1
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Kumar J, Yudilevich D, Smooha A, Zohar I, Pariari AK, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Hücker M, Finkler A. Room Temperature Relaxometry of Single Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Proximity to α-RuCl 3 Nanoflakes. Nano Lett 2024; 24. [PMID: 38588382 PMCID: PMC11057446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) center-based magnetometry has been proven to be a versatile sensor for various classes of magnetic materials in broad temperature and frequency ranges. Here, we use the longitudinal relaxation time T1 of single NV centers to investigate the spin dynamics of nanometer-thin flakes of α-RuCl3 at room temperature. We observe a significant reduction in the T1 in the presence of α-RuCl3 in the proximity of NVs, which we attribute to paramagnetic spin noise confined in the 2D hexagonal planes. Furthermore, the T1 time exhibits a monotonic increase with an applied magnetic field. We associate this trend with the alteration of the spin and charge noise in α-RuCl3 under an external magnetic field. These findings suggest that the influence of the spin dynamics of α-RuCl3 on the T1 of the NV center can be used to gain information about the material itself and the technique to be used on other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Kumar
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Yudilevich
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ariel Smooha
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inbar Zohar
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arnab K. Pariari
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3rd
Institute of Physics, IQST and ZAQuant, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd
Institute of Physics, IQST and ZAQuant, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Hücker
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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2
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Kageura T, Sasama Y, Teraji T, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Yamada K, Kimura K, Onoda S, Takahide Y. Spin-State Control of Shallow Single NV Centers in Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38426213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The ability to control the charge and spin states of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers near the diamond surface is of pivotal importance for quantum applications. Hydrogen-terminated diamond is promising for long spin coherence times and ease of controlling the charge states due to the low density of surface defects. However, it has so far been challenging to create negatively charged single NV centers with controllable spin states beneath a hydrogen-terminated surface because atmospheric adsorbates that act as acceptors induce surface holes. In this study, we optically detected the magnetic resonance of shallow single NV centers in hydrogen-terminated diamond through precise control of the nitrogen implantation fluence. Furthermore, we found that the probability of detecting the resonance was enhanced by reducing the surface acceptor density through passivation of the hydrogen-terminated surface with hexagonal boron nitride without air exposure. This control method opens up new opportunities for using NV centers in quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kageura
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tosu 841-0052, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sasama
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tokuyuki Teraji
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kimura
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yamaguchi Takahide
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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3
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Pogorzelski J, Horsthemke L, Homrighausen J, Stiegekötter D, Gregor M, Glösekötter P. Compact and Fully Integrated LED Quantum Sensor Based on NV Centers in Diamond. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:743. [PMID: 38339463 PMCID: PMC10856854 DOI: 10.3390/s24030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond nano or microcrystals is a promising technology for sensitive, integrated magnetic-field sensors. Currently, this technology is still cost-intensive and mainly found in research. Here we propose one of the smallest fully integrated quantum sensors to date based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond microcrystals. It is an extremely cost-effective device that integrates a pump light source, photodiode, microwave antenna, filtering and fluorescence detection. Thus, the sensor offers an all-electric interface without the need to adjust or connect optical components. A sensitivity of 28.32nT/Hz and a theoretical shot noise limited sensitivity of 2.87 nT/Hz is reached. Since only generally available parts were used, the sensor can be easily produced in a small series. The form factor of (6.9 × 3.9 × 15.9) mm3 combined with the integration level is the smallest fully integrated NV-based sensor proposed so far. With a power consumption of around 0.1W, this sensor becomes interesting for a wide range of stationary and handheld systems. This development paves the way for the wide usage of quantum magnetometers in non-laboratory environments and technical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Pogorzelski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Ludwig Horsthemke
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Jonas Homrighausen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany (M.G.)
| | - Dennis Stiegekötter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Gregor
- Department of Engineering Physics, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany (M.G.)
