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Thomas SE, Wagner L, Joos R, Sittig R, Nawrath C, Burdekin P, de Buy Wenniger IM, Rasiah MJ, Huber-Loyola T, Sagona-Stophel S, Höfling S, Jetter M, Michler P, Walmsley IA, Portalupi SL, Ledingham PM. Deterministic storage and retrieval of telecom light from a quantum dot single-photon source interfaced with an atomic quantum memory. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi7346. [PMID: 38608017 PMCID: PMC11014446 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
A hybrid interface of solid-state single-photon sources and atomic quantum memories is a long sought-after goal in photonic quantum technologies. Here, we demonstrate deterministic storage and retrieval of light from a semiconductor quantum dot in an atomic ensemble quantum memory at telecommunications wavelengths. We store single photons from an indium arsenide quantum dot in a high-bandwidth rubidium vapor-based quantum memory, with a total internal memory efficiency of (12.9 ± 0.4)%. The signal-to-noise ratio of the retrieved light field is 18.2 ± 0.6, limited only by detector dark counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Thomas
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, UK
| | - Lukas Wagner
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Raphael Joos
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Sittig
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cornelius Nawrath
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Burdekin
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, UK
| | | | | | - Tobias Huber-Loyola
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sven Höfling
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ian A. Walmsley
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, UK
| | - Simone L. Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick M. Ledingham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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2
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Corcione E, Jakob F, Wagner L, Joos R, Bisquerra A, Schmidt M, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Jetter M, Portalupi SL, Michler P, Tarín C. Machine learning enhanced evaluation of semiconductor quantum dots. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4154. [PMID: 38378845 PMCID: PMC10879153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in quantum photonics today is the efficient and on-demand generation of high-quality single photons and entangled photon pairs. In this regard, one of the most promising types of emitters are semiconductor quantum dots, fluorescent nanostructures also described as artificial atoms. The main technological challenge in upscaling to an industrial level is the typically random spatial and spectral distribution in their growth. Furthermore, depending on the intended application, different requirements are imposed on a quantum dot, which are reflected in its spectral properties. Given that an in-depth suitability analysis is lengthy and costly, it is common practice to pre-select promising candidate quantum dots using their emission spectrum. Currently, this is done by hand. Therefore, to automate and expedite this process, in this paper, we propose a data-driven machine-learning-based method of evaluating the applicability of a semiconductor quantum dot as single photon source. For this, first, a minimally redundant, but maximally relevant feature representation for quantum dot emission spectra is derived by combining conventional spectral analysis with an autoencoding convolutional neural network. The obtained feature vector is subsequently used as input to a neural network regression model, which is specifically designed to not only return a rating score, gauging the technical suitability of a quantum dot, but also a measure of confidence for its evaluation. For training and testing, a large dataset of self-assembled InAs/GaAs semiconductor quantum dot emission spectra is used, partially labelled by a team of experts in the field. Overall, highly convincing results are achieved, as quantum dots are reliably evaluated correctly. Note, that the presented methodology can account for different spectral requirements and is applicable regardless of the underlying photonic structure, fabrication method and material composition. We therefore consider it the first step towards a fully integrated evaluation framework for quantum dots, proving the use of machine learning beneficial in the advancement of future quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Corcione
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Fabian Jakob
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Munich Institute of Robotics and System Intelligence, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Wagner
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Raphael Joos
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andre Bisquerra
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcel Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simone L Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cristina Tarín
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Hornung F, Pfister U, Bauer S, Cyrlyson's DR, Wang D, Vijayan P, Garcia AJ, Covre da Silva SF, Jetter M, Portalupi SL, Rastelli A, Michler P. Highly Indistinguishable Single Photons from Droplet-Etched GaAs Quantum Dots Integrated in Single-Mode Waveguides and Beamsplitters. Nano Lett 2024; 24:1184-1190. [PMID: 38230641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Integration of on-demand quantum emitters into photonic integrated circuits (PICs) has drawn much attention in recent years, as it promises a scalable implementation of quantum information schemes. A central property for several applications is the indistinguishability of the emitted photons. In this regard, GaAs quantum dots (QDs) obtained by droplet etching epitaxy show excellent performances, making the realization of these QDs into PICs highly appealing. Here, we show the first implementation in this direction, realizing the key passive elements needed in PICs, i.e., single-mode waveguides (WGs) with integrated GaAs-QDs and beamsplitters. We study the statistical distribution of wavelength, linewidth, and decay time of the excitonic line, as well as the quantum optical properties of individual emitters under resonant excitation. We achieve single-photon purities as high as 1 - g(2)(0) = 0.929 ± 0.009 and two-photon interference visibilities of up to VTPI = 0.953 ± 0.032 for consecutively emitted photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hornung
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pfister
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dee Rocking Cyrlyson's
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Dongze Wang
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ponraj Vijayan
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ailton J Garcia
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simone L Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Yu Y, Liu S, Lee CM, Michler P, Reitzenstein S, Srinivasan K, Waks E, Liu J. Telecom-band quantum dot technologies for long-distance quantum networks. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:1389-1400. [PMID: 38049595 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
A future quantum internet is expected to generate, distribute, store and process quantum bits (qubits) over the world by linking different quantum nodes via quantum states of light. To facilitate long-haul operations, quantum repeaters must operate at telecom wavelengths to take advantage of both the low-loss optical fibre network and the established technologies of modern optical communications. Semiconductor quantum dots have thus far shown exceptional performance as key elements for quantum repeaters, such as quantum light sources and spin-photon interfaces, but only in the near-infrared regime. Therefore, the development of high-performance telecom-band quantum dot devices is highly desirable for a future solid-state quantum internet based on fibre networks. In this Review, we present the physics and technological developments towards epitaxial quantum dot devices emitting in the telecom O- and C-bands for quantum networks, considering both advanced epitaxial growth for direct telecom emission and quantum frequency conversion for telecom-band down-conversion of near-infrared quantum dot devices. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for future realization of telecom quantum dot devices with improved performance and expanded functionality through hybrid integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Edo Waks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Dong S, Beaulieu S, Selig M, Rosenzweig P, Christiansen D, Pincelli T, Dendzik M, Ziegler JD, Maklar J, Xian RP, Neef A, Mohammed A, Schulz A, Stadler M, Jetter M, Michler P, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Takagi H, Starke U, Chernikov A, Wolf M, Nakamura H, Knorr A, Rettig L, Ernstorfer R. Observation of ultrafast interfacial Meitner-Auger energy transfer in a Van der Waals heterostructure. