1
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Giulio F, Mazzacua A, Calciati L, Narducci D. Fabrication of Metal Contacts on Silicon Nanopillars: The Role of Surface Termination and Defectivity. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1549. [PMID: 38612064 PMCID: PMC11012852 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in developing novel thermoelectric materials has yielded remarkable advancements in material efficiency. In many instances, dimensional constraints have resulted in a beneficial decoupling of thermal conductivity and power factor, leading to large increases in the achievable thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT). For instance, the ZT of silicon increases by nearly two orders of magnitude when transitioning from bulk single crystals to nanowires. Metal-assisted chemical etching offers a viable, low-cost route for preparing silicon nanopillars for use in thermoelectric devices. The aim of this paper is to review strategies for obtaining high-density forests of Si nanopillars and achieving high-quality contacts on them. We will discuss how electroplating can be used for this aim. As an alternative, nanopillars can be embedded into appropriate electrical and thermal insulators, with contacts made by metal evaporation on uncapped nanopillar tips. In both cases, it will be shown how achieving control over surface termination and defectivity is of paramount importance, demonstrating how a judicious control of defectivity enhances contact quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giulio
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Mazzacua
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Luca Calciati
- Department of Physics ‘Giuseppe Occhialini’, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milan, Italy;
| | - Dario Narducci
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (A.M.)
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2
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Mahalanabish A, Huang SH, Shvets G. Inverted Transflection Spectroscopy of Live Cells Using Metallic Grating on Elevated Nanopillars. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1218-1226. [PMID: 38470457 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Water absorption of mid-infrared (MIR) radiation severely limits the options for vibrational spectroscopy of the analytes-including live biological cells-that must be probed in aqueous environments. While internal reflection elements, such as attenuated total reflection prisms and metasurfaces, partially overcome this limitation, such devices have their own limitations: ATR prisms are difficult to integrate with multiwell cell culture workflows, while metasurfaces suffer from a limited spectral range and small penetration depth into analytes. In this work, we introduce an alternative live cell biosensing platform based on metallic nanogratings fabricated on top of elevated dielectric pillars. For the MIR wavelengths that are significantly longer than the grating period, reflection-based spectroscopy enables broadband sensing of the analytes inside the trenches separating the dielectric pillars. Because the depth of the analyte twice-traversed by the MIR light excludes the highly absorbing thick water layer above the grating, we refer to the technique as inverted transflection spectroscopy (ITS). The analytic power of ITS is established by measuring a wide range of protein concentrations in solution, with the limit of detection in the single-digit mg mL-1. The ability of ITS to interrogate live cells that naturally wrap themselves around the grating is used to characterize their adhesion kinetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mahalanabish
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Steven H Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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3
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Jeong H, Nomenyo K, Oh HM, Gwiazda A, Yun SJ, Chevalier César C, Salas-Montiel R, Wourè-Nadiri Bayor S, Jeong MS, Lee YH, Lérondel G. Ultrahigh Photosensitivity Based on Single-Step Lay-on Integration of Freestanding Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide. ACS Nano 2024; 18:4432-4442. [PMID: 38284564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides have attracted significant attention because of their unique intrinsic properties, such as high transparency, good flexibility, atomically thin structure, and predictable electron transport. However, the current state of device performance in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide-based optoelectronics is far from commercialization, because of its substantial strain on the heterogeneous planar substrate and its robust metal deposition, which causes crystalline damage. In this study, we show that strain-relaxed and undamaged monolayer WSe2 can improve a device performance significantly. We propose here an original point-cell-type photodetector. The device consists in a monolayer of an absorbing TMD (i.e., WSe2) simply deposited on a structured electrode, i.e., core-shell silicon-gold nanopillars. The maximum photoresponsivity of the device is found to be 23.16 A/W, which is a significantly high value for monolayer WSe2-based photodetectors. Such point-cell photodetectors can resolve the critical issues of 2D materials, leading to tremendous improvements in device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Komla Nomenyo
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Département de Génie Electrique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs (ENSI), Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Hye Min Oh
- Department of Physics, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Agnieszka Gwiazda
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Clotaire Chevalier César
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
| | - Rafael Salas-Montiel
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
| | - Sibiri Wourè-Nadiri Bayor
- Département de Génie Electrique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs (ENSI), Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gilles Lérondel
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li S, Coffinier Y, Lagadec C, Cleri F, Nishiguchi K, Fujiwara A, Kim SH, Clément N. Single-Cell Electrochemical Aptasensor Array. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2921-2926. [PMID: 37431846 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite several demonstrations of electrochemical devices with limits of detection (LOD) of 1 cell/mL, the implementation of single-cell bioelectrochemical sensor arrays has remained elusive due to the challenges of scaling up. In this study, we show that the recently introduced nanopillar array technology combined with redox-labeled aptamers targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is perfectly suited for such implementation. Combining nanopillar arrays with microwells determined for single cell trapping directly on the sensor surface, single target cells are successfully detected and analyzed. This first implementation of a single-cell electrochemical aptasensor array, based on Brownian-fluctuating redox species, opens new opportunities for large-scale implementation and statistical analysis of early cancer diagnosis and cancer therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- IIS, LIMMS/CNRS-IIS IRL2820, The Univ. of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yannick Coffinier
- IEMN, CNRS UMR8520, Univ. Lille Avenue Poincare, BP 60069, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex 59652, France
| | - Chann Lagadec
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR9020 - UMR-S 1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Fabrizio Cleri
- IEMN, CNRS UMR8520, Univ. Lille Avenue Poincare, BP 60069, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex 59652, France
| | - Katsuhiko Nishiguchi
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1, Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi 243-0198, Japan
| | - Akira Fujiwara
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1, Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi 243-0198, Japan
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- IIS, LIMMS/CNRS-IIS IRL2820, The Univ. of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nicolas Clément
- IIS, LIMMS/CNRS-IIS IRL2820, The Univ. of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Haslinger MJ, Maier OS, Pribyl M, Taus P, Kopp S, Wanzenboeck HD, Hingerl K, Muehlberger MM, Guillén E. Increasing the Stability of Isolated and Dense High-Aspect-Ratio Nanopillars Fabricated Using UV-Nanoimprint Lithography. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13091556. [PMID: 37177101 PMCID: PMC10180511 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural anti-reflective coating and bactericidal surfaces, as well as many other effects, rely on high-aspect-ratio (HAR) micro- and nanostructures, and thus, are of great interest for a wide range of applications. To date, there is no widespread fabrication of dense or isolated HAR nanopillars based on UV nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL). In addition, little research on fabricating isolated HAR nanopillars via UV-NIL exists. In this work, we investigated the mastering and replication of HAR nanopillars with the smallest possible diameters for dense and isolated arrangements. For this purpose, a UV-based nanoimprint lithography process was developed. Stability investigations with capillary forces were performed and compared with simulations. Finally, strategies were developed in order to increase the stability of imprinted nanopillars or to convert them into nanoelectrodes. We present UV-NIL replication of pillars with aspect ratios reaching up to 15 with tip diameters down to 35 nm for the first time. We show that the stability could be increased by a factor of 58 when coating them with a 20 nm gold layer and by a factor of 164 when adding an additional 20 nm thick layer of SiN. The coating of the imprints significantly improved the stability of the nanopillars, thus making them interesting for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver S Maier
- PROFACTOR GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Pribyl
- TU Wien, Institute for Solid State Electronics, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Taus
- TU Wien, Institute for Solid State Electronics, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Kopp
- PROFACTOR GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | | | - Kurt Hingerl
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
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6