| | - Peter Glösekötter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
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4
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Li Y, Zheng D, Liu Z, Wang H, Liu Y, Hou C, Guo H, Li Z, Sugawara Y, Tang J, Ma Z, Liu J. Noise Suppression of Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetometer in Lock-In Detection Method by Using Common Mode Rejection. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1823. [PMID: 37893260 PMCID: PMC10608991 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds are promising solid-state magnetic sensors with potential applications in power systems, geomagnetic navigation, and diamond NV color center current transformers, in which both high bandwidth and high magnetic field resolution are required. The wide bandwidth requirement often necessitates high laser power, but this induces significant laser fluctuation noise that affects the detection magnetic field resolution severely. Therefore, enhancement of the magnetic field resolution of wide-bandwidth NV center magnetic sensors is highly important because of the reciprocal effects of the bandwidth and magnetic field resolution. In this article, we develop a common mode rejection (CMR) model to eliminate the laser noise effectively. The simulation results show that the noise level of the light-detected magnetic resonance signal is significantly reduced by a factor of 6.2 after applying the CMR technique. After optimization of the laser power and modulation frequency parameters, the optimal system bandwidth was found to be 75 Hz. Simultaneously, the system's detection magnetic field resolution was enhanced significantly, increasing from 4.49 nT/Hz1/2 to 790.8 pT/Hz1/2, which represents an improvement of nearly 5.7 times. This wide-bandwidth, high-magnetic field resolution NV color center magnetic sensor will have applications including power systems, geomagnetic navigation, and diamond NV color center current transformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Doudou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Yankang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Chenyu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Zhonghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Yashuhiro Sugawara
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Zongmin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Y.L.); (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
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5
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Gorrini F, Bifone A. Advances in Stabilization and Enrichment of Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond for Biosensing and Spin-Polarization Transfer. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:691. [PMID: 37504090 PMCID: PMC10377017 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond have unique magneto-optical properties, such as high fluorescence, single-photon generation, millisecond-long coherence times, and the ability to initialize and read the spin state using purely optical means. This makes NV- centers a powerful sensing tool for a range of applications, including magnetometry, electrometry, and thermometry. Biocompatible NV-rich nanodiamonds find application in cellular microscopy, nanoscopy, and in vivo imaging. NV- centers can also detect electron spins, paramagnetic agents, and nuclear spins. Techniques have been developed to hyperpolarize 14N, 15N, and 13C nuclear spins, which could open up new perspectives in NMR and MRI. However, defects on the diamond surface, such as hydrogen, vacancies, and trapping states, can reduce the stability of NV- in favor of the neutral form (NV0), which lacks the same properties. Laser irradiation can also lead to charge-state switching and a reduction in the number of NV- centers. Efforts have been made to improve stability through diamond substrate doping, proper annealing and surface termination, laser irradiation, and electric or electrochemical tuning of the surface potential. This article discusses advances in the stabilization and enrichment of shallow NV- ensembles, describing strategies for improving the quality of diamond devices for sensing and spin-polarization transfer applications. Selected applications in the field of biosensing are discussed in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gorrini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, TO, Italy
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6
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Tian J, Said RS, Jelezko F, Cai J, Xiao L. Bayesian-Based Hybrid Method for Rapid Optimization of NV Center Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3244. [PMID: 36991955 PMCID: PMC10058532 DOI: 10.3390/s23063244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
NV centers are among the most promising platforms in the field of quantum sensing. Magnetometry based on NV centers, especially, has achieved concrete development in areas of biomedicine and medical diagnostics. Improving the sensitivity of NV center sensors under wide inhomogeneous broadening and fieldamplitude drift is a crucial issue of continuous concern that relies on the coherent control of NV centers with high average fidelity. Quantum optimal control (QOC) methods provide access to this target; nevertheless, the high time consumption of current methods due to the large number of needful sample points as well as the complexity of the parameter space has hindered their usability. In this paper, we propose the Bayesian estimation phase-modulated (B-PM) method to tackle this problem. In the case of the state transforming of an NV center ensemble, the B-PM method reduced the time consumption by more than 90% compared with the conventional standard Fourier basis (SFB) method while increasing the average fidelity from 0.894 to 0.905. In the AC magnetometry scenario, the optimized control pulse obtained with the B-PM method achieved an eight-fold extension of coherence time T2 compared with the rectangular π pulse. Similar application can be made in other sensing situations. As a general algorithm, the B-PM method can be further extended to the open- and closed-loop optimization of complex systems based on a variety of quantum platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhao Tian