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5057. [PMID: 37598179 PMCID: PMC10439896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomically thin layered van der Waals heterostructures feature exotic and emergent optoelectronic properties. With growing interest in these novel quantum materials, the microscopic understanding of fundamental interfacial coupling mechanisms is of capital importance. Here, using multidimensional photoemission spectroscopy, we provide a layer- and momentum-resolved view on ultrafast interlayer electron and energy transfer in a monolayer-WSe2/graphene heterostructure. Depending on the nature of the optically prepared state, we find the different dominating transfer mechanisms: while electron injection from graphene to WSe2 is observed after photoexcitation of quasi-free hot carriers in the graphene layer, we establish an interfacial Meitner-Auger energy transfer process following the excitation of excitons in WSe2. By analysing the time-energy-momentum distributions of excited-state carriers with a rate-equation model, we distinguish these two types of interfacial dynamics and identify the ultrafast conversion of excitons in WSe2 to valence band transitions in graphene. Microscopic calculations find interfacial dipole-monopole coupling underlying the Meitner-Auger energy transfer to dominate over conventional Förster- and Dexter-type interactions, in agreement with the experimental observations. The energy transfer mechanism revealed here might enable new hot-carrier-based device concepts with van der Waals heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Dong
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Samuel Beaulieu
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405, Talence, France
| | - Malte Selig
- Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Rosenzweig
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Christiansen
- Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tommaso Pincelli
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maciej Dendzik
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas D Ziegler
- Institute of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Maklar
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Patrick Xian
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z5, Canada
| | - Alexander Neef
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Avaise Mohammed
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armin Schulz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mona Stadler
- Institute of Semiconductor Optics and Functional Interfaces, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institute of Semiconductor Optics and Functional Interfaces, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institute of Semiconductor Optics and Functional Interfaces, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takagi
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Starke
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexey Chernikov
- Institute of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiro Nakamura
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurenz Rettig
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ralph Ernstorfer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Daykin J, Woods JRC, Bek R, Jetter M, Michler P, Mills B, Horak P, Wilkinson JS, Apostolopoulos V. Bi-frequency operation in a membrane external-cavity surface-emitting laser. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289223. [PMID: 37498940 PMCID: PMC10374101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the achievement of continuous wave bi-frequency operation in a membrane external-cavity surface-emitting laser (MECSEL), which is optically pumped with up to 4 W of 808 nm pump light. The presence of spatially specific loss of the intra-cavity high reflectivity mirror allows loss to be controlled on certain transverse cavity modes. The regions of spatially specific loss are defined through the removal of Bragg layers from the surface of the cavity high reflectivity mirror in the form of crosshair patterns with undamaged central regions, which are created using a laser ablation system incorporating a digital micromirror device (DMD). By aligning the laser cavity mode with the geometric centre of the loss patterns, the laser simultaneously operated on two Hermite-Gaussian spatial modes: the fundamental HG00 and the higher order HG11 mode. We demonstrate bi-frequency operation over a range of pump powers and sizes of spatial loss features, with a wavelength separation of approximately 5 nm centred at 1005 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Daykin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roman Bek
- Twenty-One Semiconductors GmbH, Neckartenzlingen, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institute for Semiconductor Optics and Functional Interfaces, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institute for Semiconductor Optics and Functional Interfaces, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ben Mills
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Horak
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - James S Wilkinson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Apostolopoulos
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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7
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Strobel T, Weber JH, Schmidt M, Wagner L, Engel L, Jetter M, Wieck AD, Portalupi SL, Ludwig A, Michler P. A Unipolar Quantum Dot Diode Structure for Advanced Quantum Light Sources. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37432064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Triggered, indistinguishable single photons are crucial in various quantum photonic implementations. Here, we realize a novel n+-i-n++ diode structure embedding semiconductor quantum dots: the gated device enables spectral tuning of the transitions and deterministic control of the charged states. Blinking-free single-photon emission and high two-photon indistinguishability are observed. The line width's temporal evolution is investigated across over 6 orders of magnitude time scales, combining photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy, high-resolution photoluminescence spectroscopy, and two-photon interference (visibility of VTPI,2ns = (85.8 ± 2.2)% and VTPI,9ns = (78.3 ± 3.0)%). Most of the dots show no spectral broadening beyond ∼9 ns time scales, and the photons' line width ((420 ± 30) MHz) deviates from the Fourier-transform limit by a factor of 1.68. The combined techniques verify that most dephasing mechanisms occur at time scales ≤2 ns, despite their modest impact. The presence of n-doping implies higher carrier mobility, enhancing the device's appeal for high-speed tunable, high-performance quantum light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Strobel
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonas H Weber
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcel Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas Wagner
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lena Engel
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Simone L Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Ćutuk A, Grossmann M, Jetter M, Michler P. Membrane saturable absorber mirror (MESAM) in a red-emitting VECSEL for the generation of stable ultrashort pulses. Opt Express 2023; 31:6796-6804. [PMID: 36823929 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a new saturable absorber device principle which has the potential for broad spectral range applications. An active region membrane is separated from the substrate and placed on a dielectric end mirror. By combining the absorbing membrane with the dielectric mirror to one device we get a membrane saturable absorber mirror (MESAM) which is similar to the well-known semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) without the restriction of the stop-band reflectivity of the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). Stable mode-locking with the MESAM was achieved in a red-emitting VECSEL at a pump power of 4.25 W with a pulse duration of 3.06 ps at 812 MHz repetition rate. We compare the performance and pulses of both SESAM and MESAM in a z-shaped VECSEL cavity.
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9
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Woods JRC, Gorecki J, Bek R, Richardson SC, Daykin J, Hooper G, Branagan-Harris E, Tropper AC, Wilkinson JS, Jetter M, Michler P, Apostolopoulos V. Coherent waveguide laser arrays in semiconductor quantum well membranes. Opt Express 2022; 30:32174-32188. [PMID: 36242285 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coherent laser arrays compatible with silicon photonics are demonstrated in a waveguide geometry in epitaxially grown semiconductor membrane quantum well lasers transferred on substrates of silicon carbide and oxidised silicon; we record lasing thresholds as low as 60 mW of pump power. We study the emission of single lasers and arrays of lasers in the sub-mm range. We are able to create waveguide laser arrays with modal widths of approximately 5 - 10 µm separated by 10 - 20 µm, using real and reciprocal space imaging we study their emission characteristics and find that they maintain their mutual coherence while operating on either single or multiple longitudinal modes per lasing cavity.