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Barshutina M, Yakubovsky D, Kirtaev R, Volkov V, Arsenin A, Vladimirova A, Baymiev A, Barshutin S. Design of silicone interfaces with antibacterial properties. Biofouling 2023; 39:473-482. [PMID: 37386940 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2228206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Silicone implants are widely used for plastic or reconstruction medical applications. However, they can cause severe infections of inner tissues due to bacterial adhesion and biofilm growth on implant surfaces. The development of new antibacterial nanostructured surfaces can be considered as the most promising strategy to deal with this problem. In this article, we studied the influence of nanostructuring parameters on the antibacterial properties of silicone surfaces. Nanostructured silicone substrates with nanopillars of various dimensions were fabricated using a simple soft lithography technique. Upon testing of the obtained substrates, we identified the optimal parameters of silicone nanostructures to achieve the most pronounced antibacterial effect against the bacterial culture of Escherichia coli. It was demonstrated that up to 90% reduction in bacterial population compared to flat silicone substrates can be achieved. We also discussed possible underlying mechanisms behind the observed antibacterial effect, the understanding of which is essential for further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Barshutina
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Dmitry Yakubovsky
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Roman Kirtaev
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Valentyn Volkov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Aleksey Arsenin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Vladimirova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Andrei Baymiev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Sergey Barshutin
- Institute of Power Engineering, Instrument Engineering, and Electronics, Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russia
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7
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Sun H, Marelli B. Large-Scale, Proteinaceous Nanotube Arrays with Programmable Hydrophobicity, Oleophilicity, and Gas Permeability. Nano Lett 2023; 23:3451-3458. [PMID: 37000712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanotubular structures possess remarkable advantages in a broad range of areas, such as catalysis, sensing, microencapsulation, selective mass transport, filtration, and drug delivery. While the fields of carbon nanotubes and nanotubes made of several noncarbon materials (e.g., metals, oxides, semiconductors) have been progressing rapidly, proteinaceous nanotubes remained largely underexplored. Here, by retrofitting a template wetting approach with multiple silk-based suspensions, we present a rapidly scalable and robust technology for fabricating large arrays (e.g., 20 × 20 cm2) of well-aligned 1D nanostructures made of silk proteins. Benefiting from the polymorphic nature of silk, precise control over the size, density, aspect ratio, and morphology (tubes versus pillars) of silk nanostructures is achieved, which then allows for programmable modulation of the end materials' functions and properties (e.g., hydrophobicity, oleophilicity, and gas permeability). The silk nanotube arrays fabricated present great utility as antifouling coatings against marine algae and in oil extraction from oil-water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Benedetto Marelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Spann BT, Weber JC, Brubaker MD, Harvey TE, Yang L, Honarvar H, Tsai CN, Treglia AC, Lee M, Hussein MI, Bertness KA. Semiconductor Thermal and Electrical Properties Decoupled by Localized Phonon Resonances. Adv Mater 2023:e2209779. [PMID: 36951229 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric materials convert heat into electricity through thermally driven charge transport in solids or vice versa for cooling. To compete with conventional energy-conversion technologies, a thermoelectric material must possess the properties of both an electrical conductor and a thermal insulator. However, these properties are normally mutually exclusive because of the interconnection between scattering mechanisms for charge carriers and phonons. Recent theoretical investigations on sub-device scales have revealed that nanopillars attached to a membrane exhibit a multitude of local phonon resonances, spanning the full spectrum, that couple with the heat-carrying phonons in the membrane and cause a reduction in the in-plane thermal conductivity, with no expected change in the electrical properties because the nanopillars are outside the pathway of voltage generation and charge transport. Here this effect is demonstrated experimentally for the first time by investigating device-scale suspended silicon membranes with GaN nanopillars grown on the surface. The nanopillars cause up to 21% reduction in the thermal conductivity while the power factor remains unaffected, thus demonstrating an unprecedented decoupling in the semiconductor's thermoelectric properties. The measured thermal conductivity behavior for coalesced nanopillars and corresponding lattice-dynamics calculations provide evidence that the reductions are mechanistically tied to the phonon resonances. This finding paves the way for high-efficiency solid-state energy recovery and cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Spann
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Joel C Weber
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Matt D Brubaker
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Todd E Harvey
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Lina Yang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hossein Honarvar
- Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Chia-Nien Tsai
- Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Andrew C Treglia
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Minhyea Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Mahmoud I Hussein
- Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Kris A Bertness
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
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9
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Inam FA, Castelletto S. Metal-Dielectric Nanopillar Antenna-Resonators for Efficient Collected Photon Rate from Silicon Carbide Color Centers. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:195. [PMID: 36616105 PMCID: PMC9824870 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A yet unresolved challenge in developing quantum technologies based on color centres in high refractive index semiconductors is the efficient fluorescence enhancement of point defects in bulk materials. Optical resonators and antennas have been designed to provide directional emission, spontaneous emission rate enhancement and collection efficiency enhancement at the same time. While collection efficiency enhancement can be achieved by individual nanopillars or nanowires, fluorescent emission enhancement is achieved using nanoresonators or nanoantennas. In this work, we optimise the design of a metal-dielectric nanopillar-based antenna/resonator fabricated in a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate with integrated quantum emitters. Here we consider various color centres known in SiC such as silicon mono-vacancy and the carbon antisite vacancy pair, that show single photon emission and quantum sensing functionalities with optical electron spin read-out, respectively. We model the dipole emission fluorescence rate of these color centres into the metal-dielectric nanopillar hybrid antenna resonator using multi-polar electromagnetic scattering resonances and near-field plasmonic field enhancement and confinement. We calculate the fluorescence collected photon rate enhancement for these solid state vacancy-centers in SiC in these metal-dielectric nanopillar resonators, showing a trade-off effect between the collection efficiency and radiative Purcell factor enhancement. We obtained a collected photon rate enhancement from a silicon monovacancy vacancy center embedded in an optimised hybrid antenna-resonator two orders of magnitude larger compared to the case of the color centres in bulk material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmed Inam
- Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 20002, India
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10
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Jacob B, Camarneiro F, Borme J, Bondarchuk O, Nieder JB, Romeira B. Surface Passivation of III-V GaAs Nanopillars by Low-Frequency Plasma Deposition of Silicon Nitride for Active Nanophotonic Devices. ACS Appl Electron Mater 2022; 4:3399-3410. [PMID: 36570334 PMCID: PMC9778088 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.2c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous efforts have been devoted to improve the electronic and optical properties of III-V compound materials via reduction of their nonradiative states, aiming at highly efficient III-V sub-micrometer active devices and circuits. Despite many advances, the poor reproducibility and short-term passivation effect of chemical treatments, such as sulfidation and nitridation, requires the use of protective encapsulation methods, not only to protect the surface, but also to provide electrical isolation for device manufacturing. There is still a controversial debate on which combination of chemical treatment and capping dielectric layer can best reproducibly protect the crystal surface of III-V materials while being compatible with readily available semiconductor-foundry plasma deposition methods. This work reports on a systematic experimental study on the role of sulfide ammonium chemical treatment followed by dielectric coating (either silicon oxide or nitride) in the passivation effect of GaAs/AlGaAs nanopillars. Our results conclusively show that, under ambient conditions, the best surface passivation is achieved using ammonium sulfide followed by encapsulation with a thin layer of silicon nitride by low-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical deposition. Here, the sulfurized GaAs surfaces, high level of hydrogen ions, and low-frequency (380 kHz) excitation plasma that enable intense bombardment of hydrogen, all seem to provide a combined active role in the passivation mechanism of the pillars by reducing the surface states. As a result, we observe up to a 29-fold increase of the photoluminescence (PL) integrated intensity for the best samples as compared to untreated nanopillars. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms the best treatments show remarkable removal of gallium and arsenic native oxides. Time-resolved micro-PL measurements display nanosecond lifetimes resulting in a record-low surface recombination velocity of ∼1.1 × 104 cm s-1 for dry-etched GaAs nanopillars. We achieve robust, stable, and long-term passivated nanopillar surfaces, which creates expectations for remarkable high internal quantum efficiency (IQE > 0.5) in nanoscale light-emitting diodes. The enhanced performance paves the way to many other nanostructures and devices such as miniature resonators, lasers, photodetectors, and solar cells, opening remarkable prospects for GaAs active nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bejoys Jacob
- INL
− International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics group, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe Camarneiro
- INL
− International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics group, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Borme
- INL
− International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 2D Materials
and Devices group, Av.
Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Oleksandr Bondarchuk
- INL
− International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Advanced
Electron Microscopy, Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jana B. Nieder
- INL
− International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics group, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Romeira
- INL
− International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics group, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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11
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Esmek FM, Erichlandwehr T, Brkovic N, Pranzner NP, Teuber JP, Fernandez-Cuesta I. Pillar-structured 3D inlets fabricated by dose-modulated e-beam lithography and nanoimprinting for DNA analysis in passive, clogging-free, nanofluidic devices. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:385301. [PMID: 35696945 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac780d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present the fabrication of three-dimensional inlets with gradually decreasing widths and depths and with nanopillars on the slope, all defined in just one lithography step. In addition, as an application, we show how these micro- and nanostructures can be used for micro- and nanofluidics and lab-on-a-chip devices to facilitate the flow and analyze single molecules of DNA. For the fabrication of 3D inlets in a single layer process, dose-modulated electron beam lithography was used, producing depths between 750 nm and 50 nm along a 30 μm long inlet, which is additionally structured with nanometer-scale pillars randomly distributed on top, as a result of incomplete exposure and underdevelopment of the resist. The fabrication conditions affect the slope of the inlet, the nanopillar density and coverage. The key parameters are the dose used for the electron beam exposure and the development conditions, like the developer's dilution, stirring and development time. The 3D inlets with nanostructured pillars were integrated into fluidic devices, acting as a transition between micro and nanofluidic structures for pre-stretching and unfolding DNA molecules, avoiding the intrusion of folded molecules and clogging the analysis channel. After patterning these structures in silicon, they can be replicated in polymer by UV nanoimprinting. We show here how the inlets with pillars slow down the molecules before they enter the nanochannels, resulting in a 3-fold decrease in speed, which would translate to an improvement in the resolution for DNA optical mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska M Esmek
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, HARBOR Bldg 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Tim Erichlandwehr
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, HARBOR Bldg 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Nico Brkovic
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, HARBOR Bldg 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Nathalie P Pranzner
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, HARBOR Bldg 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Jeremy P Teuber
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, HARBOR Bldg 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Irene Fernandez-Cuesta
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, HARBOR Bldg 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Germany
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12
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Lin N, Valiei A, McKay G, Nguyen D, Tufenkji N, Moraes C. Microfluidic Study of Bacterial Attachment on and Detachment from Zinc Oxide Nanopillars. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3122-3131. [PMID: 35678761 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanopillars can influence how bacterial cells attach to a surface. Herein, we investigated whether self-assembled zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopillars synthesized on glass substrates via the conventional hydrothermal route possess anti-biofouling properties either by reducing the amount of initially attached cells or promoting the detachment of cells from the surface or both. To avoid complications associated with manual intervention methods of assessing bacterial attachment on nanopillar surfaces, we implemented a microfluidic approach. In our study, we synthesized two nanopillar topographies: a low surface density of ZnO nanopillars and a high surface density of ZnO nanopillars. Next, we mounted microfluidic channels to each of these substrates. This microfluidic approach allowed us to gently flow Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, or Bacillus subtilis cells onto the nanopillars for initial attachment before systematically increasing the flowrate to attempt to detach remaining attached cells without introducing air-liquid interface artefacts during the assay. Generally, initial bacterial attachment was similar across all substrates. However, cells consistently detached more readily from high-surface-density nanopillars compared to low-surface-density nanopillars. Electron microscopy revealed that cells that attached to high-surface-density nanopillars rested atop the nanopillars, fully exposed to microfluidic shear, whereas many cells became trapped in the void space between neighboring low-surface-density nanopillars, shielding these cells from detachment. Our findings indicate that self-assembled ZnO nanopillars can provide anti-biofouling properties under submerged flow but only if synthesized at high surface density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Amin Valiei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Geoffrey McKay
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A3.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
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13
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Vorobjova AI, Tishkevich DI, Outkina EA, Shimanovich DL, Razanau IU, Zubar TI, Bondaruk AA, Zheleznova EK, Dong M, Aloraini DA, Sayyed MI, Almuqrin AH, Silibin MV, Trukhanov SV, Trukhanov AV. A Study of Ta 2O 5 Nanopillars with Ni Tips Prepared by Porous Anodic Alumina Through-Mask Anodization. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1344. [PMID: 35458052 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The paper discusses the formation of Ta2O5 pillars with Ni tips during thin porous anodic alumina through-mask anodization on Si/SiO2 substrates. The tantalum nanopillars were formed through porous masks in electrolytes of phosphoric and oxalic acid. The Ni tips on the Ta2O5 pillars were formed via vacuum evaporation through the porous mask. The morphology, structure, and magnetic properties at 4.2 and 300 K of the Ta2O5 nanopillars with Ni tips have been studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The main mechanism of the formation of the Ta2O5 pillars during through-mask anodization was revealed. The superparamagnetic behavior of the magnetic hysteresis loop of the Ta2O5 nanopillars with Ni tips was observed. Such nanostructures can be used to develop novel functional nanomaterials for magnetic, electronic, biomedical, and optical nano-scale devices.
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14
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Abstract
Natural load-bearing mammalian tissues, such as cartilage and ligaments, contain ∼70% water yet can be mechanically stiff and strong due to the highly templated structures within. Here, we present a bioinspired approach to significantly stiffen and strengthen biopolymer hydrogels and films through the combination of nanoscale architecture and templated microstructure. Imprinted submicrometer pillar arrays absorb energy and deflect cracks. The produced chitosan hydrogels show nanofiber chains aligned by nanopillar topography, subsequently templating the microstructure throughout the film. These templated nanopillar chitosan hydrogels mechanically outperform unstructured flat hydrogels, with increases in the moduli of ∼160%, up to ∼20 MPa, and work at break of ∼450%, up to 8.5 MJ m-3. Furthermore, the strength at break increases by ∼350%, up to ∼37 MPa, and it is one of the strongest hydrogels yet reported. The nanopillar templating strategy is generalizable to other biopolymers capable of forming oriented domains and strong interactions. Overall, this process yields hydrogel films that demonstrate mechanical performance comparable to that of other stiff, strong hydrogels and natural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Heedy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Juviarelli J Pineda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Vijaykumar S Meli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Albert F Yee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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15
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Abstract
Plasma membrane topography has been shown to strongly influence the behavior of many cellular processes such as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, actin rearrangements, and others. Recent studies have used three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures such as nanopillars to imprint well-defined membrane curvatures (the "nano-bio interface"). In these studies, proteins and their interactions were probed by two-dimensional fluorescence microscopy. However, the low resolution and limited axial detail of such methods are not optimal to determine the relative spatial position and distribution of proteins along a 100 nm-diameter object, which is below the optical diffraction limit. Here, we introduce a general method to explore the nanoscale distribution of proteins at the nano-bio interface with 10-20 nm precision using 3D single-molecule super-resolution (SR) localization microscopy. This is achieved by combining a silicone-oil immersion objective and 3D double-helix point spread function microscopy. We carefully adjust the objective to minimize spherical aberrations between quartz nanopillars and the cell. To validate the 3D SR method, we imaged the 3D shape of surface-labeled nanopillars and compared the results with electron microscopy measurements. Turning to transmembrane-anchored labels in cells, the high quality 3D SR reconstructions reveal the membrane tightly wrapping around the nanopillars. Interestingly, the cytoplasmic protein AP-2 involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis accumulates along the nanopillar above a specific threshold of 1/R (the reciprocal of the radius) membrane curvature. Finally, we observe that AP-2 and actin preferentially accumulate at positive Gaussian curvature near the pillar caps. Our results establish a general method to investigate the nanoscale distribution of proteins at the nano-bio interface using 3D SR microscopy.
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16
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Geng WC, Zhang YJ, Yu L, Li JJ, Sang JL, Li YJ. Integrating Pt 16 Te Nanotroughs and Nanopillars into a 3D "Self-Supported" Hierarchical Nanostructure for Boosting Methanol Electrooxidation. Small 2021; 17:e2101499. [PMID: 34270875 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To develop durable and low-price catalysts of methanol oxidation to commercialize direct methanol fuel cell, many attempts have been made at fabricating Pt-based hybrids by designing component-, morphology-, facet-, integration-pattern-varied nanostructures, and have achieved considerable successes. However, most of present catalysts still lack robust catalytic durability especially owing to the corrosion of mixed carbon and the poor mechanical stability of catalyst layer. Herein, Te nanowire array is transformed at an air/water interface into a 3D Pt16 Te hierarchical nanostructure via an interface-confined galvanic replacement reaction. As-formed Pt16 Te nanostructure has an asymmetrical architecture composed of nanotroughs and nanopillars, and nanopillars are perpendicular to nanotroughs with a loose arrangement. Pt16 Te hierarchical nanostructure has a "self-supported" feature and, when directly used as the catalyst of methanol electrooxidation, exhibits superior catalytic activity (>four times larger in mass activity than state-of-the-art Pt/C in either acidic or basic solution) and long-term durability (after 500 cycles of cyclic voltammetric measurement, more than 55% of the initial specific activity remains whereas Pt/C only remains 22.2% in acidic solution and almost loses all activity in basic solution). This study fully demonstrates that designing "self-supported" catalyst film may be the next promising step for improving the catalytic performance of Pt-based hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Geng
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lan Yu
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ji-Long Sang
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yong-Jun Li
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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17
