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Humbert M, Hernandez R, Mallet N, Larrieu G, Larrey V, Fournel F, Guérin F, Palleau E, Paillard V, Cuche A, Ressier L. Large-scale controlled coupling of single-photon emitters to high-index dielectric nanoantennas by AFM nanoxerography. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:599-608. [PMID: 36485024 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05526k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the brightness of single-photon sources by means of optically resonant nanoantennas is a major stake for the development of efficient nanodevices for quantum communications. We demonstrate that nanoxerography by atomic force microscopy makes possible the fast, robust and repeatable positioning of model quantum nanoemitters (nitrogen-vacancy NV centers in nanodiamonds) on a large-scale in the gap of silicon nanoantennas with a dimer geometry. By tuning the parameters of the nanoxerography process, we can statistically control the number of deposited nanodiamonds, yielding configurations down to a unique single photon emitter coupled to these high index dielectric nanoantennas, with high selectivity and enhanced brightness induced by a near-field Purcell effect. Numerical simulations are in very good quantitative agreement with time-resolved photoluminescence experiments. A multipolar analysis reveals in particular all the aspects of the coupling between the dipolar single emitter and the Mie resonances hosted by these simple nanoantennas. This proof of principle opens a path to a genuine and large-scale spatial control of the coupling of punctual quantum nanoemitters to arrays of optimized optically resonant nanoantennas. It paves the way for future fundamental studies in quantum nano-optics and toward integrated photonics applications for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Humbert
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Romain Hernandez
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mallet
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Guilhem Larrieu
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Vincent Larrey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frank Fournel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Guérin
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Etienne Palleau
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Vincent Paillard
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Cuche
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Ressier
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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2
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Humbert M, Hallez Y, Larrey V, Fournel F, Palleau E, Paillard V, Cuche A, Ressier L. Versatile, rapid and robust nano-positioning of single-photon emitters by AFM-nanoxerography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:215301. [PMID: 35105827 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac50f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoxerography was successfully used to direct the assembly of colloidal nanodiamonds (NDs) containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres on electrostatically patterned surfaces. This study reveals that the number of deposited NDs can be controlled by tuning the surface potentials of positively charged dots on a negatively charged background written by AFM in a thin PMMA electret film, yielding assemblies down to a unique single-photon emitter with very good selectivity. The mechanisms of the ND directed assembly are attested by numerical simulations. This robust deterministic nano-positioning of quantum emitters thus offers great opportunities for ultimate applications in nanophotonics for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Humbert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Y Hallez
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - V Larrey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F Fournel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - E Palleau
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V Paillard
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - A Cuche
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - L Ressier
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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3
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Singh L, Maccaferri N, Garoli D, Gorodetski Y. Directional Plasmonic Excitation by Helical Nanotips. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051333. [PMID: 34069339 PMCID: PMC8158748 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of coupling between light and surface plasmon polaritons requires specific momentum matching conditions. In the case of a single scattering object on a metallic surface, such as a nanoparticle or a nanohole, the coupling between a broadband effect, i.e., scattering, and a discrete one, such as surface plasmon excitation, leads to Fano-like resonance lineshapes. The necessary phase matching requirements can be used to engineer the light–plasmon coupling and to achieve a directional plasmonic excitation. Here, we investigate this effect by using a chiral nanotip to excite surface plasmons with a strong spin-dependent azimuthal variation. This effect can be described by a Fano-like interference with a complex coupling factor that can be modified thanks to a symmetry breaking of the nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeju Singh
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Nicolò Maccaferri
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Libera Università di Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuri Gorodetski
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics Department, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (Y.G.)