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10
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Grossmann M, Jetter M, Michler P. Nonlinear reflectivity of AlGaInP SESAMs for mode locking in the red spectral range. Opt Express 2022; 30:20943-20951. [PMID: 36224827 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mode-locked vertical external-cavity semiconductor lasers (VECSELs) are a wavelength-versatile laser that relies on a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) to initiate pulsed emission while simultaneously significantly influencing the pulse's properties. A SESAM can be characterized using a nonlinear reflectivity setup, realized here in the red spectral range around 660 nm and achieving a moderate peak-to-peak variation of 0.17%. We use our home-built mode-locked VECSEL to reach a high maximum fluence up to 430 µJ/cm2 with strongly chirped 7.5 ps pulses. This allows the first-of-its-kind characterization of GaInP quantum well SESAMs, thereby revealing saturation fluences of 38 µJ/cm2 and 34 µJ/cm2 with modulation depths of 5% and 10.3% for SESAMs comprising one or two active quantum wells, respectively. For all structures, a nonsaturable loss of 2.8% is found and attributed to scattering loss.
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11
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Großmann M, Jetter M, Michler P. InGaAsP VECSEL for watt-level output at a wavelength around 765 nm. Opt Lett 2022; 47:2178-2181. [PMID: 35486754 DOI: 10.1364/ol.455490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a deep-red-emitting vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) with an emission wavelength around λ = 765 nm based on InGaAsP/GaInP quantum wells. The quaternary material system was characterized with x-ray diffraction of thin films as the basis for InGaAsP quantum wells, which are incorporated into an 11 × 1 quantum well active region. The surface morphology of the fabricated VECSEL structure is analyzed with atomic force microscopy and the laser is evaluated in a linear cavity for various heatsink temperatures resulting in a watt-level output power of Pmax,-15°C = 1.71 W in a fundamental transverse mode.
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12
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Weinert PJ, Grossmann M, Brauch U, Jetter M, Michler P, Graf T, Ahmed MA. High-power quasi-CW diode-pumped 750-nm AlGaAs VECSEL emitting a peak power of 29.6 W and an average power of 8.5 W. Opt Lett 2022; 47:1980-1983. [PMID: 35427316 DOI: 10.1364/ol.450697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A peak output power of 29.6 W and an average output power of 8.5 W at a wavelength of 750 nm were demonstrated in quasi-CW multi-mode operation using an AlGaAs-based vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) diode-pumped at a wavelength of 675 nm. The comparatively low bandgap of the barrier material that was tuned to the pump-photon energy allowed a good compromise between low heat generation due to the quantum defect and strong absorptance of the pump radiation. The limitations for the average output power came mainly from insufficient heat flow from the intra-cavity heat spreader to the heat sink. These results show the potential for power scaling of diode-pumped VECSELs and the importance of effective heat removal.
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13
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Bertram F, Schmidt G, Kernchen J, Veit P, Schürmann H, Ćutuk A, Jetter M, Michler P, Christen J. Direct Imaging of the Carrier Capture into Individual InP Quantum Dots of a Semiconductor Disk Laser Membrane. ACS Nano 2022; 16:4619-4628. [PMID: 35258922 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on nanoscopic exploration of the luminescence from individual InP quantum dots (QDs) by means of highly spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy directly performed in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). A 7-fold layer stack with high-density InP quantum dots is embedded as an active medium membrane in an external-cavity surface-emitting laser. We characterize the vertical transfer of carriers within the periodic separate confinement heterostructure and determine the capture efficiency of carriers from the cladding layer into the quantum dot layers. Benefiting from the nanoscale resolution of our STEM-CL, we perform single-dot spectroscopy on single isolated QDs in the STEM lamella resolving the details of the excitonic structure of individual quantum dots. Executing highly spatially resolved spectrum line scans within the QD layers, we directly visualize the lateral transport, i.e., the efficient lateral capture of carriers into an individual QD. We observe a characteristic change of the spectral fingerprint during this line scan, while the electron beam is approaching and subsequently receding from the quantum dot position. This directly correlates to the increase and decrease of the numbers of excess carriers reaching the dot, i.e., altering the quantum dot population. The characteristic shift of emission energies visualize the renormalization of the ground-state energy of the single dot, and the intensity ratio of the excitonic recombinations verifies this change of the occupation and the state-filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bertram
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Gordon Schmidt
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Julie Kernchen
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Peter Veit
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Hannes Schürmann
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Ana Ćutuk
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Jürgen Christen
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
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14
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Kolatschek S, Nawrath C, Bauer S, Huang J, Fischer J, Sittig R, Jetter M, Portalupi SL, Michler P. Bright Purcell Enhanced Single-Photon Source in the Telecom O-Band Based on a Quantum Dot in a Circular Bragg Grating. Nano Lett 2021; 21:7740-7745. [PMID: 34478316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The combination of semiconductor quantum dots with photonic cavities is a promising way to realize nonclassical light sources with state-of-the-art performances regarding brightness, indistinguishability, and repetition rate. Here we demonstrate the coupling of InGaAs/GaAs QDs emitting in the telecom O-band to a circular Bragg grating cavity. We demonstrate a broadband geometric extraction efficiency enhancement by investigating two emission lines under above-band excitation, inside and detuned from the cavity mode, respectively. In the first case, a Purcell enhancement of 4 is attained. For the latter case, an end-to-end brightness of 1.4% with a brightness at the first lens of 23% is achieved. Using p-shell pumping, a combination of high count rate with pure single-photon emission (g(2)(0) = 0.01 in saturation) is achieved. Finally, a good single-photon purity (g(2)(0) = 0.13) together with a high detector count rate of 191 kcps is demonstrated for a temperature of up to 77 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kolatschek
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cornelius Nawrath
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jiasheng Huang
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julius Fischer
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Sittig
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simone Luca Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Wang Q, Maisch J, Tang F, Zhao D, Yang S, Joos R, Portalupi SL, Michler P, Smet JH. Highly Polarized Single Photons from Strain-Induced Quasi-1D Localized Excitons in WSe 2. Nano Lett 2021; 21:7175-7182. [PMID: 34424710 PMCID: PMC8431731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Single photon emission from localized excitons in two-dimensional (2D) materials has been extensively investigated because of its relevance for quantum information applications. Prerequisites are the availability of photons with high purity polarization and controllable polarization orientation that can be integrated with optical cavities. Here, deformation strain along edges of prepatterned square-shaped substrate protrusions is exploited to induce quasi-one-dimensional (1D) localized excitons in WSe2 monolayers as an elegant way to get photons that fulfill these requirements. At zero magnetic field, the emission is linearly polarized with 95% purity because exciton states are valley hybridized with equal shares of both valleys and predominant emission from excitons with a dipole moment along the elongated direction. In a strong field, one valley is favored and the linear polarization is converted to high-purity circular polarization. This deterministic control over polarization purity and orientation is a valuable asset in the context of integrated quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Julian Maisch
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Fangdong Tang
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Dong Zhao
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Sheng Yang
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Raphael Joos
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Simone Luca Portalupi
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Jurgen H. Smet
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
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16
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Kriso C, Kress S, Munshi T, Grossmann M, Bek R, Jetter M, Michler P, Stolz W, Koch M, Rahimi-Iman A. Microcavity-enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in a vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser: erratum. Opt Express 2021; 29:23290-23291. [PMID: 34614596 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We correct a mistake in [Opt. Express27, 11914 (2019)10.1364/OE.27.011914] when calculating the focal length of the Kerr lens with the measured values of the nonlinear refractive index n2 and parameters of a prototypical self-mode-locking VECSEL cavity. We therefore update Fig. 1 of the original publication. The new calculation yields a significantly larger value of the Kerr lens focal length leading to a smaller perturbation of the cavity beam profile.
