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Kim MW, Park SW, Park KT, Min BJ, Ku JH, Ko JY, Choi JS, No YS. All-Graphene-Contact Electrically Pumped On-Demand Transferrable Nanowire Source. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1316-1323. [PMID: 35049311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
On-demand NW light sources in a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) have faced several practical challenges. Here, we report on an all-graphene-contact, electrically pumped, on-demand transferrable NW source that is fabricated by implementing an all-graphene-contact approach in combination with a highly accurate microtransfer printing technique. A vertically p-i-n-doped top-down-fabricated semiconductor NW with optical gain structures is electrically pumped through the patterned multilayered graphene contacts. Electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy results reveal that the electrically driven NW device exhibits strong EL emission between the contacts and displays waveguiding properties. Further, a single NW device is precisely integrated into an existing photonic waveguide to perform light coupling and waveguiding experiments. Three-dimensional numerical simulation results show a good agreement with experimental observations. We believe that our all-graphene-contact approach is readily applicable to various micro/nanostructures and devices, which facilitates stable electrical operation and thus extends their practical applicability in compact integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Woo Kim
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Wook Park
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tae Park
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ju Min
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Ku
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Ko
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sik Choi
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Shin No
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ochs M, Zurak L, Krauss E, Meier J, Emmerling M, Kullock R, Hecht B. Nanoscale Electrical Excitation of Distinct Modes in Plasmonic Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4225-4230. [PMID: 33929199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrical excitation of guided plasmonic modes at the nanoscale enables integration of optical nanocircuitry into nanoelectronics. In this context, exciting plasmons with a distinct modal field profile constitutes a key advantage over conventional single-mode integrated photonics. Here, we demonstrate the selective electrical excitation of the lowest-order symmetric and antisymmetric plasmonic modes in a two-wire transmission line. We achieve mode selectivity by precisely positioning nanoscale excitation sources, i.e., junctions for inelastic electron tunneling, within the respective modal field distribution. By using advanced fabrication that combines focused He-ion beam milling and dielectrophoresis, we control the location of tunnel junctions with sub-10 nm accuracy. At the far end of the two-wire transmission line, the guided plasmonic modes are converted into far-field radiation at separate spatial positions showing two distinct orthogonal polarizations. Hence, the resulting device represents the smallest electrically driven light source with directly switchable polarization states with possible applications in display technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ochs
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luka Zurak
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enno Krauss
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Meier
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Monika Emmerling
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - René Kullock
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bert Hecht
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Shin JH, Rhu H, Ji YB, Oh SJ, Lee W. Anodically Induced Chemical Etching of GaAs Wafers for a GaAs Nanowire-Based Flexible Terahertz Wave Emitter. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50703-50712. [PMID: 33125230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A generic top-down approach for the preparation of extended arrays of high-aspect ratio GaAs nanowires (NWs) with different crystallographic orientations (i.e., [100] or [111]) and morphologies (i.e., porous, nonporous, tapered, or awl-like NWs) is reported. The method is based on the anodically induced chemical etching (AICE) of GaAs wafers in an oxidant-free aqueous HF solution at room temperature by using a patterned metal mesh and allows us to overcome the drawbacks of conventional metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) processes. Local oxidative dissolution of GaAs in contact with a metal is achieved by externally injecting holes (h+) into the valence band (VB) of GaAs through the metal mesh. It is found that injection of holes (h+) through direct GaAs contact, rather than the metal mesh, does not yield uniform nanowires but porosify GaAs wafers due to the high cell potential. On the basis of experiments and numerical simulation for the spatial distribution of an electric field, a phenomenological model that explains the formation of GaAs NWs and their porosification behaviors is proposed. GaAs NWs exhibit excellent terahertz (THz) wave emission properties, which vary with either the length or the shape of the nanowires. By taking advantage of controlled porosification and easy transfer of GaAs NWs to foreign substrates, a flexible THz wave emitter is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Shin
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Rhu
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Ji
- Gimhae Industry promotion & Bio-medical Foundation (GIBF), Gimhae, 50969 Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Oh
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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4
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A Low-Threshold Miniaturized Plasmonic Nanowire Laser with High-Reflectivity Metal Mirrors. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101928. [PMID: 32992493 PMCID: PMC7601224 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A reflectivity-enhanced hybrid plasmonic GaAs/AlGaAs core-shell nanowire laser is proposed and studied by 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations. The results demonstrate that by introducing thin metal mirrors at both ends, the end facet reflectivity of nanowire is increased by 30–140%, resulting in a much stronger optical feedback. Due to the enhanced interaction between the surface charge oscillation and light, the electric field intensity inside the dielectric gap layer increases, resulting in a much lower threshold gain. For a small diameter in the range of 100–150 nm, the threshold gain is significantly reduced to 60–80% that of nanowire without mirrors. Moreover, as the mode energy is mainly concentrated in the gap between the nanowire and metal substrate, the output power maintains >60% that of nanowire without mirrors in the diameter range of 100–150 nm. The low-threshold miniaturized plasmonic nanowire laser with simple processing technology is promising for low-consumption ultra-compact optoelectronic integrated circuits and on-chip communications.