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4
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Kumar U, Bolisetty S, Mezzenga R, Girard C, Dujardin E, Cuche A. Single plasmon spatial and spectral sorting on a crystalline two-dimensional plasmonic platform. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13414-13420. [PMID: 32614011 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the emerging field of quantum plasmonics, we demonstrate in this manuscript the wavelength-dependent propagation and sorting of single plasmons launched in a two-dimensional crystalline gold flake by a broadband quantum nanoemitter. The stream of single plasmons in the visible is produced by a nanodiamond hosting a single nitrogen-vacancy color center positioned in the near field of the mesoscopic metallic microplatelet. Spatially and spectrally resolved images of the single plasmon propagation in the pristine hexagonal flake, and then in the same structure after insertion of a Bragg mirror, are obtained by filtered image-plane acquisitions on a leakage-radiation microscope. Our work on two-dimensional crystalline structures paves the way to future fundamental studies and applications in quantum plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upkar Kumar
- CEMES, University of Toulouse and CNRS (UPR 8011), 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse, France.
| | - Sreenath Bolisetty
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schmelzberg-strasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schmelzberg-strasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Girard
- CEMES, University of Toulouse and CNRS (UPR 8011), 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse, France.
| | - Erik Dujardin
- CEMES, University of Toulouse and CNRS (UPR 8011), 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse, France.
| | - Aurélien Cuche
- CEMES, University of Toulouse and CNRS (UPR 8011), 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse, France.
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5
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Li DF, Li CH, Zhou LM, Zheng Y, Zhao BW, Li S, Zhao N, Chen XD, Guo GC, Sun FW. Thickness dependent surface plasmon of silver film detected by nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5587-5590. [PMID: 30439901 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Precise detection of surface plasmons is crucial for the research of nanophotonics and quantum optics. In this Letter, we used a single nitrogen vacancy center in diamond as a probe to detect the surface plasmon that was tuned by the thickness of a metallic film. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center were measured to obtain the information of local light-matter interaction. A nonlinear thickness dependent change of the surface plasmon was observed, with the maximum at the thickness of approximately 30 nm. With optimized thickness of silver film, the fluorescence intensity of a single NV center was enhanced 2.6 times, and the lifetime was reduced by a factor of 3, without affecting the coherence time of the NV spin state. The results proved that this system can quantitatively detect the light-matter interaction at nanoscale, and it provides an approach to enhance the fluorescence intensity of a quantum emitter.
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6
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Dieleman F, Tame MS, Sonnefraud Y, Kim MS, Maier SA. Experimental Verification of Entanglement Generated in a Plasmonic System. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7455-7461. [PMID: 29116805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A core process in many quantum tasks is the generation of entanglement. It is being actively studied in a variety of physical settings-from simple bipartite systems to complex multipartite systems. In this work we experimentally study the generation of bipartite entanglement in a nanophotonic system. Entanglement is generated via the quantum interference of two surface plasmon polaritons in a beamsplitter structure, i.e., utilizing the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, and its presence is verified using quantum state tomography. The amount of entanglement is quantified by the concurrence and we find values of up to 0.77 ± 0.04. Verifying entanglement in the output state from HOM interference is a nontrivial task and cannot be inferred from the visibility alone. The techniques we use to verify entanglement could be applied to other types of photonic system and therefore may be useful for the characterization of a range of different nanophotonic quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dieleman
- Experimental Solid State Group, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London , Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - M S Tame
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4001, South Africa
- National Institute for Theoretical Physics (NITheP), University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Y Sonnefraud
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- 2 CNRS, Institut NEEL , F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - M S Kim
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science Group, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London , Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - S A Maier
- Experimental Solid State Group, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London , Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 80799 München, Germany
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7