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17
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Sartison M, Weber K, Thiele S, Bremer L, Fischbach S, Herzog T, Kolatschek S, Jetter M, Reitzenstein S, Herkommer A, Michler P, Luca Portalupi S, Giessen H. 3D printed micro-optics for quantum technology: Optimised coupling of single quantum dot emission into a single-mode fibre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.37188/lam.2021.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Yang J, Nawrath C, Keil R, Joos R, Zhang X, Höfer B, Chen Y, Zopf M, Jetter M, Luca Portalupi S, Ding F, Michler P, Schmidt OG. Quantum dot-based broadband optical antenna for efficient extraction of single photons in the telecom O-band. Opt Express 2020; 28:19457-19468. [PMID: 32672222 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance fiber-based quantum communication relies on efficient non-classical light sources operating at telecommunication wavelengths. Semiconductor quantum dots are promising candidates for on-demand generation of single photons and entangled photon pairs for such applications. However, their brightness is strongly limited due to total internal reflection at the semiconductor/vacuum interface. Here we overcome this limitation using a dielectric antenna structure. The non-classical light source consists of a gallium phosphide solid immersion lens in combination with a quantum dot nanomembrane emitting single photons in the telecom O-band. With this device, the photon extraction is strongly increased in a broad spectral range. A brightness of 17% (numerical aperture of 0.6) is obtained experimentally, with a single photon purity of g(2)(0)=0.049±0.02 at saturation power. This brings the practical implementation of quantum communication networks one step closer.
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19
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Huang Z, Zimmer M, Jetter M, Michler P. Gaussian-like transverse-mode profile characteristics of high-power large-area red-emitting VCSELs. Opt Lett 2020; 45:1419-1422. [PMID: 32163981 DOI: 10.1364/ol.386525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a large-area red-emitting vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) structure with significant improvement in the uniformity of charge carrier distribution by adopting a Si-doped $ {{\rm Al}_{0.20}}{\rm GaInP} $Al0.20GaInP current spreading layer and a bottom disk contact. The new structure emitting at 670 nm with a bottom disk contact diameter of 20 µm was compared with the conventional oxide-confined top-emitting structure with a similar aperture size. The maximum output peak power increased from 8.8 mW to 22.5 mW under pulsed-mode operation at room temperature. The far field improved from a strong multiple-mode pattern to a Gaussian-like profile. The corresponding divergence angle of the far-field pattern at $ 2{\rm {I}}_{\rm{th}} $2Ith injection current reduced from 16.2° to 10.9°.
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20
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Kriso C, Kress S, Munshi T, Grossmann M, Bek R, Jetter M, Michler P, Stolz W, Koch M, Rahimi-Iman A. Microcavity-enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in a vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser. Opt Express 2019; 27:11914-11929. [PMID: 31052740 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.011914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-mode-locking has become an emerging path to the generation of ultrashort pulses with vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers. In our work, a strong Kerr nonlinearity that is so far assumed to give rise to mode-locked operation is evidenced and a strong nonlinearity enhancement by the microcavity is revealed. We present wavelength-dependent measurements of the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index change in a gain chip using the Z-scan technique. We report negative nonlinear refraction up to 5x10-12 cm2/W in magnitude in the (InGa)As/Ga(AsP) material system close to the laser design wavelength, which can lead to Kerr lensing. We show that by changing the angle of incidence of the probe beam with respect to the gain chip, the Kerr nonlinearity can be wavelength-tuned, shifting with the microcavity resonance. Such findings may ultimately lead to novel concepts with regard to tailored self-mode-locking behavior achievable by peculiar Kerr-lens chip designs for cost-effective, robust and compact fs-pulsed semiconductor lasers.
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21
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Weber JH, Kambs B, Kettler J, Kern S, Maisch J, Vural H, Jetter M, Portalupi SL, Becher C, Michler P. Two-photon interference in the telecom C-band after frequency conversion of photons from remote quantum emitters. Nat Nanotechnol 2019; 14:23-26. [PMID: 30348956 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient fibre-based long-distance quantum communication via quantum repeaters relies on deterministic single-photon sources at telecom wavelengths, potentially exploiting the existing world-wide infrastructures. For upscaling the experimental complexity in quantum networking, two-photon interference (TPI) of remote non-classical emitters in the low-loss telecom bands is of utmost importance. Several experiments have been conducted regarding TPI of distinct emitters, for example, using trapped atoms1, ions2, nitrogen vacancy centres3,4, silicon vacancy centres5, organic molecules6 and semiconductor quantum dots7,8. However, the spectral range was far from the highly desirable telecom C-band. Here, we exploit quantum frequency conversion to realize TPI at 1,550 nm with single photons stemming from two remote quantum dots. We thereby prove quantum frequency conversion9-11 as a bridging technology and a precise and stable mechanism to erase the frequency difference between independent emitters. On resonance, a TPI visibility of 29 ± 3% has been observed, limited only by the spectral diffusion processes of the individual quantum dots12,13. The local fibre network used covers several rooms between two floors of the building. Even the addition of up to 2 km of fibre channel shows no influence on the TPI visibility, proving the photon wavepacket distortion to be negligible. Our studies pave the way to establish long-distance entanglement distribution between remote solid-state emitters including interfaces with various quantum hybrid systems14-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas H Weber
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kambs
- Fachrichtung Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jan Kettler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Kern
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Maisch
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hüseyin Vural
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simone L Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christoph Becher
- Fachrichtung Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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22
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Schwartz M, Schmidt E, Rengstl U, Hornung F, Hepp S, Portalupi SL, Llin K, Jetter M, Siegel M, Michler P. Fully On-Chip Single-Photon Hanbury-Brown and Twiss Experiment on a Monolithic Semiconductor-Superconductor Platform. Nano Lett 2018; 18:6892-6897. [PMID: 30339030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fully integrated quantum photonic circuits show a clear advantage in terms of stability and scalability compared to tabletop implementations. They will constitute a fundamental breakthrough in integrated quantum technologies, as a matter of example, in quantum simulation and quantum computation. Despite the fact that only a few building blocks are strictly necessary, their simultaneous realization is highly challenging. This is especially true for the simultaneous implementation of all three key components on the same chip: single-photon sources, photonic logic, and single-photon detectors. Here, we present a fully integrated Hanbury-Brown and Twiss setup on a micrometer-sized footprint consisting of a GaAs waveguide embedding quantum dots as single-photon sources, a waveguide beamsplitter, and two superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. This enables a second-order correlation measurement on the single-photon level under both continuous-wave and pulsed resonant excitation. The presented proof-of-principle experiment proves the simultaneous realization and operation of all three key building blocks and therefore a major step towards fully integrated quantum optical chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schwartz