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Dehghan‐Baniani D, Mehrjou B, Chu PK, Wu H. A Biomimetic Nano-Engineered Platform for Functional Tissue Engineering of Cartilage Superficial Zone. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001018. [PMID: 32803848 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage has limited regeneration capacity because of its acellular and avascular nature. Although tissue engineering has been shown to be life-saving, reforming cartilage zones required by the appropriate tissue functions are challenging. Herein, the need is addressed by designing and producing a nano-engineered structure mimicking the superficial zone (SZ) of articular cartilage. The substrate is based on silk with good mechanical properties in conjunction with nano-topographical and biochemical cues. Nanopillar arrays are produced on the silk surface to regulate the stem cell morphology rendering them with a flattened ellipsoidal shape that is similar to that of chondrocytes in the SZ of natural cartilage. The cell interactions are enhanced by nitrogen ion implantation and the biomolecule, kartogenin (KGN), is loaded to promote chondrogenesis of the stem cells and furthermore, a thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel is formed on the nanopatterned silk to produce rheological properties similar to those of a synovial fluid. Based on the in vitro results and mechanical properties, it is a desirable implantable smart structure mimicking the cartilage SZ with the ability of continuous drug release for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Dehghan‐Baniani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China
| | - Babak Mehrjou
- Department of Physics Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Paul K. Chu
- Department of Physics Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital 1 Panfu Rd, Yuexiu District Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
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18
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Waite JL, Hunt J, Ji H. Improving Photocatalytic Performance Using Nanopillars and Micropillars. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14020299. [PMID: 33430136 PMCID: PMC7827994 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A recent research emphasis has been placed on the development of highly crystallized nanostructures as a useful technology for many photocatalytic applications. With the unique construction of semiconductor transition metal oxide nanostructures in the form of nanopillars—artificially designed pillar-shaped structures grouped together in lattice-type arrays—the surface area for photocatalytic potential is increased and further enhanced through the introduction of dopants. This short review summarizes the work on improving the efficiency of photocatalyst nanopillars through increased surface area and doping within the applications of water splitting, removal of organic pollutants from the environment, photoswitching, soot oxidation, and photothermalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haifeng Ji
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-895-2562; Fax: +1-215-895-1265
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19
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Elliott DT, Wiggins RJ, Dua R. Bioinspired antibacterial surface for orthopedic and dental implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:973-981. [PMID: 33241668 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections still present a significant concern in orthopedic and dental implant failure. Previous investigations have focused on modifying the surface texture, roughness, or coating implants with antibiotics to provide enhanced anti-bacterial properties. However, they have demonstrated limited success. In this study, we attempted to engineer the titanium (Ti) alloy surface biomimetically at the nano level using alkaline hydrothermal treatment (AHT) inspired by cicada's wing structure. Two modified surfaces of Ti plates were developed using 4 and 8-hr AHT at 230°C. We found that the control plates showed a relatively smooth surface, with little artifacts on the surface. In contrast, 4-hr AHT and 8-hr AHT plates showed nano-spikes of heights around 250-350 and 100-1,250 nm, respectively, that were distributed randomly all over the surface. We found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) number of non-viable cells for both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains when incubated for 1 hr in a dynamic environment when compared with the control group. The 8-hr AHT groups killed 38.97% more S. aureus in static culture and 11.27% in a dynamic environment than the 4-hr AHT. Overall, the findings indicate that the nanostructures generated on titanium by the AHT showed significant bactericidal properties. We, therefore, recommend conducting alkaline hydrothermal treatment on the surfaces for future orthopedic and dental metallic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew T Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Hampden-Sydney College, Sydney, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Sydney, Virginia, USA
| | - Russell J Wiggins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Rupak Dua
- Department of Chemistry, Hampden-Sydney College, Sydney, Virginia, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA
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20
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Hanlon L, Gautam V, Wood JDA, Reddy P, Barson MSJ, Niihori M, Silalahi ARJ, Corry B, Wrachtrup J, Sellars MJ, Daria VR, Maletinsky P, Stuart GJ, Doherty MW. Diamond nanopillar arrays for quantum microscopy of neuronal signals. Neurophotonics 2020; 7:035002. [PMID: 32775500 PMCID: PMC7406893 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.3.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Wide-field measurement of cellular membrane dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution can facilitate analysis of the computing properties of neuronal circuits. Quantum microscopy using a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a promising technique to achieve this goal. Aim: We propose a proof-of-principle approach to NV-based neuron functional imaging. Approach: This goal is achieved by engineering NV quantum sensors in diamond nanopillar arrays and switching their sensing mode to detect the changes in the electric fields instead of the magnetic fields, which has the potential to greatly improve signal detection. Apart from containing the NV quantum sensors, nanopillars also function as waveguides, delivering the excitation/emission light to improve sensitivity. The nanopillars also improve the amplitude of the neuron electric field sensed by the NV by removing screening charges. When the nanopillar array is used as a cell niche, it acts as a cell scaffolds which makes the pillars function as biomechanical cues that facilitate the growth and formation of neuronal circuits. Based on these growth patterns, numerical modeling of the nanoelectromagnetics between the nanopillar and the neuron was also performed. Results: The growth study showed that nanopillars with a 2 - μ m pitch and a 200-nm diameter show ideal growth patterns for nanopillar sensing. The modeling showed an electric field amplitude as high as ≈ 1.02 × 10 10 mV / m at an NV 100 nm from the membrane, a value almost 10 times the minimum field that the NV can detect. Conclusion: This proof-of-concept study demonstrated unprecedented NV sensing potential for the functional imaging of mammalian neuron signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hanlon
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Address all correspondence to Liam Hanlon: ; Marcus W. Doherty:
| | - Vini Gautam
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Prithvi Reddy
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael S. J. Barson
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marika Niihori
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Ben Corry
- Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- University of Stuttgart, 3rd Institute of Physics, Stuttgart Research Centre of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Sellars
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vincent R. Daria
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Gregory J. Stuart
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marcus W. Doherty
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Address all correspondence to Liam Hanlon: ; Marcus W. Doherty:
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21
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Huang X, Ohori D, Yanagisawa R, Anufriev R, Samukawa S, Nomura M. Coherent and Incoherent Impacts of Nanopillars on the Thermal Conductivity in Silicon Nanomembranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:25478-25483. [PMID: 32369329 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuring is the dominant approach for effective thermal conduction control in nanomaterials. In the past decade, researchers have been interested in thermal conduction control by the coherent effects in phononic crystal (PnC) systems. Recent theoretical works predicted that nanopillars on the surface of silicon membranes could cause a dramatic thermal conductivity reduction due to the phonon local resonances. However, this remarkable prediction has not been experimentally verified yet with the deep-nanoscale pillar-based PnCs. Here, we fabricate nanopillars on suspended silicon membranes using damageless neutral-beam etching and investigate the impact of nanopillars on the thermal conductivity of the membranes in the 4-300 K range. We found that thermal conductivity reduction caused by the nanopillars does not exceed 16%, which is much weaker than that predicted by the theoretical works. Moreover, this reduction remains temperature independent. These facts make the coherence an unlikely reason for the observed reduction. Indeed, our Monte Carlo simulations can reproduce the experimental results under a purely incoherent approximation. Our study shows that the coherent control of heat conduction by PnC nanostructures is more challenging to observe experimentally in reality than predicted in near-ideal modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohori
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryoto Yanagisawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Roman Anufriev
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Samukawa
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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22
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Schulte A, Alhusaini QFM, Schönherr H. Anodic Aluminum Oxide Nanopore Template-Assisted Fabrication of Nanostructured Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels for Cell Studies. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2020; 3:2419-2427. [PMID: 35025291 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of systematically varied mechanical properties and nano- and microscale surface topography on the adhesion and proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells on fibronectin-functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels was studied to understand the impact of these properties of the cell microenvironment on cell attachment and spreading. The mechanical properties of PVA, as assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation, were varied by the number of freezing-thawing cycles in the physical cross-linking process used for the generation of the hydrogels. Nano- and micropatterned hydrogel surfaces exposing nanosized PVA pillars and cuboids were fabricated by replicating ordered cylindrical nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) templates, respectively. Softer PVA hydrogels, functionalized covalently with fibronectin, showed enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation of PaTu 8988t cells in comparison to stiffer hydrogels. In addition, PaTu 8988t cells favored the nanopatterned surfaces over micropatterned and flat hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schulte
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Qasim F M Alhusaini
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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23
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Higgins SG, Becce M, Belessiotis-Richards A, Seong H, Sero JE, Stevens MM. High-Aspect-Ratio Nanostructured Surfaces as Biological Metamaterials. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1903862. [PMID: 31944430 PMCID: PMC7610849 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials patterned with high-aspect-ratio nanostructures have features on similar length scales to cellular components. These surfaces are an extreme topography on the cellular level and have become useful tools for perturbing and sensing the cellular environment. Motivation comes from the ability of high-aspect-ratio nanostructures to deliver cargoes into cells and tissues, access the intracellular environment, and control cell behavior. These structures directly perturb cells' ability to sense and respond to external forces, influencing cell fate, and enabling new mechanistic studies. Through careful design of their nanoscale structure, these systems act as biological metamaterials, eliciting unusual biological responses. While predominantly used to interface eukaryotic cells, there is growing interest in nonanimal and prokaryotic cell interfacing. Both experimental and theoretical studies have attempted to develop a mechanistic understanding for the observed behaviors, predominantly focusing on the cell-nanostructure interface. This review considers how high-aspect-ratio nanostructured surfaces are used to both stimulate and sense biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G. Higgins