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Rahbany N, Geng W, Bachelot R, Couteau C. Plasmon-emitter interaction using integrated ring grating-nanoantenna structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:185201. [PMID: 28323251 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the diffraction limit to achieve high optical resolution is one of the main challenges in the fields of plasmonics, nanooptics and nanophotonics. In this work, we introduce novel plasmonic structures consisting of nanoantennas (nanoprisms, single bowtie nanoantennas and double bowtie nanoantennas) integrated in the center of ring diffraction gratings. Propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are generated by the ring grating and coupled with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) at the nanoantennas exciting emitters placed in their gap. SPPs are widely used for optical waveguiding but provide low resolution due to their weak spatial confinement. In contrast, LSPs provide excellent sub-wavelength confinement but induce large losses. The phenomenon of SPP-LSP coupling witnessed in our structures allows for achieving more precise focusing at the nanoscale, causing an increase in the fluorescence emission of the emitters. Finite-difference time-domain simulations as well as experimental fabrication and optical characterization results are presented to study plasmon-emitter coupling between an ensemble of dye molecules and our integrated plasmonic structures. A comparison is given to highlight the importance of each structure on the photoluminescence and radiative decay enhancement of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Rahbany
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Instrumentation and Optics, ICD CNRS UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes, 10000, Troyes, France
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8
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Abstract
Tunnel resistance can be modulated with bias via the Coulomb blockade effect, which gives a highly nonlinear response current. Here we investigate the optical response of a metal-insulator-nanoparticle-insulator-metal structure and show switching of a plasmonic gap from insulator to conductor via Coulomb blockade. By introducing a sufficiently large charging energy in the tunnelling gap, the Coulomb blockade allows for a conductor (tunneling) to insulator (capacitor) transition. The tunnelling electrons can be delocalized over the nanocapacitor again when a high energy penalty is added with bias. We demonstrate that this has a huge impact on the plasmonic resonance of a 0.51 nm tunneling gap with ∼70% change in normalized optical loss. Because this structure has a tiny capacitance, there is potential to harness the effect for high-speed switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Xiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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9
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Varguet H, Rousseaux B, Dzsotjan D, Jauslin HR, Guérin S, Colas des Francs G. Dressed states of a quantum emitter strongly coupled to a metal nanoparticle. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4480-4483. [PMID: 27749860 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid molecule-plasmonic nanostructures have demonstrated their potential for surface enhanced spectroscopies, sensing, or quantum control at the nanoscale. In this Letter, we investigate the strong coupling regime and explicitly describe the hybridization between the localized plasmons of a metal nanoparticle and the excited state of a quantum emitter, offering a simple and precise understanding of the energy exchange in full analogy with cavity quantum electrodynamics treatment and a dressed atom picture. Both near-field emission and far-field radiation are discussed, revealing the richness of such optical nanosources.
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10
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Yao W, Sun C, Gong Q, Chen J. Controlling surface-plasmon-polaritons launching with hot spot cylindrical waves in a metallic slit structure. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:385204. [PMID: 27533591 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/38/385204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures, which are used to generate surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), always involve sharp corners where the charges can accumulate. This can result in strong localized electromagnetic fields at the metallic corners, forming the hot spots. The influence of the hot spots on the propagating SPPs are investigated theoretically and experimentally in a metallic slit structure. It is found that the electromagnetic fields radiated from the hot spots, termed as the hot spot cylindrical wave (HSCW), can greatly manipulate the SPP launching in the slit structure. The physical mechanism behind the manipulation of the SPP launching with the HSCW is explicated by a semi-analytic model. By using the HSCW, unidirectional SPP launching is experimentally realized in an ultra-small metallic step-slit structure. The HSCW bridges the localized surface plasmons and the propagating surface plasmons in an integrated platform and thus may pave a new route to the design of plasmonic devices and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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11
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Berthel M, Huant S, Drezet A. Spatio-temporal second-order quantum correlations of surface plasmon polaritons. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:37-40. [PMID: 26696152 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental methodology to observe spatio-temporal second-order quantum coherence of surface plasmon polaritons which are emitted by nitrogen vacancy color centers attached at the apex of an optical tip. The approach relies on leakage radiation microscopy in the Fourier space, and we use this approach to test wave-particle duality for surface plasmon polaritons.