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzfiächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Ekkehart Schmidt
- Institute of Micro- and Nanoelectronic Systems , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hertzstrasse 16 , 76187 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Ulrich Rengstl
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzfiächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Florian Hornung
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzfiächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Stefan Hepp
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzfiächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Simone L Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzfiächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Konstantin Llin
- Institute of Micro- and Nanoelectronic Systems , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hertzstrasse 16 , 76187 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzfiächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Michael Siegel
- Institute of Micro- and Nanoelectronic Systems , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hertzstrasse 16 , 76187 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzfiächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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23
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Hepp S, Bauer S, Hornung F, Schwartz M, Portalupi SL, Jetter M, Michler P. Bragg grating cavities embedded into nano-photonic waveguides for Purcell enhanced quantum dot emission. Opt Express 2018; 26:30614-30622. [PMID: 30469955 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we demonstrate the fabrication and optical properties of Bragg grating cavities that are directly integrated into ridge waveguides along with the Purcell enhanced emission from integrated quantum dots. Measured Q-factors up to 4600 are observed in combination with resonances of the fundamental mode within a ± 0.11 nm range along the full fabricated chip. The measured Purcell enhancement up to a factor of 3.5 ± 0.5 shows the potential utility for state-of-the-art on-chip quantum optical experiments as realized in off-chip implementations. Our measurements are fully supported via FDTD simulations giving a theoretical Purcell enhancement up to a factor of 20 with a highly directional βdir-factor of 70 %. The straightforward upscaling and robust design of the investigated Bragg grating cavity in combination with a substantial Purcell enhancement represents a major step towards large scale on-chip quantum photonic circuits.
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Abstract
Modern quantum technology currently experiences extensive advances in applicability in communications, cryptography, computing, metrology and lithography. Harnessing this technology platform for chem/bio sensing scenarios is an appealing opportunity enabling ultra-sensitive detection schemes. This is further facilliated by the progress in fabrication, miniaturization and integration of visible and infrared quantum photonics. Especially, the combination of efficient single-photon sources together with waveguiding/sensing structures, serving as active optical transducer, as well as advanced detector materials is promising integrated quantum photonic chem/bio sensors. Besides the intrinsic molecular selectivity and non-destructive character of visible and infrared light based sensing schemes, chem/bio sensors taking advantage of non-classical light sources promise sensitivities beyond the standard quantum limit. In the present review, recent achievements towards on-chip chem/bio quantum photonic sensing platforms based on N00N states are discussed along with appropriate recognition chemistries, facilitating the detection of relevant (bio)analytes at ultra-trace concentration levels. After evaluating recent developments in this field, a perspective for a potentially promising sensor testbed is discussed for reaching integrated quantum sensing with two fiber-coupled GaAs chips together with semiconductor quantum dots serving as single-photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haas
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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25
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Schaal F, Rutloh M, Weidenfeld S, Stumpe J, Michler P, Pruss C, Osten W. Optically addressed modulator for tunable spatial polarization control. Opt Express 2018; 26:28119-28130. [PMID: 30469867 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.028119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an optically addressed non-pixelated spatial light modulator. The system is based on reversible photoalignment of a LC cell using a red light sensitive novel azobenzene photoalignment layer. It is an electrode-free device that manipulates the liquid crystal orientation and consequently the polarization via light without artifacts caused by electrodes. The capability to miniaturize the spatial light modulator allows the integration into a microscope objective. This includes a miniaturized 200 channel optical addressing system based on a VCSEL array and hybrid refractive-diffractive beam shapers. As an application example, the utilization as a microscope objective integrated analog phase contrast modulator is shown.
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26
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Prilmüller M, Huber T, Müller M, Michler P, Weihs G, Predojević A. Hyperentanglement of Photons Emitted by a Quantum Dot. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:110503. [PMID: 30265086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.110503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A hyperentangled state of light represents a valuable tool capable of reducing the experimental requirements and resource overheads, and it can improve the success rate of quantum information protocols. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization and time-bin hyperentangled photon pairs emitted from a single quantum dot. We achieved this result by applying resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting. Our results yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.81(6) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time bin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Prilmüller
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias Huber
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Müller
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gregor Weihs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ana Predojević
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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27
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Müller M, Vural H, Schneider C, Rastelli A, Schmidt OG, Höfling S, Michler P. Quantum-Dot Single-Photon Sources for Entanglement Enhanced Interferometry. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:257402. [PMID: 28696738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.257402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton entangled states such as "N00N states" have attracted a lot of attention because of their possible application in high-precision, quantum enhanced phase determination. So far, N00N states have been generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion processes and by mixing quantum and classical light on a beam splitter. Here, in contrast, we demonstrate superresolving phase measurements based on two-photon N00N states generated by quantum dot single-photon sources making use of the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect on a beam splitter. By means of pulsed resonance fluorescence of a charged exciton state, we achieve, in postselection, a quantum enhanced improvement of the precision in phase uncertainty, higher than prescribed by the standard quantum limit. An analytical description of the measurement scheme is provided, reflecting requirements, capability, and restraints of single-photon emitters in optical quantum metrology. Our results point toward the realization of a real-world quantum sensor in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Müller
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Vural