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Hyejeong Seong
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julia E. Sero
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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24
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Regan B, Aghajamali A, Froech J, Tran TT, Scott J, Bishop J, Suarez-Martinez I, Liu Y, Cairney JM, Marks NA, Toth M, Aharonovich I. Plastic Deformation of Single-Crystal Diamond Nanopillars. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1906458. [PMID: 31989695 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is known to possess a range of extraordinary properties that include exceptional mechanical stability. In this work, it is demonstrated that nanoscale diamond pillars can undergo not only elastic deformation (and brittle fracture), but also a new form of plastic deformation that depends critically on the nanopillar dimensions and crystallographic orientation of the diamond. The plastic deformation can be explained by the emergence of an ordered allotrope of carbon that is termed O8-carbon. The new phase is predicted by simulations of the deformation dynamics, which show how the sp3 bonds of (001)-oriented diamond restructure into O8-carbon in localized regions of deforming diamond nanopillars. The results demonstrate unprecedented mechanical behavior of diamond, and provide important insights into deformation dynamics of nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Regan
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Alireza Aghajamali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Johannes Froech
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Toan Trong Tran
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - John Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - James Bishop
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | | | - Ying Liu
- Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel A Marks
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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25
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Ko J, Kim Y, Kang JS, Berger R, Yoon H, Char K. Enhanced Vertical Charge Transport of Homo- and Blended Semiconducting Polymers by Nanoconfinement. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1908087. [PMID: 31984584 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of conjugated polymers has critical influences on electronic and optical properties of optoelectronic devices. Even though lots of techniques and methods are suggested to control the morphology of polymers, very few studies have been performed inducing high charge transport along out-of-plane direction. In this study, the self-assembly of homo- and blended conjugated polymers which are confined in nanostructures is utilized. The resulting structures lead to high charge mobility along vertical direction for both homo- and blended conjugated polymers. Both semicrystalline and amorphous polymers show highly increased population of face-on crystallite despite intrinsic crystallinity of polymers. They result in more than two orders of magnitude enhanced charge mobility along vertical direction revealed by nanoscale conductive scanning force microscopy and macroscale IV characteristic measurements. Moreover, blends of semicrystalline and amorphous polymers, which are known to show inferior optical and electrical properties due to their structural incompatibility, are formed into harmonious states by this approach. Assembly of blends of semicrystalline and amorphous polymers under nanoconfinement shows charge mobility in out-of-plane direction of 0.73 cm2 V-1 s-1 with wide range of absorption wavelength from 300 to 750 nm demonstrating the synergistic effects of two different polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkuk Ko
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Youngkeol Kim
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hyunsik Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Korea
| | - Kookheon Char
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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26
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Zahir T, Pesek J, Franke S, Van Pee J, Rathore A, Smeets B, Ramon H, Xu X, Fauvart M, Michiels J. Model-Driven Controlled Alteration of Nanopillar Cap Architecture Reveals its Effects on Bactericidal Activity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020186. [PMID: 32013036 PMCID: PMC7074768 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces can be engineered to kill bacteria in a contact-dependent manner. The study of bacterial interactions with a nanoscale topology is thus crucial to developing antibacterial surfaces. Here, a systematic study of the effects of nanoscale topology on bactericidal activity is presented. We describe the antibacterial properties of highly ordered and uniformly arrayed cotton swab-shaped (or mushroom-shaped) nanopillars. These nanostructured surfaces show bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A biophysical model of the cell envelope in contact with the surface, developed ab initio from the infinitesimal strain theory, suggests that bacterial adhesion and subsequent lysis are highly influenced by the bending rigidity of the cell envelope and the surface topography formed by the nanopillars. We used the biophysical model to analyse the influence of the nanopillar cap geometry on the bactericidal activity and made several geometrical alterations of the nanostructured surface. Measurement of the bactericidal activities of these surfaces confirms model predictions, highlights the non-trivial role of cell envelope bending rigidity, and sheds light on the effects of nanopillar cap architecture on the interactions with the bacterial envelope. More importantly, our results show that the surface nanotopology can be rationally designed to enhance the bactericidal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyeb Zahir
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, 3001 KU Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)-KU Leuven Center of Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiri Pesek
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), 3001 KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Franke
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, 3001 KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Van Pee
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, 3001 KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ashish Rathore
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (imec), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), 3001 KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Ramon
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), 3001 KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (imec), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Fauvart
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, 3001 KU Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)-KU Leuven Center of Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (imec), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, 3001 KU Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)-KU Leuven Center of Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Farcau C, Marconi D, Colniță A, Brezeștean I, Barbu-Tudoran L. Gold Nanopost-Shell Arrays Fabricated by Nanoimprint Lithography as a Flexible Plasmonic Sensing Platform. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E1519. [PMID: 31731460 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic noble metal nanostructured films have a huge potential for the development of efficient, tunable, miniaturized optical sensors. Herein, we report on the fabrication and characterization of gold-coated nanopost arrays, their use as refractometric sensors, and their optimization through photonics simulations. Monolithic square nanopost arrays having different period and nanopost size are fabricated by nanoimprint lithography on polymer foils, and sputter-coated by gold films. The reflectivity of these gold nanopost-shell arrays present dips in the visible range, which are efficient for refractometric sensing. By finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations we reproduce the experimental spectra, describe the electric fields distribution around the nanopost-shells, and then explain their good sensitivity, around 450 nm/RIU. Furthermore, we determine by simulations the influence of several geometrical parameters, such as array period, nanopost width, gold film thickness, and nanopost side coverage on both reflectivity spectra and sensing capabilities. Fully coated nanoposts provide an extremely deep reflectivity minimum, approaching zero, which makes the relative reflectivity change extremely high, more than two orders of magnitude higher than for partially coated nanoposts. These results contribute to the understanding of the plasmonic properties of metal coated nanopost arrays, and to the development of efficient platforms for sensing and other surface plasmon based applications.
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28
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Li Z, Gao S, Brand U, Hiller K, Hahn S, Hamdana G, Peiner E, Wolff H, Bergmann D. Nanomechanical Characterization of Vertical Nanopillars Using an MEMS-SPM Nano-Bending Testing Platform. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19204529. [PMID: 31635250 PMCID: PMC6832273 DOI: 10.3390/s19204529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomechanical characterization of vertically aligned micro- and nanopillars plays an important role in quality control of pillar-based sensors and devices. A microelectromechanical system based scanning probe microscope (MEMS-SPM) has been developed for quantitative measurement of the bending stiffness of micro- and nanopillars with high aspect ratios. The MEMS-SPM exhibits large in-plane displacement with subnanometric resolution and medium probing force beyond 100 micro-Newtons. A proof-of-principle experimental setup using an MEMS-SPM prototype has been built to experimentally determine the in-plane bending stiffness of silicon nanopillars with an aspect ratio higher than 10. Comparison between the experimental results and the analytical and FEM evaluation has been demonstrated. Measurement uncertainty analysis indicates that this nano-bending system is able to determine the pillar bending stiffness with an uncertainty better than 5%, provided that the pillars’ stiffness is close to the suspending stiffness of the MEMS-SPM. The MEMS-SPM measurement setup is capable of on-chip quantitative nanomechanical characterization of pillar-like nano-objects fabricated out of different materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sai Gao
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Uwe Brand
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Karla Hiller
- Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Zentrum für Mikrotechnologien Chemnitz, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Susann Hahn
- Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Zentrum für Mikrotechnologien Chemnitz, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Gerry Hamdana
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology (IHT) and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Erwin Peiner
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology (IHT) and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Helmut Wolff
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Detlef Bergmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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29
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Guo Y, Shahsavan H, Davidson ZS, Sitti M. Precise Control of Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystal Alignment through Surface Topography. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:36110-36117. [PMID: 31532609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging applications, such as water-based electronic devices and biological sensors, require local control of anisotropic properties. Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) are an exciting class of materials, which are usually biocompatible and provide uniaxial anisotropy through a director field but, to date, remain difficult to control. In this work, we introduce a simple strategy to realize an arbitrary orientation of LCLCs director field in two dimensions (2D). Our alignment strategy relies on surface topographical micro/nanostructures fabricated by two-photon laser writing. We show that the alignment of LCLCs can be: (a) precisely controlled with a remarkable pixel resolution of 2.5 μm and (b) patterned into an arbitrary 2D alignment (e.g., +2 topological defect) by a pixelated design and arrangement of micro/nanostructures. Using a similar strategy, we achieve a patternable homeotropic alignment of LCLCs with nanopillars. Finally, we demonstrate that a self-assembled three-dimensional alignment of LCLCs can be obtained due to the versatility of our alignment strategy. Our demonstration of LCLC director field control, which is not only straightforward to achieve but also compatible with other conventional micro/nanofabrication techniques, will provide new opportunities for the manufacturing of LC-based electronic and biological devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Guo