- School of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ressa S. Said
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianming Cai
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- School of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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7
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Bhattacharyya S, Bhattacharyya S. Demonstration of the Holonomically Controlled Non-Abelian Geometric Phase in a Three-Qubit System of a Nitrogen Vacancy Center. Entropy (Basel) 2022; 24:1593. [PMID: 36359682 PMCID: PMC9689909 DOI: 10.3390/e24111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The holonomic approach to controlling (nitrogen-vacancy) NV-center qubits provides an elegant way of theoretically devising universal quantum gates that operate on qubits via calculable microwave pulses. There is, however, a lack of simulated results from the theory of holonomic control of quantum registers with more than two qubits describing the transition between the dark states. Considering this, we have been experimenting with the IBM Quantum Experience technology to determine the capabilities of simulating holonomic control of NV-centers for three qubits describing an eight-level system that produces a non-Abelian geometric phase. The tunability of the geometric phase via the detuning frequency is demonstrated through the high fidelity (~85%) of three-qubit off-resonant holonomic gates over the on-resonant ones. The transition between the dark states shows the alignment of the gate's dark state with the qubit's initial state hence decoherence of the multi-qubit system is well-controlled through a π/3 rotation.
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8
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Lin MC, Lo PY, Nori F, Chen HB. Precession-induced nonclassicality of the free induction decay of NV centers by a dynamical polarized nuclear spin bath. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:505701. [PMID: 36261040 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac9bbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing exploration of the ambiguous boundary between the quantum and the classical worlds has spurred substantial developments in quantum science and technology. Recently, the nonclassicality of dynamical processes has been proposed from a quantum-information-theoretic perspective, in terms of witnessing nonclassical correlations with Hamiltonian ensemble simulations. To acquire insights into the quantum-dynamical mechanism of the process nonclassicality, here we propose to investigate the nonclassicality of the electron spin free-induction-decay process associated with an NV-center. By controlling the nuclear spin precession dynamics via an external magnetic field and nuclear spin polarization, it is possible to manipulate the dynamical behavior of the electron spin, showing a transition between classicality and nonclassicality. We propose an explanation of the classicality-nonclassicality transition in terms of the nuclear spin precession axis orientation and dynamics. We have also performed a series of numerical simulations supporting our findings. Consequently, we can attribute the nonclassical trait of the electron spin dynamics to the behavior of nuclear spin precession dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Che Lin
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yuan Lo
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Franco Nori
- Quantum Computing Center, and Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, United States of America
| | - Hong-Bin Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology, NCKU, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
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9
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Tian Y, Nusantara AC, Hamoh T, Mzyk A, Tian X, Perona Martinez F, Li R, Permentier HP, Schirhagl R. Functionalized Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Simultaneous Drug Delivery and Quantum Sensing in HeLa Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:39265-39273. [PMID: 35984747 PMCID: PMC9437893 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present multifunctional fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) for simultaneous drug delivery and free radical detection. For this purpose, we modified FNDs containing nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers with a diazoxide derivative. We found that our particles enter cells more easily and are able to deliver this cancer drug into HeLa cells. The particles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and secondary electron microscopy. Compared to the free drug, we observe a sustained release over 72 h rather than 12 h for the free drug. Apart from releasing the drug, with these particles, we can measure the drug's effect on free radical generation directly. This has the advantage that the response is measured locally, where the drug is released. These FNDs change their optical properties based on their magnetic surrounding. More specifically, we make use of a technique called relaxometry to detect spin noise from the free radical at the nanoscale with subcellular resolution. We further compared the results from our new technique with a conventional fluorescence assay for the detection of reactive oxygen species. This provides a new method to investigate the relationship between drug release and the response by the cell via radical formation or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Tian
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anggrek C. Nusantara