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12
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Billot L, Mortier M, Aigouy L. Near-field observation of surface plasmon polaritons launched by V-shaped nanorods on a gold surface. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:9326-9330. [PMID: 26560589 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.009326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
By scanning near-field optical microscopy, we study the propagation of surface waves created by V-shaped nanorods deposited on a gold thin film. The nanorods launch surface plasmon polaritons that interfere with the incident light, producing interference patterns. The angle of the V-shaped rods varies from 110° to 180° (straight rod). We observe that the near-field distribution strongly depends on the angle of the V. For angles close to straight rods, a hot spot is visible, whereas for a narrower angle, the surface plasmon waves are launched in specific directions. The experimental results are in good qualitative agreement with numerical simulations performed with a simple analytical model that considers the rods as a sum of isolated surface plasmon sources.
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13
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Berthel M, Jiang Q, Chartrand C, Bellessa J, Huant S, Genet C, Drezet A. Coherence and aberration effects in surface plasmon polariton imaging. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:033202. [PMID: 26465579 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.033202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study theoretically and experimentally coherent imaging of surface plasmon polaritons using either leakage radiation microscopy through a thin metal film or interference microscopy through a thick metal film. Using a rigorous modal formalism based on scalar Whittaker potentials, we develop a systematic analytical and vectorial method adapted to the analysis of coherent imaging involving surface plasmon polaritons. The study includes geometrical aberrations due index mismatch which played an important role in the interpretation of recent experiments using leakage radiation microscopy. We compare our theory with experiments using classical or quantum near-field scanning optical microscopy probes and show that the approach leads to a full interpretation of the recorded optical images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berthel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Quanbo Jiang
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Chartrand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Joel Bellessa
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Serge Huant
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- ISIS, UMR 7006, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 8, allée Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Drezet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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14
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Girard C, Cuche A, Dujardin E, Arbouet A, Mlayah A. Molecular decay rate near nonlocal plasmonic particles. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2116-2119. [PMID: 25927799 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
When the size of metal nanoparticles is smaller than typically 10 nm, their optical response becomes sensitive to both spatial dispersion and quantum size effects associated with the confinement of the conduction electrons inside the particle. In this Letter, we propose a nonlocal scheme to compute molecular decay rates near spherical nanoparticles which includes the electron-electron interactions through a simple model of electronic polarizabilities. The plasmonic particle is schematized by a dynamic dipolar polarizability α(NL)(ω), and the quantum system is characterized by a two-level system. In this scheme, the light matter interaction is described in terms of classical field susceptibilities. This theoretical framework could be extended to address the influence of nonlocality on the dynamics of quantum systems placed in the vicinity of nano-objects of arbitrary morphologies.
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15
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Near-field microscopy with a scanning nitrogen-vacancy color center in a diamond nanocrystal: A brief review. Micron 2015; 70:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Yi JM, Cuche A, Devaux E, Genet C, Ebbesen TW. Beaming Visible Light with a Plasmonic Aperture Antenna. ACS PHOTONICS 2014; 1:365-370. [PMID: 25540811 PMCID: PMC4270416 DOI: 10.1021/ph400146n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate experimentally the parameter space defining, in the visible range, the far-field diffraction properties of a single circular subwavelength aperture surrounded by periodic circular grooves milled on a metallic film. Diffraction patterns emerging from such an antenna are recorded under parallel- and perpendicular-polarized illumination at a given illumination wavelength. By monitoring the directivity and the gain of the antenna with respect to a single aperture, we point out the role played by the near-field surface plasmon excitations. The results can be analyzed through a Huygens-Fresnel model, accounting for the coherent interaction between the field radiated by the hole and the plasmonic field, propagating along the antenna surface and diffracted away in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue-Min Yi
- ISIS, University of Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Cuche
- CEMES, University of Toulouse
and CNRS (UPR 8011), 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Eloïse Devaux
- ISIS, University of Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- ISIS, University of Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W. Ebbesen