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - O G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews KY 16 9SS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - P Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Sartison M, Portalupi SL, Gissibl T, Jetter M, Giessen H, Michler P. Combining in-situ lithography with 3D printed solid immersion lenses for single quantum dot spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39916. [PMID: 28057941 PMCID: PMC5216363 DOI: 10.1038/srep39916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we report on the deterministic fabrication of solid immersion lenses (SILs) on lithographically pre-selected semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). We demonstrate the combination of state-of-the-art low-temperature in-situ photolithography and femtosecond 3D direct laser writing. Several QDs are pre-selected with a localization accuracy of less than 2 nm with low-temperature lithography and three-dimensional laser writing is then used to deterministically fabricate hemispherical lenses on top of the quantum emitter with a submicrometric precision. Due to the printed lenses, the QD light extraction efficiency is enhanced by a factor of 2, the pumping laser is focused more, and the signal-to-noise ratio is increased, leading to an improved localization accuracy of the QD to well below 1 nm. Furthermore, modifications of the QD properties, i.e. strain and variation of internal quantum efficiency induced by the printed lenses, are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sartison
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simone Luca Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Timo Gissibl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Portalupi SL, Widmann M, Nawrath C, Jetter M, Michler P, Wrachtrup J, Gerhardt I. Simultaneous Faraday filtering of the Mollow triplet sidebands with the Cs-D 1 clock transition. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13632. [PMID: 27886194 PMCID: PMC5133695 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid quantum systems integrating semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and atomic vapours become important building blocks for scalable quantum networks due to the complementary strengths of individual parts. QDs provide on-demand single-photon emission with near-unity indistinguishability comprising unprecedented brightness—while atomic vapour systems provide ultra-precise frequency standards and promise long coherence times for the storage of qubits. Spectral filtering is one of the key components for the successful link between QD photons and atoms. Here we present a tailored Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter based on the caesium-D1 transition for interfacing it with a resonantly pumped QD. The presented Faraday filter enables a narrow-bandwidth (Δω=2π × 1 GHz) simultaneous filtering of both Mollow triplet sidebands. This result opens the way to use QDs as sources of single as well as cascaded photons in photonic quantum networks aligned to the primary frequency standard of the caesium clock transition. Hybrid quantum systems combine efficient high-quality quantum dot sources with atomic vapours that can serve as precise frequency standards or quantum memories. Here, Portalupi et al. demonstrate an optimized atomic Cs-Faraday filter working with single photons emitted from a semiconductor quantum dot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Luca Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Widmann
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cornelius Nawrath
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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30
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Kambs B, Kettler J, Bock M, Becker JN, Arend C, Lenhard A, Portalupi SL, Jetter M, Michler P, Becher C. Low-noise quantum frequency down-conversion of indistinguishable photons. Opt Express 2016; 24:22250-22260. [PMID: 27661959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results on quantum frequency down-conversion of indistinguishable single photons emitted by an InAs/GaAs quantum dot at 904 nm to the telecom C-band at 1557 nm. Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference measurements are shown prior to and after the down-conversion step. We perform Monte-Carlo simulations of the HOM experiments taking into account the time delays of the different interferometers used and the signal-to-background ratio and further estimate the impact of spectral diffusion on the degree of indistinguishability. By that we conclude that the down-conversion step does not introduce any loss of HOM interference visibility. A noise-free conversion-process along with a high conversion-efficiency (> 30 %) emphasize that our scheme is a promising candidate for an efficient source of indistinguishable single photons at telecom wavelengths.
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31
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Mateo CMN, Brauch U, Kahle H, Schwarzbäck T, Jetter M, Abdou Ahmed M, Michler P, Graf T. 2.5 W continuous wave output at 665 nm from a multipass and quantum-well-pumped AlGaInP vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser. Opt Lett 2016; 41:1245-1248. [PMID: 26977680 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An output power of 2.5 W at a wavelength of 665 nm was obtained from a quantum-well (QW) and multipass-pumped AlGaInP-based vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser operated at a heat sink temperature of 10°C. Intracavity frequency doubling resulted in an output power of 820 mW at a wavelength of 333 nm. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest continuous wave output powers from this type of laser both at the fundamental wavelength and in frequency-doubled operation. In fundamental wavelength operation, further power scaling by increasing the pump-spot size increased the output power to 3.3 W. However, at this power level, the laser was highly unstable. When the laser was operated at 50% pump duty cycle, a reproducible and stable peak output power of 3.6 W was obtained. These results demonstrate the potential of optical QW pumping combined with multipass pumping for the operation of AlGaInP-based semiconductor disk lasers.
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Sieger M, Haas J, Jetter M, Michler P, Godejohann M, Mizaikoff B. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Platform Based on GaAs/AlGaAs Thin-Film Waveguides and Quantum Cascade Lasers. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2558-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Sieger
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Haas
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Jetter
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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33
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Schwartz M, Rengstl U, Herzog T, Paul M, Kettler J, Portalupi SL, Jetter M, Michler P. Generation, guiding and splitting of triggered single photons from a resonantly excited quantum dot in a photonic circuit. Opt Express 2016; 24:3089-94. [PMID: 26906873 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.003089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate resonance fluorescence from single In-GaAs/GaAs quantum dots embedded in a rib waveguide beamsplitter structure operated under pulsed laser excitation. A systematic study on the excitation laser pulse duration depicts that a sufficiently small laser linewidth enables a substantial improved single-photon-to-laser-background ratio inside a waveguide chip. This manifests in the observation of clear Rabi oscillations over two periods of the quantum dot emission as a function of laser excitation power. A photon cross-correlation measurement between the two output arms of an on-chip beamsplitter results in a g(2)(0)=0.18, demonstrating the generation, guiding and splitting of triggered single photons under resonant excitation in an on-chip device. The present results open new perspectives for the implementation of photonic quantum circuits with integrated quantum dots as resonantly-pumped deterministic single-photon sources.
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Bek R, Baumgärtner S, Sauter F, Kahle H, Schwarzbäck T, Jetter M, Michler P. Intra-cavity frequency-doubled mode-locked semiconductor disk laser at 325 nm. Opt Express 2015; 23:19947-19953. [PMID: 26367654 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.019947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a passively mode-locked semiconductor disk laser (SDL) emitting at 650nm with intra-cavity second harmonic generation to the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range. Both the gain and the absorber structure contain InP quantum dots (QDs) as active material. In a v-shaped cavity using the semiconductor samples as end mirrors, a beta barium borate (BBO) crystal is placed in front of the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) for pulsed UV laser emission in one of the two outcoupled beams. Autocorrelation (AC) measurements at the fundamental wavelength reveal a FWHM pulse duration of 1.22ps. With a repetition frequency of 836MHz, the average output power is 10mW per beam for the red emission and 0.5mW at 325nm.