- Physical Intelligence Department , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Hamed Shahsavan
- Physical Intelligence Department , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Zoey S Davidson
- Physical Intelligence Department , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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30
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Beckwith KS, Ullmann S, Vinje J, Sikorski P. Influence of Nanopillar Arrays on Fibroblast Motility, Adhesion, and Migration Mechanisms. Small 2019; 15:e1902514. [PMID: 31464377 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces decorated with high aspect ratio nanostructures are a promising tool to study cellular processes and design novel devices to control cellular behavior. However, little is known about the dynamics of cellular phenomenon such as adhesion, spreading, and migration on such surfaces. In particular, how these are influenced by the surface properties. In this work, fibroblast behavior is investigated on regular arrays of 1 µm high polymer nanopillars with varying pillar to pillar distance. Embryonic mouse fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) spread on all arrays, and on contact with the substrate engulf nanopillars independently of the array pitch. As the cells start to spread, different behavior is observed. On dense arrays which have a pitch equal or below 1 µm, cells are suspended on top of the nanopillars, making only sporadic contact with the glass support. Cells stay attached to the glass support and fully engulf nanopillars during spreading and migration on the sparse arrays which have a pitch of 2 µm and above. These alternate states have a profound effect on cell migration rates. Dynamic F-actin puncta colocalize with nanopillars during cell spreading and migration. Strong membrane association with engulfed nanopillars might explain the reduced migration rates on sparse arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S Beckwith
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sindre Ullmann
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jakob Vinje
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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31
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Cecchini R, Gajjela RSR, Martella C, Wiemer C, Lamperti A, Nasi L, Lazzarini L, Nobili LG, Longo M. High-Density Sb 2 Te 3 Nanopillars Arrays by Templated, Bottom-Up MOCVD Growth. Small 2019; 15:e1901743. [PMID: 31222940 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sb2 Te3 exhibits several technologically relevant properties, such as high thermoelectric efficiency, topological insulator character, and phase change memory behavior. Improved performances are observed and novel effects are predicted for this and other chalcogenide alloys when synthetized in the form of high-aspect-ratio nanostructures. The ability to grow chalcogenide nanowires and nanopillars (NPs) with high crystal quality in a controlled fashion, in terms of their size and position, can boost the realization of novel thermoelectric, spintronic, and memory devices. Here, it is shown that highly dense arrays of ultrascaled Sb2 Te3 NPs can be grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on patterned substrates. In particular, crystalline Sb2 Te3 NPs with a diameter of 20 nm and a height of 200 nm are obtained in Au-functionalized, anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with a pore density of ≈5 × 1010 cm-2 . Also, MOCVD growth of Sb2 Te3 can be followed either by mechanical polishing and chemical etching to produce Sb2 Te3 NPs arrays with planar surfaces or by chemical dissolution of the AAO templates to obtain freestanding Sb2 Te3 NPs forests. The illustrated growth method can be further scaled to smaller pore sizes and employed for other MOCVD-grown chalcogenide alloys and patterned substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raja S R Gajjela
- CNR-IMM, via C. Olivetti 2, 20864, Agrate Brianza, MB, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Wiemer
- CNR-IMM, via C. Olivetti 2, 20864, Agrate Brianza, MB, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Nasi
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Lazzarini
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca G Nobili
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Longo
- CNR-IMM, via C. Olivetti 2, 20864, Agrate Brianza, MB, Italy
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32
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Heikkinen JJ, Peltola E, Wester N, Koskinen J, Laurila T, Franssila S, Jokinen V. Fabrication of Micro- and Nanopillars from Pyrolytic Carbon and Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E510. [PMID: 31370267 PMCID: PMC6723446 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pattern formation of pyrolyzed carbon (PyC) and tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) thin films were investigated at micro- and nanoscale. Micro- and nanopillars were fabricated from both materials, and their biocompatibility was studied with cell viability tests. Carbon materials are known to be very challenging to pattern. Here we demonstrate two approaches to create biocompatible carbon features. The microtopographies were 2 μ m or 20 μ m pillars (1:1 aspect ratio) with three different pillar layouts (square-grid, hexa-grid, or random-grid orientation). The nanoscale topography consisted of random nanopillars fabricated by maskless anisotropic etching. The PyC structures were fabricated with photolithography and embossing techniques in SU-8 photopolymer which was pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere. The ta-C is a thin film coating, and the structures for it were fabricated on silicon substrates. Despite different fabrication methods, both materials were formed into comparable micro- and nanostructures. Mouse neural stem cells were cultured on the samples (without any coatings) and their viability was evaluated with colorimetric viability assay. All samples expressed good biocompatibility, but the topography has only a minor effect on viability. Two μ m pillars in ta-C shows increased cell count and aggregation compared to planar ta-C reference sample. The presented materials and fabrication techniques are well suited for applications that require carbon chemistry and benefit from large surface area and topography, such as electrophysiological and -chemical sensors for in vivo and in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas J Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Emilia Peltola
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Niklas Wester
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jari Koskinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tomi Laurila
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Franssila
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Jokinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
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33
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Zhang M, Liu J, Cheng W, Cheng J, Zheng Z. A Tunable Optical Bragg Grating Filter Based on the Droplet Sagging Effect on a Superhydrophobic Nanopillar Array. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19153324. [PMID: 31362395 PMCID: PMC6696401 DOI: 10.3390/s19153324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures have been widely applied on superhydrophobic surfaces for controlling the wetting states of liquid microdroplets. Many modern optic devices including sensors are also integrated with micro- or nanostructures for function enhancement. However, it is rarely reported that both microfluidics and optics are compatibly integrated in the same nanostructures. In this paper, a novel microfluidic-controlled tunable filter composed of an array of periodic micro/nanopillars on top of a planar waveguide is proposed and numerically simulated, in which the periodic pillars endow both the Bragg grating and the superhydrophobic functions. The tunability of grating is achieved by controlling the sagging depth of a liquid droplet into the periodic pillars. Simulation results show that a narrow bandwidth of 0.4 nm and a wide wavelength tuning range over 25 nm can be achieved by such a microfluidic-based tunable optofluidic waveguide Bragg grating filter. Moreover, this proposed scheme can be easily modified as a refractive index sensor with a sensitivity of 103 nm per refractive index unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiansheng Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Weifeng Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jiangtao Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zheng Zheng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
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34
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Rojalin T, Phong B, Koster HJ, Carney RP. Nanoplasmonic Approaches for Sensitive Detection and Molecular Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles. Front Chem 2019; 7:279. [PMID: 31134179 PMCID: PMC6514246 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells release a multitude of nanoscale extracellular vesicles (nEVs) into circulation, offering immense potential for new diagnostic strategies. Yet, clinical translation for nEVs remains a challenge due to their vast heterogeneity, our insufficient ability to isolate subpopulations, and the low frequency of disease-associated nEVs in biofluids. The growing field of nanoplasmonics is poised to address many of these challenges. Innovative materials engineering approaches based on exploiting nanoplasmonic phenomena, i.e., the unique interaction of light with nanoscale metallic materials, can achieve unrivaled sensitivity, offering real-time analysis and new modes of medical and biological imaging. We begin with an introduction into the basic structure and function of nEVs before critically reviewing recent studies utilizing nanoplasmonic platforms to detect and characterize nEVs. For the major techniques considered, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized SPR, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), we introduce and summarize the background theory before reviewing the studies applied to nEVs. Along the way, we consider notable aspects, limitations, and considerations needed to apply plasmonic technologies to nEV detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian Phong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hanna J. Koster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Randy P. Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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35
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Caprettini V, Huang J, Moia F, Jacassi A, Gonano CA, Maccaferri N, Capozza R, Dipalo M, De Angelis F. Enhanced Raman Investigation of Cell Membrane and Intracellular Compounds by 3D Plasmonic Nanoelectrode Arrays. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018; 5:1800560. [PMID: 30581692 PMCID: PMC6299714 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
3D nanostructures are widely exploited in cell cultures for many purposes such as controlled drug delivery, transfection, intracellular sampling, and electrical recording. However, little is known about the interaction of the cells with these substrates, and even less about the effects of electroporation on the cellular membrane and the nuclear envelope. This work exploits 3D plasmonic nanoelectrodes to study, by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the cell membrane dynamics on the nanostructured substrate before, during, and after electroporation. In vitro cultured cells tightly adhere on 3D plasmonic nanoelectrodes precisely in the plasmonic hot spots, making this kind of investigation possible. After electroporation, the cell membrane dynamics are studied by recording the Raman time traces of biomolecules in contact or next to the 3D plasmonic nanoelectrode. During this process, the 3D plasmonic nanoelectrodes are intracellularly coupled, thus enabling the monitoring of different molecular species, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Scanning electron microscopy cross-section analysis evidences the possibility of nuclear membrane poration compatible with the reported Raman spectra. These findings may open a new route toward controlled intracellular sampling and intranuclear delivery of genic materials. They also show the possibility of nuclear envelope disruption which may lead to negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian‐An Huang
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 3016163GenoaItaly
| | - Fabio Moia
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 3016163GenoaItaly
| | - Andrea Jacassi
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 3016163GenoaItaly
| | | | | | | | - Michele Dipalo
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 3016163GenoaItaly
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36