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
- Institute
of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Street, 30-059, Cracow, Poland
| | - Xiaobo Tian
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Interfaculty Mass Spectrometry Center,
Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe Perona Martinez
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Runrun Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar P. Permentier
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Interfaculty Mass Spectrometry Center,
Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
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10
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Zhang N, Guo Q, Ye W, Feng R, Yuan H. Temperature Fluctuations Compensation with Multi-Frequency Synchronous Manipulation for a NV Magnetometer in Fiber-Optic Scheme. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:5218. [PMID: 35890898 PMCID: PMC9320826 DOI: 10.3390/s22145218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds play a large role in advanced quantum sensing with solid-state spins for potential miniaturized and portable application scenarios. With the temperature sensitivity of NV centers, the temperature fluctuations caused by the unknown environment and the system itself will mix with the magnetic field measurement. In this research, the temperature-sensitive characteristics of different diamonds, alongside the temperature noise generated by a measurement system, were tested and analyzed with a homemade NV magnetometer in a fiber-optic scheme. In this work, a multi-frequency synchronous manipulation method for resonating with the NV centers in all axial directions was proposed to compensate for the temperature fluctuations in a fibered NV magnetic field sensing scheme. The symmetrical features of the resonance lines of the NV centers, the common-mode fluctuations including temperature fluctuations, underwent effective compensation and elimination. The fluorescence change was reduced to 1.0% by multi-frequency synchronous manipulation from 5.5% of the single-frequency manipulation within a ±2 °C temperature range. Additionally, the multi-frequency synchronous manipulation improved the fluorescence contrast and the magnetic field measurement SNR through an omnidirectional manipulation scheme. It was very important to compensate for the temperature fluctuations, caused by both internal and external factors, to make use of the NV magnetometer in fiber-optic schemes' practicality. This work will promote the rapid development and widespread applications of quantum sensing based on various systems and principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 310000, China;
| | - Qiang Guo
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 310000, China;
| | - Wen Ye
- Division of Mechanics and Acoustic Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Rui Feng
- The School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China;
- Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Heng Yuan
- The School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China;
- Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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11
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Hwang TY, Lee J, Jeon SW, Kim YS, Cho YW, Lim HT, Moon S, Han SW, Choa YH, Jung H. Sub-10 nm Precision Engineering of Solid-State Defects via Nanoscale Aperture Array Mask. Nano Lett 2022; 22:1672-1679. [PMID: 35133163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineering a strongly interacting uniform qubit cluster would be a major step toward realizing a scalable quantum system for quantum sensing and a node-based qubit register. For a solid-state system that uses a defect as a qubit, various methods to precisely position defects have been developed, yet the large-scale fabrication of qubits within the strong coupling regime at room temperature continues to be a challenge. In this work, we generate nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond with sub-10 nm scale precision using a combination of nanoscale aperture arrays (NAAs) with a high aspect ratio of 10 and a secondary E-beam hole pattern used as an ion-blocking mask. We perform optical and spin measurements on a cluster of NV spins and statistically investigate the effect of the NAAs during an ion-implantation process. We discuss how this technique is effective for constructing a scalable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Hwang
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Jeon
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Kim
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wook Cho
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Tag Lim
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Moon
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Choa
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoong Jung
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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12
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Xie M, Yu X, Rodgers LVH, Xu D, Chi-Durán I, Toros A, Quack N, de Leon NP, Maurer PC. Biocompatible surface functionalization architecture for a diamond quantum sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114186119. [PMID: 35193961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114186119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diamond-based quantum sensing enables nanoscale measurements of biological systems with unprecedented sensitivity. Potential applications of this emerging technology range from the investigation of fundamental biological processes to the development of next-generation medical diagnostics devices. One of the main challenges faced by bioquantum sensing is the need to interface quantum sensors with biological target systems. Specifically, such an interface needs to maintain the highly fragile quantum states of