- ISIS, University of Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
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17
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Wang T, Boer-Duchemin E, Comtet G, Le Moal E, Dujardin G, Drezet A, Huant S. Plasmon scattering from holes: from single hole scattering to Young's experiment. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:125202. [PMID: 24577068 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/12/125202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the scattering of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) into photons at holes is investigated. A local, electrically excited source of SPPs using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) produces an outgoing circular plasmon wave on a thick (200 nm) gold film on glass containing holes of 250, 500 and 1000 nm diameter. Fourier plane images of the photons from hole-scattered plasmons show that the larger the hole diameter, the more directional the scattered radiation. These results are confirmed by a model where the hole is considered as a distribution of horizontal dipoles whose relative amplitudes, directions, and phases depend linearly on the local SPP electric field. An SPP-Young's experiment is also performed, where the STM-excited SPP wave is incident on a pair of 1 μm diameter holes in the thick gold film. The visibility of the resulting fringes in the Fourier plane is analyzed to show that the polarization of the electric field is maintained when SPPs scatter into photons. From this SPP-Young's experiment, an upper bound of ≈200 nm for the radius of this STM-excited source of surface plasmon polaritons is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Tisler J, Oeckinghaus T, Stöhr RJ, Kolesov R, Reuter R, Reinhard F, Wrachtrup J. Single defect center scanning near-field optical microscopy on graphene. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3152-6. [PMID: 23795752 DOI: 10.1021/nl401129m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a scanning-probe microscope based on an atomic-size emitter, a single nitrogen-vacancy center in a nanodiamond. We employ this tool to quantitatively map the near-field coupling between the NV center and a flake of graphene in three dimensions with nanoscale resolution. Further we demonstrate universal energy transfer distance scaling between a point-like atomic emitter and a two-dimensional acceptor. Our study paves the way toward a versatile single emitter scanning microscope, which could image and excite molecular-scale light fields in photonic nanostructures or single fluorescent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tisler
- 3. Institute of Physics, Stuttgart University , 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Drezet A, Genet C. Imaging surface plasmons: from leaky waves to far-field radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:213901. [PMID: 23745876 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We show that, contrary to the common wisdom, surface plasmon poles are not involved in the imaging process in leakage radiation microscopy. Identifying the leakage radiation modes directly from a transverse magnetic potential leads us to reconsider the surface plasmon field and unfold the nonplasmonic contribution to the image formation. While both contributions interfere in the imaging process, our analysis reveals that the reassessed plasmonic field embodies a pole mathematically similar to the usual surface plasmon pole. This removes a long-standing ambiguity associated with plasmonic signals in leakage radiation microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Drezet
- Institut Néel, UPR 2940, CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, 25, rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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20
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Krachmalnicoff V, Cao D, Cazé A, Castanié E, Pierrat R, Bardou N, Collin S, Carminati R, De Wilde Y. Towards a full characterization of a plasmonic nanostructure with a fluorescent near-field probe. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:11536-11545. [PMID: 23670010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.011536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental and theoretical study of the spatial fluctuations of the local density of states (EM-LDOS) and of the fluorescence intensity in the near-field of a gold nanoantenna. EM-LDOS, fluorescence intensity and topography maps are acquired simultaneously by scanning a fluorescent nanosource grafted on the tip of an atomic force microscope at the surface of the sample. The results are in good quantitative agreement with numerical simulations. This work paves the way for a full near-field characterization of an optical nanoantenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Krachmalnicoff
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech & CNRS UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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21