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Parzefall M, Novotny L. Optical antennas driven by quantum tunneling: a key issues review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:112401. [PMID: 31491785 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab4239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Analogous to radio- and microwave antennas, optical nanoantennas are devices that receive and emit radiation at optical frequencies. Until recently, the realization of electrically driven optical antennas was an outstanding challenge in nanophotonics. In this review we discuss and analyze recent reports in which quantum tunneling-specifically inelastic electron tunneling-is harnessed as a means to convert electrical energy into photons, mediated by optical antennas. To aid this analysis we introduce the fundamentals of optical antennas and inelastic electron tunneling. Our discussion is focused on recent progress in the field and on future directions and opportunities.
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Zhang C, Hugonin JP, Coutrot AL, Sauvan C, Marquier F, Greffet JJ. Antenna surface plasmon emission by inelastic tunneling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4949. [PMID: 31666511 PMCID: PMC6821910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface plasmons polaritons are mixed electronic and electromagnetic waves. They have become a workhorse of nanophotonics because plasmonic modes can be confined in space at the nanometer scale and in time at the 10 fs scale. However, in practice, plasmonic modes are often excited using diffraction-limited beams. In order to take full advantage of their potential for sensing and information technology, it is necessary to develop a microscale ultrafast electrical source of surface plasmons. Here, we report the design, fabrication and characterization of nanoantennas to emit surface plasmons by inelastic electron tunneling. The antenna controls the emission spectrum, the emission polarization, and enhances the emission efficiency by more than three orders of magnitude. We introduce a theoretical model of the antenna in good agreement with the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Paul Hugonin
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anne-Lise Coutrot
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christophe Sauvan
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - François Marquier
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Greffet
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127, Palaiseau, France.
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7
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Janipour M, Misirlioglu IB, Sendur K. A Theoretical Treatment of THz Resonances in Semiconductor GaAs p-n Junctions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:ma12152412. [PMID: 31362342 PMCID: PMC6695625 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor heterostructures are suitable for the design and fabrication of terahertz (THz) plasmonic devices, due to their matching carrier densities. The classical dispersion relations in the current literature are derived for metal plasmonic materials, such as gold and silver, for which a homogeneous dielectric function is valid. Penetration of the electric fields into semiconductors induces locally varying charge densities and a spatially varying dielectric function is expected. While such an occurrence renders tunable THz plasmonics a possibility, it is crucial to understand the conditions under which propagating resonant conditions for the carriers occur, upon incidence of an electromagnetic radiation. In this manuscript, we derive a dispersion relation for a p-n heterojunction and apply the methodology to a GaAs p-n junction, a material of interest for optoelectronic devices. Considering symmetrically doped p- and n-type regions with equal width, the effect of certain parameters (such as doping and voltage bias) on the dispersion curve of the p-n heterojunction were investigated. Keeping in sight the different effective masses and mobilities of the carriers, we were able to obtain the conditions that yield identical dielectric functions for the p- and n-regions. Our results indicated that the p-n GaAs system can sustain propagating resonances and can be used as a layered plasmonic waveguide. The conditions under which this is feasible fall in the frequency region between the transverse optical phonon resonance of GaAs and the traditional cut-off frequency of the diode waveguide. In addition, our results indicated when the excitation was slightly above the phonon resonance frequency, the plasmon propagation attained low-loss characteristics. We also showed that the existence or nonexistence of the depletion zone between the p- and n- interfaces allowed certain plasmon modes to propagate, while others decayed rapidly, pointing out the possibility for a design of selective filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Janipour
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - I Burc Misirlioglu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kursat Sendur
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Cui W, Peng W, Yu L, Luo X, Gao H, Chu S, Masson JF. Hybrid Nanodisk Film for Ultra-Narrowband Filtering, Near-Perfect Absorption and Wide Range Sensing. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030334. [PMID: 30832315 PMCID: PMC6473987 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The miniaturization and integration of photonic devices are new requirements in the novel optics field due to the development of photonic information technology. In this paper, we report that a multifunctional layered structure of Au, SiO2 and hexagonal nanodisk film is advantageous for ultra-narrowband filtering, near-perfect absorption and sensing in a wide refractive index (RI) region. This hexagonal nanostructure presented two remarkable polarization independent plasmon resonances with near-zero reflectivity and near-perfect absorptivity under normal incidence in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. The narrowest full width at half maximum (FWHM) of these resonances was predicted to be excellent at 5 nm. More notably, the double plasmon resonances showed extremely obvious differences in RI responses. For the first plasmon resonance, an evident linear redshift was observed in a wide RI range from 1.00 to 1.40, and a high RI sensitivity of 600 nm/RIU was obtained compared to other plasmonic nanostructures, such as square and honeycomb-like nanostructures. For the second plasmon resonance with excellent FWHM at 946 nm, its wavelength position almost remained unmovable in the case of changing RI surrounding nanodisks in the same regime. Most unusually, its resonant wavelength was insensitive to nearly all structural parameters except the structural period. The underlying physical mechanism was analyzed in detail for double plasmon resonances. This work was significant in developing high-performance integrated optical devices for filtering, absorbing and biomedical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Cui