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Capozza R, Caprettini V, Gonano CA, Bosca A, Moia F, Santoro F, De Angelis F. Cell Membrane Disruption by Vertical Micro-/ Nanopillars: Role of Membrane Bending and Traction Forces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:29107-29114. [PMID: 30081625 PMCID: PMC6117743 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gaining access to the cell interior is fundamental for many applications, such as electrical recording and drug and biomolecular delivery. A very promising technique consists of culturing cells on micro-/nanopillars. The tight adhesion and high local deformation of cells in contact with nanostructures can promote the permeabilization of lipids at the plasma membrane, providing access to the internal compartment. However, there is still much experimental controversy regarding when and how the intracellular environment is targeted and the role of the geometry and interactions with surfaces. Consequently, we investigated, by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the cell membrane, the mechanical properties of the lipid bilayer under high strain and bending conditions. We found out that a high curvature of the lipid bilayer dramatically lowers the traction force necessary to achieve membrane rupture. Afterward, we experimentally studied the permeabilization rate of the cell membrane by pillars with comparable aspect ratios but different sharpness values at the edges. The experimental data support the simulation results: even pillars with diameters in the micron range may cause local membrane disruption when their edges are sufficiently sharp. Therefore, the permeabilization likelihood is connected to the local geometric features of the pillars rather than diameter or aspect ratio. The present study can also provide significant contributions to the design of three-dimensional biointerfaces for tissue engineering and cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Capozza
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valeria Caprettini
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Università
degli studi di Genova, Genova 16126, Italy
| | - Carlo A. Gonano
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bosca
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Moia
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Center
for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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37
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Sun B, Asfaw HD, Rehnlund D, Mindemark J, Nyholm L, Edström K, Brandell D. Toward Solid-State 3D-Microbatteries Using Functionalized Polycarbonate-Based Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:2407-2413. [PMID: 29199816 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
3D microbatteries (3D-MBs) impose new demands for the selection, fabrication, and compatibility of the different battery components. Herein, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) have been implemented in 3D-MB systems. 3D electrodes of two different architectures, LiFePO4-coated carbon foams and Cu2O-coated Cu nanopillars, have been coated with SPEs and used in Li cells. Functionalized PTMC with hydroxyl end groups was found to enable uniform and well-covering coatings on LiFePO4-coated carbon foams, which was difficult to achieve for nonfunctionalized polymers, but the cell cycling performance was limited. By employing a SPE prepared from a copolymer of TMC and caprolactone (CL), with higher ionic conductivity, Li cells composed of Cu2O-coated Cu nanopillars were constructed and tested both at ambient temperature and 60 °C. The footprint areal capacity of the cells was ca. 0.02 mAh cm-2 for an area gain factor (AF) of 2.5, and 0.2 mAh cm-2 for a relatively dense nanopillar-array (AF = 25) at a current density of 0.008 mA cm-2 under ambient temperature (22 ± 1 °C). These results provide new routes toward the realization of all-solid-state 3D-MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Habtom Desta Asfaw
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Rehnlund
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Nyholm
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Edström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Dusoe KJ, Ye X, Kisslinger K, Stein A, Lee SW, Nam CY. Ultrahigh Elastic Strain Energy Storage in Metal-Oxide-Infiltrated Patterned Hybrid Polymer Nanocomposites. Nano Lett 2017; 17:7416-7423. [PMID: 29048904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Modulus of resilience, the measure of a material's ability to store and release elastic strain energy, is critical for realizing advanced mechanical actuation technologies in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems. In general, engineering the modulus of resilience is difficult because it requires asymmetrically increasing yield strength and Young's modulus against their mutual scaling behavior. This task becomes further challenging if it needs to be carried out at the nanometer scale. Here, we demonstrate organic-inorganic hybrid composite nanopillars with one of the highest modulus of resilience per density by utilizing vapor-phase aluminum oxide infiltration in lithographically patterned negative photoresist SU-8. In situ nanomechanical measurements reveal a metal-like high yield strength (∼500 MPa) with an unusually low, foam-like Young's modulus (∼7 GPa), a unique pairing that yields ultrahigh modulus of resilience, reaching up to ∼24 MJ/m3 as well as exceptional modulus of resilience per density of ∼13.4 kJ/kg, surpassing those of most engineering materials. The hybrid polymer nanocomposite features lightweight, ultrahigh tunable modulus of resilience and versatile nanoscale lithographic patternability with potential for application as nanomechanical components which require ultrahigh mechanical resilience and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Dusoe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Xinyi Ye
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Aaron Stein
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Seok-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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39
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Abstract
We present a simple, robust, and automated molecule extraction technique based on a centrifugal microfluidic platform. Fast and facile extraction of a food adulterant (melamine) from a complex sample medium (milk) on a SERS substrate is demonstrated. The unique characteristic of the detection method is the obtained "filter paper/chromatographic" effect which combines centrifugal force and wetting properties of the SERS substrate. The work addresses issues related to SERS-based detection of analytes in complex media, which is important for realizing next generation SERS platforms applicable for a broad variety of real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Durucan
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Tomas Rindzevicius
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Michael Stenbæk Schmidt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Marco Matteucci
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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40
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Sun X, Yasui T, Yanagida T, Kaji N, Rahong S, Kanai M, Nagashima K, Kawai T, Baba Y. Nanostructures Integrated with a Nanochannel for Slowing Down DNA Translocation Velocity for Nanopore Sequencing. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:735-738. [PMID: 28603196 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we developed a device integrated with a nanochannel and nanostructures to slow DNA translocation velocity. We found that translocation velocity of a single DNA molecule inside a nanochannel was decreased by pre-elongating it using some nanostructures, such as a shallow channel or nanopillars. This decrease of the translocation velocity was associated with the DNA mobility change, which is an intrinsic parameter of DNA molecules and unaffected by an electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University
| | - Takao Yasui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University.,Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Sakon Rahong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University
| | - Masaki Kanai
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Tomoji Kawai
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University.,Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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41
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Aabdin Z, Xu XM, Sen S, Anand U, Král P, Holsteyns F, Mirsaidov U. Transient Clustering of Reaction Intermediates during Wet Etching of Silicon Nanostructures. Nano Lett 2017; 17:2953-2958. [PMID: 28418255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wet chemical etching is a key process in fabricating silicon (Si) nanostructures. Currently, wet etching of Si is proposed to occur through the reaction of surface Si atoms with etchant molecules, forming etch intermediates that dissolve directly into the bulk etchant solution. Here, using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we follow the nanoscale wet etch dynamics of amorphous Si (a-Si) nanopillars in real-time and show that intermediates generated during alkaline wet etching first aggregate as nanoclusters on the Si surface and then detach from the surface before dissolving in the etchant solution. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the molecules of etch intermediates remain weakly bound to the hydroxylated Si surface during the etching and aggregate into nanoclusters via surface diffusion instead of directly diffusing into the etchant solution. We confirmed this model experimentally by suppressing the formation of nanoclusters of etch intermediates on the Si surfaces by shielding the hydroxylated Si sites with large ions. These results suggest that the interaction of etch intermediates with etching surfaces controls the solubility of reaction intermediates and is an important parameter in fabricating densely packed clean 3D nanostructures for future generation microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Aabdin
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 117551, Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore , 117557, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore , 117546, Singapore
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore , 117411, Singapore
| | - Xiu Mei Xu
- imec , Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | | | - Utkarsh Anand
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 117551, Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore , 117557, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore , 117546, Singapore
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore , 117411, Singapore
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | | | - Utkur Mirsaidov
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 117551, Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore , 117557, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore , 117546, Singapore
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore , 117411, Singapore
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42
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Jiang Y, Mao J, Duan J, Lai X, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Andrei EY. Visualizing Strain-Induced Pseudomagnetic Fields in Graphene through an hBN Magnifying Glass. Nano Lett 2017; 17:2839-2843. [PMID: 28409936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Graphene's remarkable properties are inherent to its two-dimensional honeycomb lattice structure. Its low dimensionality, which makes it possible to rearrange the atoms by applying an external force, offers the intriguing prospect of mechanically controlling the electronic properties. In the presence of strain, graphene develops a pseudomagnetic field (PMF) that reconstructs the band structure into pseudo Landau levels (PLLs). However, a feasible route to realizing, characterizing and controlling PMFs is still lacking. Here we report on a method to generate and characterize PMFs in a graphene membrane supported on nanopillars. A direct measure of the local strain is achieved by using the magnifying effect of the moiré pattern formed against a hexagonal boron nitride substrate under scanning tunneling microscopy. We quantify the strain-induced PMF through the PLLs spectra observed in scanning tunneling spectroscopy. This work provides a pathway to strain induced engineering and electro-mechanical graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jinhai Mao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Junxi Duan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Xinyuan Lai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Eva Y Andrei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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43