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Masenelli B, Mollet O, Boisron O, Canut B, Ledoux G, Bluet JM, Mélinon P, Dujardin C, Huant S. YAG:Ce nanoparticle lightsources. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:165703. [PMID: 23535555 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/16/165703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the luminescence properties of 10 nm yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) nanoparticles doped with Ce ions at 0.2%, 4% and 13% that are designed as active probes for scanning near-field optical microscopy. They are produced by a physical method without any subsequent treatment, which is imposed by the desired application. The structural analysis reveals the amorphous nature of the particles, which we relate to some compositional defects as indicated by the elemental analysis. The optimum emission is obtained with a doping level of 4%. The emission of the YAG nanoparticles doped at 0.2% is strongly perturbed by the crystalline disorder whereas the 13% doped particles hardly exhibit any luminescence. In the latter case, the presence of Ce(4+) ions is confirmed, indicating that the Ce concentration is too high to be incorporated efficiently in YAG nanoparticles in the trivalent state. By a unique procedure combining cathodoluminescence and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, we demonstrate that the enhancement of the particle luminescence yield is not proportional to the doping concentration, the emission enhancement being larger than the Ce concentration increase. Time-resolved photoluminescence reveals the presence of quenching centres likely related to the crystalline disorder as well as the presence of two distinct Ce ion populations. Eventually, nano-cathodoluminescence indicates that the emission and therefore the distribution of the doping Ce ions and of the defects are homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Masenelli
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, UMR 5270 CNRS and INSA Lyon, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, Université de Lyon F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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22
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Geiselmann M, Juan ML, Renger J, Say JM, Brown LJ, de Abajo FJG, Koppens F, Quidant R. Three-dimensional optical manipulation of a single electron spin. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:175-9. [PMID: 23396312 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres in diamond are promising elemental blocks for quantum optics, spin-based quantum information processing and high-resolution sensing. However, fully exploiting the capabilities of these NV centres requires suitable strategies to accurately manipulate them. Here, we use optical tweezers as a tool to achieve deterministic trapping and three-dimensional spatial manipulation of individual nanodiamonds hosting a single NV spin. Remarkably, we find that the NV axis is nearly fixed inside the trap and can be controlled in situ by adjusting the polarization of the trapping light. By combining this unique spatial and angular control with coherent manipulation of the NV spin and fluorescence lifetime measurements near an integrated photonic system, we demonstrate individual optically trapped NV centres as a novel route for both three-dimensional vectorial magnetometry and sensing of the local density of optical states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Geiselmann
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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23
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Tsukanov AV. NV centers in diamond. Part III: Quantum algorithms, scaling, and hybrid systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063739713010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Mollet O, Huant S, Drezet A. Scanning plasmonic microscopy by image reconstruction from the Fourier space. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:28923-28928. [PMID: 23263132 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.028923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple scheme for high-resolution imaging of nanoplasmonic structures that basically removes most of the resolution limiting allowed light usually transmitted to the far field. This is achieved by implementing a Fourier lens in a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) operating in the leakage-radiation microscopy (LRM) mode. The method consists of reconstructing optical images solely from the plasmonic 'forbidden' light collected in the Fourier space. It is demonstrated by using a point-like nanodiamond-based tip that illuminates a thin gold film patterned with a sub-wavelength annular slit. The reconstructed image of the slit shows a spatial resolution enhanced by a factor ~/= 4 compared to NSOM images acquired directly in the real space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Mollet
- Institut N´eel, CNRS and Universit´e Joseph Fourier, BP166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex, France
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25
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Guo X, Tong L. Single-mode plasmonic waveguiding properties of metal nanowires with dielectric substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:19006-19015. [PMID: 23038541 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.019006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-mode plasmonic waveguiding properties of metal nanowires with dielectric substrates are investigated using a finite-element method. Au and Ag are selected as plasmonic materials for nanowire waveguides with diameters down to 5-nm-level. Typical dielectric materials with relatively low to high refractive indices, including magnesium fluoride (MgF2), silica (SiO2), indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), are used as supporting substrates. Basic waveguiding properties, including propagation constants, power distributions, effective mode areas, propagation distances and losses are obtained at the typical plasmonic resonance wavelength of 660 nm. Compared to that of a freestanding nanowire, the mode area of a substrate-supported nanowire could be much smaller while maintaining an acceptable propagation length. For example, the mode area and propagation length of a 100-nm-diameter Ag nanowire with a MgF2 substrate are about 0.004 μm2 and 3.4 μm, respectively. The dependences of waveguiding properties on geometric and material parameters of the nanowire-substrate system are also provided. Our results may provide valuable references for waveguiding dielectric-supported metal nanowires for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipei Wang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanoscience, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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26