our sensor and at the same time be able to fish intact biomolecules out of solution and immobilize them on our quantum sensor surface. Our work overcomes these challenges by combining tools from quantum engineering, single-molecule biophysics, and material processing. Quantum metrology enables some of the most precise measurements. In the life sciences, diamond-based quantum sensing has led to a new class of biophysical sensors and diagnostic devices that are being investigated as a platform for cancer screening and ultrasensitive immunoassays. However, a broader application in the life sciences based on nanoscale NMR spectroscopy has been hampered by the need to interface highly sensitive quantum bit (qubit) sensors with their biological targets. Here, we demonstrate an approach that combines quantum engineering with single-molecule biophysics to immobilize individual proteins and DNA molecules on the surface of a bulk diamond crystal that hosts coherent nitrogen vacancy qubit sensors. Our thin (sub–5 nm) functionalization architecture provides precise control over the biomolecule adsorption density and results in near-surface qubit coherence approaching 100 μs. The developed architecture remains chemically stable under physiological conditions for over 5 d, making our technique compatible with most biophysical and biomedical applications.
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13
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Abstract
Detection of AC magnetic fields at the nanoscale is critical in applications ranging from fundamental physics to materials science. Isolated quantum spin defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, can achieve the desired spatial resolution with high sensitivity. Still, vector AC magnetometry currently relies on using different orientations of an ensemble of sensors, with degraded spatial resolution, and a protocol based on a single NV is lacking. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a protocol that exploits a single NV to reconstruct the vectorial components of an AC magnetic field by tuning a continuous driving to distinct resonance conditions. We map the spatial distribution of an AC field generated by a copper wire on the surface of the diamond. The proposed protocol combines high sensitivity, broad dynamic range, and sensitivity to both coherent and stochastic signals, with broad applications in condensed matter physics, such as probing spin fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yi-Xiang Liu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Chuang YT, Chen SD, Huang WC, Shen TL, Chang MS, Chen YF, Hsieh YP, Chang YH, Hofmann M. Multilevel Optical Labeling by Spectral Luminescence Control in Nanodiamond Color Centers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:49006-49011. [PMID: 33064459 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing a multitude of optical labels is crucial to improving the spatial and temporal resolution of bioimaging. However, current multicolor imaging approaches are limited by the spectral overlap of employed fluorophores. We here discern different instances of a single optical label type through their emission intensity. Such multilevel optical labels are enabled by an optical writing process that permanently modifies their spectral response in a predictable manner and by a separate spectral feature that serves as normalization in the presence of sample variability. The proposed approach was realized by independently controlling the emission properties of highly functionalized fluorescent nanodiamond. Upon laser irradiation, the contribution of the spectral region associated with the N3 color center decreases in a predictable and permanent fashion, while the nitrogen vacancy (NV) emission remains stable. This selective photobleaching of N3 centers was found to originate from a two-photon-assisted dissociation process that results in a 105 higher mobility of photoexcited carriers in N3 centers compared to NV. The resulting write once read many (WORM) memory exhibits multiple distinct memory levels that can be stored and read out with high robustness and reproducibility. The potential of our approach was demonstrated by characterizing markers in HeLa cells with high fidelity, despite the complex emission background. Finally, direct manipulation of label information inside of cells was demonstrated, opening up new routes in advanced bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, Nation Taiwan University, 106 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ding Chen
- Department of Physics, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Shen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, Nation Taiwan University, 106 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shien Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department of Physics, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Hsieh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Huei Chang
- Department of Physics, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Mario Hofmann
- Department of Physics, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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15