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Higuera-Rodriguez A, Romeira B, Birindelli S, Black LE, Smalbrugge E, van Veldhoven PJ, Kessels WMM, Smit MK, Fiore A. Ultralow Surface Recombination Velocity in Passivated InGaAs/InP Nanopillars. Nano Lett 2017; 17:2627-2633. [PMID: 28340296 PMCID: PMC5391499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The III-V semiconductor InGaAs is a key material for photonics because it provides optical emission and absorption in the 1.55 μm telecommunication wavelength window. However, InGaAs suffers from pronounced nonradiative effects associated with its surface states, which affect the performance of nanophotonic devices for optical interconnects, namely nanolasers and nanodetectors. This work reports the strong suppression of surface recombination of undoped InGaAs/InP nanostructured semiconductor pillars using a combination of ammonium sulfide, (NH4)2S, chemical treatment and silicon oxide, SiOx, coating. An 80-fold enhancement in the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of submicrometer pillars at a wavelength of 1550 nm is observed as compared with the unpassivated nanopillars. The PL decay time of ∼0.3 μm wide square nanopillars is dramatically increased from ∼100 ps to ∼25 ns after sulfur treatment and SiOx coating. The extremely long lifetimes reported here, to our knowledge the highest reported to date for undoped InGaAs nanostructures, are associated with a record-low surface recombination velocity of ∼260 cm/s. We also conclusively show that the SiOx capping layer plays an active role in the passivation. These results are crucial for the future development of high-performance nanoscale optoelectronic devices for applications in energy-efficient data optical links, single-photon sensing, and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Higuera-Rodriguez
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B. Romeira
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - S. Birindelli
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L. E. Black
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. Smalbrugge
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P. J. van Veldhoven
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - W. M. M. Kessels
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. K. Smit
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A. Fiore
- Institute for Photonic Integration, Photonic Integration, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Photonics and Semiconductor Nanophysics, Department
of Applied Physics, Plasma and Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics, and NanoLab@TU/eEindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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44
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Schuster F, Kapraun J, Malheiros-Silveira GN, Deshpande S, Chang-Hasnain CJ. Site-Controlled Growth of Monolithic InGaAs/InP Quantum Well Nanopillar Lasers on Silicon. Nano Lett 2017; 17:2697-2702. [PMID: 28328224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report the site-controlled growth of InP nanolasers on a silicon substrate with patterned SiO2 nanomasks by low-temperature metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, compatible with silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) post-processing. A two-step growth procedure is presented to achieve smooth wurtzite faceting of vertical nanopillars. By incorporating InGaAs multiquantum wells, the nanopillar emission can be tuned over a wide spectral range. Enhanced quality factors of the intrinsic InP nanopillar cavities promote lasing at 0.87 and 1.21 μm, located within two important optical telecommunication bands. This is the first demonstration of a site-controlled III-V nanolaser monolithically integrated on silicon with a silicon-transparent emission wavelength, paving the way for energy-efficient on-chip optical links at typical telecommunication wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schuster
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonas Kapraun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gilliard N Malheiros-Silveira
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Saniya Deshpande
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Connie J Chang-Hasnain
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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45
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Gong T, Hong ZY, Chen CH, Tsai CY, Liao LD, Kong KV. Optical Interference-Free Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering CO-Nanotags for Logical Multiplex Detection of Vascular Disease-Related Biomarkers. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3365-3375. [PMID: 28245103 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9, have been discovered to be linked to many forms of vascular diseases such as stroke, and their detection is crucial to facilitate clinical diagnosis. In this work, we prepared a class of optical interference-free SERS nanotags (CO-nanotags) that can be used for the purpose of multiplex sensing of different MMPs. Multiplex detection with the absence of cross-talk was achieved by using CO-nanotags with individual tunable intrinsic Raman shifts of CO in the 1800-2200 cm-1 region determined by the metal core and ligands of the metal carbonyl complex. Boolean logic was used as well to simultaneously probe for two proteolytic inputs. Such nanotags offer the advantages of convenient detection of target nanotags and high sensitivity as validated in the ischemia rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yao Hong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Chen
- Sustainable Energy Development Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lun-De Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes , 35 Keyen Road, Zhunan, Miaoli Country, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Kien Voon Kong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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46
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Radulaski M, Widmann M, Niethammer M, Zhang JL, Lee SY, Rendler T, Lagoudakis KG, Son NT, Janzén E, Ohshima T, Wrachtrup J, Vučković J. Scalable Quantum Photonics with Single Color Centers in Silicon Carbide. Nano Lett 2017; 17:1782-1786. [PMID: 28225630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon carbide is a promising platform for single photon sources, quantum bits (qubits), and nanoscale sensors based on individual color centers. Toward this goal, we develop a scalable array of nanopillars incorporating single silicon vacancy centers in 4H-SiC, readily available for efficient interfacing with free-space objective and lensed-fibers. A commercially obtained substrate is irradiated with 2 MeV electron beams to create vacancies. Subsequent lithographic process forms 800 nm tall nanopillars with 400-1400 nm diameters. We obtain high collection efficiency of up to 22 kcounts/s optical saturation rates from a single silicon vacancy center while preserving the single photon emission and the optically induced electron-spin polarization properties. Our study demonstrates silicon carbide as a readily available platform for scalable quantum photonics architecture relying on single photon sources and qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radulaski
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthias Widmann
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Niethammer
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jingyuan Linda Zhang
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Torsten Rendler
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University , SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Janzén
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University , SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) , Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCOPE, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jelena Vučković
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Kim SM, Kim J, Kang SM, Jang S, Kang D, Moon SE, Kim HN, Yoon H. Directional Clustering of Slanted Nanopillars by Elastocapillarity. Small 2016; 12:3764-3769. [PMID: 27273859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The unidirectional clustering induced by capillary force of drying liquids between pillars is investigated and a theoretical model to set a criterion of the unidirectional clustering of the slanted nanopillars is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Moon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 406-772, South Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy System, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Junsoo Kim
- 3D New Devices Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-700, South Korea
| | - Seong Min Kang
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy System, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Segeun Jang
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy System, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Daeshik Kang
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy System, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Seung Eon Moon
- 3D New Devices Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-700, South Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, South Korea
| | - Hyunsik Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul, 139-743, South Korea
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Abstract
Phase transformations in crystalline materials are common in nature and often modify dramatically properties of materials. The ability to precisely control them with a high spatial precision represents a significant step forward in realizing new functionalities in confined dimensions. However, such control is extremely challenging particularly at the atomic scale due to the intricacies in governing thermodynamic conditions with a high spatial accuracy. Here, we apply focused electron beam of a scanning transmission electron microscope to irradiate SrNbO3.4 crystals and demonstrate a precise control of a phase transformation from layered SrNbO3.4 to perovskite SrNbO3 at the atomic scale. By purposely squeezing O atoms out of the vertex-sharing NbO6 octahedral slabs, their neighboring slabs zip together, resulting in a patterning of SrNbO3 nanopillars in SrNbO3.4 matrix. Such phase transformations can be spatially manipulated with an atomic precision, opening up a novel avenue for materials design and processing and also for advanced nanodevice fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Chen
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Zhongchang Wang
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo , 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center , 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Gold nanopillars, functionalized with an organic self-assembled monolayer, can be used to measure the electrical conductance properties of immobilized proteins without aggregation. Measurements of the conductance of nanopillars with cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) proteins using conducting probe atomic force microscopy demonstrate that a correlation exists between the energy barrier height between hopping sites and CYP2C9 metabolic activity. Measurements performed as a function of tip force indicate that, when subjected to a large force, the protein is more stable in the presence of a substrate. This agrees with the hypothesis that substrate entry into the active site helps to stabilize the enzyme. The relative distance between hopping sites also increases with increasing force, possibly because protein functional groups responsible for electron transport (ETp) depend on the structure of the protein. The inhibitor sulfaphenazole, in addition to the previously studied aniline, increased the barrier height for electron transfer and thereby makes CYP2C9 reduction more difficult and inhibits metabolism. This suggests that P450 Type II binders may decrease the ease of ETp processes in the enzyme, in addition to occupying the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Bostick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9530, USA
| | - Darcy R. Flora
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter M. Gannett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9530, USA
| | - Timothy S. Tracy
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - David Lederman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6315, USA
- Address correspondence to
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50
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Kojtari A, Ji HF. Metal Organic Framework Micro/ Nanopillars of Cu(BTC)·3H₂O and Zn(ADC)·DMSO. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2015; 5:565-76. [PMID: 28347026 DOI: 10.3390/nano5020565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the optical and thermal properties of Cu(BTC)·3H2O (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid) and Zn(ADC)·DMSO (ADC = 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid, DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) micro/nanopillars. The morphologies of MOFs on surfaces are most in the form of micro/nanopillars that were vertically oriented on the surface. The size and morphology of the pillars depend on the evaporation time, concentration, solvent, substrate, and starting volume of solutions. The crystal structures of the nanopillars and micropillars are the same, confirmed by powder XRD. Zn(ADC)·DMSO pillars have a strong blue fluorescence. Most of ADC in the pillars are in the form of monomers, which is different from ADC in the solid powder.
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