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Marty R, Girard C, Arbouet A, Colas des Francs G. Near-field coupling of a point-like dipolar source with a thin metallic film: Implication for STM plasmon excitations. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Cuche A, Mahboub O, Devaux E, Genet C, Ebbesen TW. Plasmonic coherent drive of an optical trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:026801. [PMID: 22324703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.026801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that optical trapping can be driven by delocalized surface plasmon modes resonantly excited within a standing wave trap. Dynamical modifications are shown to be determined by the near-field symmetry of the plasmonic modes with negligible thermal effect. With low trapping powers and polarization control, remarkable stiffness enhancements are recorded, the larger the smaller the particle. The results can be simply modeled accounting for a coherent interaction between the plasmon field and the Gaussian standing wave of the trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuche
- ISIS, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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28
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Hohenau A, Krenn JR, Drezet A, Mollet O, Huant S, Genet C, Stein B, Ebbesen TW. Surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy at the diffraction limit. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:25749-62. [PMID: 22273967 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.025749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the image formation process in optical leakage radiation microscopy of surface plasmon-polaritons with diffraction limited spatial resolution. The comparison of experimentally recorded images with simulations of point-like surface plasmon-polariton emitters allows for an assignment of the observed fringe patterns. A simple formula for the prediction of the fringe periodicity is presented and practically relevant effects of abberations in the imaging system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hohenau
- Institute of Physics, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitatsplatz 5,8010 Graz, Austria.
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29
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Frimmer M, Chen Y, Koenderink AF. Scanning emitter lifetime imaging microscopy for spontaneous emission control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:123602. [PMID: 22026769 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental technique to map and exploit the local density of optical states of arbitrary planar nanophotonic structures. The method relies on positioning a spontaneous emitter attached to a scanning probe deterministically and reversibly with respect to its photonic environment while measuring its lifetime. We demonstrate the method by imaging the enhancement of the local density of optical states around metal nanowires. By nanopositioning, the decay rate of a pointlike source of fluorescence can be reversibly and repeatedly changed by a factor of 2 by coupling it to the guided plasmonic mode of the wire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frimmer
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Wang T, Boer-Duchemin E, Zhang Y, Comtet G, Dujardin G. Excitation of propagating surface plasmons with a scanning tunnelling microscope. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:175201. [PMID: 21411910 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/17/175201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Inelastic electron tunnelling excitation of propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on a thin gold film is demonstrated. This is done by combining a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) with an inverted optical microscope. Analysis of the leakage radiation in both the image and Fourier planes unambiguously shows that the majority (up to 99.5%) of the detected photons originate from propagating SPPs with propagation lengths of the order of 10 µm. The remaining photon emission is localized under the STM tip and is attributed to a tip-gold film coupled plasmon resonance as evidenced by the bimodal spectral distribution and enhanced emission intensity observed using a silver STM tip for excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaire d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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31
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Schell AW, Kewes G, Hanke T, Leitenstorfer A, Bratschitsch R, Benson O, Aichele T. Single defect centers in diamond nanocrystals as quantum probes for plasmonic nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:7914-20. [PMID: 21503103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.007914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present two applications of a single nitrogen vacancy center in a nanodiamond as quantum probe for plasmonic nanostructures. Coupling to the nanostructures is achieved in a highly controlled manner by picking up a pre-characterized nanocrystal with an atomic force microscope and placing it at the desired position. Local launching of single excitations into a nanowire with a spatial control of few nanometers is demonstrated. Further, a two dimensional map of the electromagnetic environment of a plasmonic bowtie antenna was derived, resembling an ultimate limit of fluorescence lifetime nanoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Schell
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Physics, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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