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Michl J, Steiner J, Denisenko A, Bülau A, Zimmermann A, Nakamura K, Sumiya H, Onoda S, Neumann P, Isoya J, Wrachtrup J. Robust and Accurate Electric Field Sensing with Solid State Spin Ensembles. Nano Lett 2019; 19:4904-4910. [PMID: 31348669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron spins in solids constitute remarkable quantum sensors. Individual defect centers in diamond were used to detect individual nuclear spins with a nanometer scale resolution, and ensemble magnetometers rival SQUID and vapor cell magnetometers when taking into account room-temperature operation and size. NV center spins can also detect electric field vectors, despite their weak coupling to electric fields. Here, we employ ensembles of NV center spins to measure macroscopic AC electric fields with high precision. We utilize low strain, 12C enriched diamond to achieve the maximum sensitivity and tailor the spin Hamiltonian via the proper magnetic field adjustment to map out the AC electric field strength and polarization and arrive at refined electric field coupling constants. For high-precision measurements, we combine classical lock-in detection with aspects from quantum phase estimation for the effective suppression of technical noise. Eventually, this enables t-1/2 uncertainty scaling of the electric field strength over extended averaging periods, enabling us to reach a precision down to 10-7 V/μm for an AC electric field with a frequency of 2 kHz and an amplitude of 0.012 V/ μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Michl
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Jakob Steiner
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - André Bülau
- Hahn-Schickard , Allmandring 9b , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - André Zimmermann
- Institut für Mikrointegration , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 9b , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Kazuo Nakamura
- Application Technology Research Institute , Tokyo Gas Company, Ltd. , Yokohama 230-0045 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sumiya
- Advanced Materials Laboratory , Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. , Itami 664-0016 , Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Takasaki 370-1292 , Japan
| | - Philipp Neumann
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Junichi Isoya
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8573 , Japan
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
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16
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Anishchik SV, Ivanov KL. A method for simulating level anti-crossing spectra of diamond crystals containing NV - color centers. J Magn Reson 2019; 305:67-76. [PMID: 31229755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose an efficient method for calculating level anti-crossing spectra (LAC spectra) of interacting paramagnetic defect centers in crystals. By LAC spectra we mean the magnetic field dependence of the photoluminescence intensity of paramagnetic color centers: such field dependences often exhibit sharp features, such as peaks or dips, originating from LACs in the spin system. Our approach takes into account the electronic Zeeman interaction with the external magnetic field, dipole-dipole interaction of paramagnetic centers, hyperfine coupling of paramagnetic defects to magnetic nuclei and zero-field splitting. By using this method, not only can we obtain the positions of lines in LAC spectra, but also reproduce their shapes as well as the relative amplitudes of different lines. As a striking example, we present a calculation of LAC spectra in diamond crystals containing negatively charged NV centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Anishchik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - K L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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17
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Li CH, Li DF, Zheng Y, Sun FW, Du AM, Ge YS. Detecting Axial Ratio of Microwave Field with High Resolution Using NV Centers in Diamond. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19102347. [PMID: 31117305 PMCID: PMC6566961 DOI: 10.3390/s19102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polarization property characterization of the microwave (MW) field with high speed and resolution is vitally beneficial as the circularly-polarized MW field plays an important role in the development of quantum technologies and satellite communication technologies. In this work, we propose a scheme to detect the axial ratio of the MW field with optical diffraction limit resolution with a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Firstly, the idea of polarization selective detection of the MW magnetic field is carried out using a single NV center implanted in a type-IIa CVD diamond with a confocal microscope system achieving a sensitivity of 1.7 μ T/ Hz . Then, high speed wide-field characterization of the MW magnetic field at the submillimeter scale is realized by combining wide-field microscopy and ensemble NV centers inherent in a general CVD diamond. The precision axial ratio can be detected by measuring the magnitudes of two counter-rotating circularly-polarized MW magnetic fields. The wide-field detection of the axial ratio and strength parameters of microwave fields enables high speed testing of small-scale microwave devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Deng-Feng Li
- CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Fang-Wen Sun
- CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - A M Du
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ya-Song Ge
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Liu Z, Zhu TF, Wang YF, Ahmed I, Liu Z, Wen F, Zhang X, Wang W, Fan S, Wang K, Wang HX. Fabrication of Diamond Submicron Lenses and Cylinders by ICP Etching Technique with SiO 2 Balls Mask. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E1622. [PMID: 31108881 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Submicron lenses and cylinders exhibiting excellent properties in photodetector and quantum applications have been fabricated on a diamond surface by an inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) etching technique. During ICP etching, a layer containing 500 nm diameter balls of SiO2 was employed as mask. By changing the mixing ratio of O2, Ar and CF4 during ICP etching, several submicron structures were fabricated, such as cylinders and lenses. The simulation results demonstrated that such submicron structures on a diamond’s surface can greatly enhance the photon out-coupling efficiency of embedded nitrogen-vacancy center.
