin sensitivity. As diamond sensors can be operated under ambient conditions, they offer potential application across a multitude of disciplines. Here we review the different existing techniques for magnetic resonance, with a focus on diamond defect spin sensors, showing their potential as versatile sensors for ultra-sensitive magnetic resonance with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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48
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Fávaro de Oliveira F, Momenzadeh SA, Antonov D, Scharpf J, Osterkamp C, Naydenov B, Jelezko F, Denisenko A, Wrachtrup J. Toward Optimized Surface δ-Profiles of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers Activated by Helium Irradiation in Diamond. Nano Lett 2016; 16:2228-2233. [PMID: 26938259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has been shown recently as an excellent sensor for external spins. Nevertheless, their optimum engineering in the near-surface region still requires quantitative knowledge in regard to their activation by vacancy capture during thermal annealing. To this aim, we report on the depth profiles of near-surface helium-induced NV centers (and related helium defects) by step-etching with nanometer resolution. This provides insights into the efficiency of vacancy diffusion and recombination paths concurrent to the formation of NV centers. It was found that the range of efficient formation of NV centers is limited only to approximately 10 to 15 nm (radius) around the initial ion track of irradiating helium atoms. Using this information we demonstrate the fabrication of nanometric-thin (δ) profiles of NV centers for sensing external spins at the diamond surface based on a three-step approach, which comprises (i) nitrogen-doped epitaxial CVD diamond overgrowth, (ii) activation of NV centers by low-energy helium irradiation and thermal annealing, and (iii) controlled layer thinning by low-damage plasma etching. Spin coherence times (Hahn echo) ranging up to 50 μs are demonstrated at depths of less than 5 nm in material with 1.1% of (13)C (depth estimated by spin relaxation (T1) measurements). At the end, the limits of the helium irradiation technique at high ion fluences are also experimentally investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira
- 3. Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Ali Momenzadeh
- 3. Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Denis Antonov
- 3. Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Scharpf
- Institute for Quantum Optics, University of Ulm , 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Boris Naydenov
- Institute for Quantum Optics, University of Ulm , 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, University of Ulm , 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3. Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Schmid-Lorch D, Häberle T, Reinhard F, Zappe A, Slota M, Bogani L, Finkler A, Wrachtrup J. Correction to Relaxometry and Dephasing Imaging of Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanoparticles Using a Single Qubit. Nano Lett 2015; 15:7780. [PMID: 26512903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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