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Niederbracht H, Hargart F, Schwartz M, Koroknay E, Kessler CA, Jetter M, Michler P. Fabrication and optical characterization of large scale membrane containing InP/AlGaInP quantum dots. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:235201. [PMID: 25994204 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/23/235201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon sources with a high extraction efficiency are a prerequisite for applications in quantum communication and quantum computation schemes. One promising approach is the fabrication of a quantum dot containing membrane structure in combination with a solid immersion lens and a metal mirror. We have fabricated an 80 nm thin semiconductor membrane with incorporated InP quantum dots in an AlGaInP double hetero barrier via complete substrate removal. In addition, a gold layer was deposited on one side of the membrane acting as a mirror. The optical characterization shows in detail that the unique properties of the quantum dots are preserved in the membrane structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niederbracht
- Institut fuer Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflaechen, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Mateo CMN, Brauch U, Schwarzbäck T, Kahle H, Jetter M, Abdou Ahmed M, Michler P, Graf T. Enhanced efficiency of AlGaInP disk laser by in-well pumping. Opt Express 2015; 23:2472-2486. [PMID: 25836115 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.002472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a 665-nm GaInP disk laser operated continuous-wave at 15°C both in-well-pumped at 640 nm and barrier pumped at 532 nm is reported. The efficiency with respect to the absorbed power was enhanced by 3.5 times when using a 640-nm pump instead of a 532-nm pump. In-well pumping which is based on the absorption of the pump photons within the quantum-well heterostructures of the gain region instead of short-wavelength absorption in the barrier and spacer regions reduces the quantum defect between pump and laser photon and hence the heat generation. A slope efficiency of 60% with respect to the absorbed pump power was obtained by in-well pumping at 15°C. Continuous-wave laser operation was further demonstrated at heat sink temperatures of up to 55°C. Both the measurement of photoluminescence and COMSOL simulation show that the overall heat load in the in-well pumped laser is smaller than in the barrier-pumped laser. These results demonstrate the potential of optical in-well pumping for the operation of red AlGaInP disk lasers if combined with means for efficient pump-light absorption.
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Birkle U, Fehrer M, Kirchner V, Einfeldt S, Hommel D, Strauf S, Michler P, Gutowski J. Studies on Carbon as Alternative P-Type Dopant for Gallium Nitride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1557/s1092578300002994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
GaN layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and doped with carbon of nominal concentrations ranging from 1016 cm−3 to 1020 cm−3. The incorporation of carbon leads to a reduction of the background electron concentration by one order of magnitude but the material remains n-type. For high carbon concentrations a re-increase of the carrier concentration is observed which is related to selfcompensation. Investigations of the donor-acceptor-pair luminescence show that doping with carbon is accompanied by the generation of a new donor exhibiting a thermal activation energy of about 55 meV. Layers grown by atomic layer epitaxy are marked by an increased intensity of the donor-acceptor-pair band luminescence which is attributed to the enforced incorporation of carbon onto the nitrogen sublattice. The yellow luminescence is found to be a typical feature of all carbon doped layers in contrast to nominally undoped samples.
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Ge RC, Weiler S, Ulhaq A, Ulrich SM, Jetter M, Michler P, Hughes S. Mollow quintuplets from coherently excited quantum dots. Opt Lett 2013; 38:1691-1693. [PMID: 23938913 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Charge-neutral excitons in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have a small finite energy separation caused by the anisotropic exchange splitting. Coherent excitation of neutral excitons will generally excite both exciton components, unless the excitation is parallel to one of the dipole axes. We present a polaron master equation model to describe two-exciton pumping using a coherent continuous wave pump field in the presence of a realistic anisotropic exchange splitting. We predict a five-peak incoherent spectrum, namely a Mollow quintuplet under general excitation conditions. We experimentally confirm such spectral quintuplets for In(Ga)As QDs and obtain very good agreement with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Chun Ge
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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39
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Ulhaq A, Weiler S, Roy C, Ulrich SM, Jetter M, Hughes S, Michler P. Detuning-dependent Mollow triplet of a coherently-driven single quantum dot. Opt Express 2013; 21:4382-4395. [PMID: 23481972 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.004382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present both experimental and theoretical investigations of a laser-driven quantum dot (QD) in the dressed-state regime of resonance fluorescence. We explore the role of phonon scattering and pure dephasing on the detuning-dependence of the Mollow triplet and show that the triplet sidebands may spectrally broaden or narrow with increasing detuning. Based on a polaron master equation approach, which includes electron-phonon interaction nonperturbatively, we derive a fully analytical expression for the spectrum. With respect to detuning dependence, we identify a crossover between the regimes of spectral sideband narrowing or broadening. We also predict regimes of phonon-induced squeezing and anti-squeezing of the spectral resonances. A comparison of the theoretical predictions to detailed experimental studies on the laser detuning-dependence of Mollow triplet resonance emission from single In(Ga)As QDs reveals excellent agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Ulhaq
- Institut fur Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflachen, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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40
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Zaske S, Lenhard A, Keßler CA, Kettler J, Hepp C, Arend C, Albrecht R, Schulz WM, Jetter M, Michler P, Becher C. Visible-to-telecom quantum frequency conversion of light from a single quantum emitter. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:147404. [PMID: 23083285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.147404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate efficient (>30%) quantum frequency conversion of visible single photons (711 nm) emitted by a quantum dot to a telecom wavelength (1313 nm). Analysis of the first- and second-order coherence before and after wavelength conversion clearly proves that pivotal properties, such as the coherence time and photon antibunching, are fully conserved during the frequency translation process. Our findings underline the great potential of single photon sources on demand in combination with quantum frequency conversion as a promising technique that may pave the way for a number of new applications in quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zaske
- Fachrichtung 7.2 (Experimentalphysik), Universität des Saarlandes, Campus E2.6, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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41
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Wiesner M, Schulz WM, Kessler C, Reischle M, Metzner S, Bertram F, Christen J, Roßbach R, Jetter M, Michler P. Single-photon emission from electrically driven InP quantum dots epitaxially grown on CMOS-compatible Si(001). Nanotechnology 2012; 23:335201. [PMID: 22842356 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/33/335201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The heteroepitaxy of III-V semiconductors on silicon is a promising approach for making silicon a photonic platform. Mismatches in material properties, however, present a major challenge, leading to high defect densities in the epitaxial layers and adversely affecting radiative recombination processes. However, nanostructures, such as quantum dots, have been found to grow defect-free even in a suboptimal environment. Here we present the first realization of indium phosphide quantum dots on exactly oriented Si(001), grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy. We report electrically driven single-photon emission in the red spectral region, meeting the wavelength range of silicon avalanche photodiodes' highest detection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wiesner
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen and Research Center SCoPE, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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42