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19
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Wang K, Steeds JW, Li Z, Tian Y. Photoluminescence Studies of Both the Neutral and Negatively Charged Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:108-112. [PMID: 26758647 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study low temperature micro-photoluminescence technology was employed to investigate effects of the irradiation and nitrogen concentration on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) luminescence, with the photochromic and vibronic properties of the NV defects. Results showed that the NV luminescence was weakened due to recombination of self-interstitials created by electron irradiation in diamond and the vacancies within the structure of NV centers. For very pure diamond, the vacancies migrated the long distance to get trapped by N atoms only after sufficient high temperature annealing. As with the increase in nitrogen content, the migration distance of vacancies got smaller. The nitrogen also favored the formation of negatively charged NV centers with the donating electrons. Under the high-energy ultraviolet laser excitation, the photochromic property of the NV- center was also observed, though it was not stable. Besides, the NV centers showed very strong broad sidebands, and the vibrations involved one phonon with energy of ~42 meV and another with ~67 meV energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Wang
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering,Taiyuan University of Science and Technology,Taiyuan 030024,Shanxi Province,China
| | - John W Steeds
- 2H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory,University of Bristol,Tyndall Avenue,Bristol BS8 1TL,UK
| | - Zhihong Li
- 3School of Materials Science and Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China
| | - Yuming Tian
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering,Taiyuan University of Science and Technology,Taiyuan 030024,Shanxi Province,China
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20
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Beha K, Fedder H, Wolfer M, Becker MC, Siyushev P, Jamali M, Batalov A, Hinz C, Hees J, Kirste L, Obloh H, Gheeraert E, Naydenov B, Jakobi I, Dolde F, Pezzagna S, Twittchen D, Markham M, Dregely D, Giessen H, Meijer J, Jelezko F, Nebel CE, Bratschitsch R, Leitenstorfer A, Wrachtrup J. Diamond nanophotonics. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2012; 3:895-908. [PMID: 23365803 PMCID: PMC3554578 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the coupling of single color centers in diamond to plasmonic and dielectric photonic structures to realize novel nanophotonic devices. Nanometer spatial control in the creation of single color centers in diamond is achieved by implantation of nitrogen atoms through high-aspect-ratio channels in a mica mask. Enhanced broadband single-photon emission is demonstrated by coupling nitrogen-vacancy centers to plasmonic resonators, such as metallic nanoantennas. Improved photon-collection efficiency and directed emission is demonstrated by solid immersion lenses and micropillar cavities. Thereafter, the coupling of diamond nanocrystals to the guided modes of micropillar resonators is discussed along with experimental results. Finally, we present a gas-phase-doping approach to incorporate color centers based on nickel and tungsten, in situ into diamond using microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The fabrication of silicon-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds by microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is discussed in addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Beha
- Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helmut Fedder
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco Wolfer
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Merle C Becker
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petr Siyushev
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mohammad Jamali
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anton Batalov
- Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christopher Hinz
- Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jakob Hees
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Lutz Kirste
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Harald Obloh
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | | | - Boris Naydenov
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ingmar Jakobi
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Dolde
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Dregely
- 4. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Meijer
- RUBION, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph E Nebel
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | | | | | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut and Scope Research Centre University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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