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Wang X, Kim SS, Roßbach R, Jetter M, Michler P, Mizaikoff B. Ultra-sensitive mid-infrared evanescent field sensors combining thin-film strip waveguides with quantum cascade lasers. Analyst 2012; 137:2322-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15787f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Jöns KD, Hafenbrak R, Singh R, Ding F, Plumhof JD, Rastelli A, Schmidt OG, Bester G, Michler P. Dependence of the redshifted and blueshifted photoluminescence spectra of single In(x)Ga(1-x)As/GaAs quantum dots on the applied uniaxial stress. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:217402. [PMID: 22181923 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.217402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We apply external uniaxial stress to tailor the optical properties of In(x)Ga(1-x)As/GaAs quantum dots. Unexpectedly, the emission energy of single quantum dots controllably shifts to both higher and lower energies under tensile strain. Theoretical calculations using a million atom empirical pseudopotential many-body method indicate that the shifting direction and magnitude depend on the lateral extension and more interestingly on the gallium content of the quantum dots. Our experimental results are in good agreement with the underlying theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Jöns
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
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44
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Ulrich SM, Ates S, Reitzenstein S, Löffler A, Forchel A, Michler P. Dephasing of triplet-sideband optical emission of a resonantly driven InAs/GaAs quantum dot inside a microcavity. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:247402. [PMID: 21770597 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.247402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Detailed properties of resonance fluorescence from a single quantum dot in a micropillar cavity are investigated, with particular focus on emission coherence in the dependence on optical driving field power and detuning. A power-dependent series over a wide range reveals characteristic Mollow triplet spectra with large Rabi splittings of |Ω|≤15 GHz. In particular, the effect of dephasing in terms of systematic spectral broadening ∝Ω(2) of the Mollow sidebands is observed as a strong fingerprint of excitation-induced dephasing. Our results are in excellent agreement with predictions of a recently presented model on phonon-dressed quantum dot Mollow triplet emission in the cavity-QED regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ulrich
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen Research Center SCoPE, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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45
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Schulz WM, Thomay T, Eichfelder M, Bommer M, Wiesner M, Rossbach R, Jetter M, Bratschitsch R, Leitenstorfer A, Michler P. Optical properties of red emitting self-assembled InP/(Al0.20Ga0.80)0.51In0.49P quantum dot based micropillars. Opt Express 2010; 18:12543-12551. [PMID: 20588380 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.012543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Using focused ion beam etching techniques, micropillar cavities were fabricated from a high reflective AlAs/AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflector planar cavity containing self-assembled InP quantum dots in (Al(0.20)Ga(0.80))(0.51)In(0.49)P barrier layers. The mode spectra of pillars with different diameters were investigated using micro-photoluminescence, showing excellent agreement with theory. Quality factors of the pillar cavities up to 3650 were observed. Furthermore, for a microcavity pillar with 1.26 mum diameter, single-photon emission is demonstrated by performing photon correlation measurements under pulsed excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang-Michael Schulz
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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46
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Richter D, Hafenbrak R, Jöns KD, Schulz WM, Eichfelder M, Heldmaier M, Rossbach R, Jetter M, Michler P. Low density MOVPE grown InGaAs QDs exhibiting ultra-narrow single exciton linewidths. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:125606. [PMID: 20203350 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/12/125606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Low density (approximately 10(7) cm(-2)), small sized InGaAs quantum dots were grown on a GaAs substrate by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy and a special annealing technique. The structural quantum dot properties and the influence of the annealing technique was investigated by atomic force microscope measurements. High-resolution micro-photoluminescence spectra reveal narrow photoluminescence lines, with linewidths down to 11 microeV and fine structure splittings of 25 microeV. High signal to noise ratios (approximately 140) and a nearly background free autocorrelation measurement indicate an excellent optical quality and single photon emission behavior. Furthermore, time resolved measurements reveal excitonic decay times typically in the range between 800 and 2300 ps and biexcitonic decay times around 300 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Richter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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47
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Ates S, Ulrich SM, Reitzenstein S, Löffler A, Forchel A, Michler P. Post-selected indistinguishable photons from the resonance fluorescence of a single quantum dot in a microcavity. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:167402. [PMID: 19905722 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.167402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Applying continuous-wave pure resonant s-shell optical excitation of individual quantum dots in a high-quality micropillar cavity, we demonstrate the generation of post-selected indistinguishable photons in resonance fluorescence. Close to ideal visibility contrast of 90% is verified by polarization-dependent Hong-Ou-Mandel two-photon interference measurements. Furthermore, a strictly resonant continuous-wave excitation together with controlling the spontaneous emission lifetime of the single quantum dots via tunable emitter-mode coupling (Purcell) is proven as a versatile scheme to generate close to Fourier transform-limited (T2/(2T1)=0.91) single photons even at 80% of the emission saturation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ates
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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48
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Reischle M, Beirne GJ, Rossbach R, Jetter M, Michler P. Influence of the dark exciton state on the optical and quantum optical properties of single quantum dots. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:146402. [PMID: 18851549 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.146402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The dark exciton state strongly affects the optical and quantum optical properties of flat InP/GaInP quantum dots. The exciton intensity drops sharply compared to the biexciton with rising pulsed laser excitation power while the opposite is true with temperature. Also, the decay rate is faster for the exciton than the biexciton and the dark-to-bright state spin flip is enhanced with temperature. Furthermore, long-lived dark state related memory effects are observed in second-order cross-correlation measurements between the exciton and biexciton and have been simulated using a rate-equation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reischle
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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49
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Reischle M, Beirne GJ, Schulz WM, Eichfelder M, Rossbach R, Jetter M, Michler P. Electrically pumped single-photon emission in the visible spectral range up to 80 K. Opt Express 2008; 16:12771-12776. [PMID: 18711516 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.012771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present an electrically pumped single-photon emitter in the visible spectral range, working up to 80 K, realized using a self-assembled single InP quantum dot. We confirm that the electroluminescense is emitted from a single quantum dot by performing second-order autocorrelation measurements and show that the deviation from perfect single-photon emission is entirely related to detector limitations and background signal. Emission from both neutral and charged exciton complexes was observed with their relative intensites depending on the injection current and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reischle
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany.
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50
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Ulrich SM, Gies C, Ates S, Wiersig J, Reitzenstein S, Hofmann C, Löffler A, Forchel A, Jahnke F, Michler P. Photon statistics of semiconductor microcavity lasers. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:043906. [PMID: 17358772 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.043906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of first- and second-order coherence of quantum-dot micropillar lasers together with a semiconductor laser theory. Our results show a broad threshold region for the observed high-beta microcavities. The intensity jump is accompanied by both pronounced photon intensity fluctuations and strong coherence length changes. The investigations clearly visualize a smooth transition from spontaneous to predominantly stimulated emission which becomes harder to determine for high beta. In our theory, a microscopic approach is used to incorporate the semiconductor nature of quantum dots. The results are in agreement with the experimental intensity traces and the photon statistics measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ulrich
- Institut für Strahlenphysik, Universität Stuttgart, Germany.
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