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
- College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Li Yu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- College of mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Huixuan Gao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Shuwen Chu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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9
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Wu J, Du Y, Xia J, Zhang T, Lei W, Wang B. Dynamically Tunable Light Absorbers as Color Filters Based on Electrowetting Technology. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9010070. [PMID: 30621315 PMCID: PMC6359029 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A device that uses the electrowetting fluid manipulation technology to realize the reversible and dynamical modulation of the local surface plasmon resonance is invented. By varying the electrowetting voltage, the distribution of fluids media surrounding the grating structure get changed accordingly, causing the modulation of the plasmonic resonance peak. The simulation results indicated that three primary colors, that are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY) can be respectively reflected through selecting suitable structural parameters. More importantly, for the first time, the invented fluid-based devices have exhibited fine-tuning characteristics for each primary color. Finally, the device has been proved to have a large color gamut range in the Commission International De L’E’clairage (CIE) 1931 color space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yaqiong Du
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jun Xia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Wei Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Baoping Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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10
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Cao S, Le Moal E, Jiang Q, Drezet A, Huant S, Hugonin JP, Dujardin G, Boer-Duchemin E. Directional light beams by design from electrically driven elliptical slit antennas. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2361-2371. [PMID: 30254831 PMCID: PMC6142739 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on the low-energy, electrical generation of light beams in specific directions from planar elliptical microstructures. The emission direction of the beam is determined by the microstructure eccentricity. A very simple, broadband, optical antenna design is used, which consists of a single elliptical slit etched into a gold film. The light beam source is driven by an electrical nanosource of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) that is located at one focus of the ellipse. In this study, SPPs are generated through inelastic electron tunneling between a gold surface and the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiyan Cao
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Eric Le Moal
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Quanbo Jiang
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Drezet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Huant
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Paul Hugonin
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gérald Dujardin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Elizabeth Boer-Duchemin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
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11
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Wei H, Pan D, Zhang S, Li Z, Li Q, Liu N, Wang W, Xu H. Plasmon Waveguiding in Nanowires. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2882-2926. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Deng Pan
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shunping Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Nano-Structure (NPNS), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Wenhui Wang
- School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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12
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Jeong H, Kim D, Xiang D, Lee T. High-Yield Functional Molecular Electronic Devices. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6511-6548. [PMID: 28578582 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An ultimate goal of molecular electronics, which seeks to incorporate molecular components into electronic circuit units, is to generate functional molecular electronic devices using individual or ensemble molecules to fulfill the increasing technical demands of the miniaturization of traditional silicon-based electronics. This review article presents a summary of recent efforts to pursue this ultimate aim, covering the development of reliable device platforms for high-yield ensemble molecular junctions and their utilization in functional molecular electronic devices, in which distinctive electronic functionalities are observed due to the functional molecules. In addition, other aspects pertaining to the practical application of molecular devices such as manufacturing compatibility with existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, their integration, and flexible device applications are also discussed. These advances may contribute to a deeper understanding of charge transport characteristics through functional molecular junctions and provide a desirable roadmap for future practical molecular electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhak Jeong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dongku Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
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13
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Bermúdez-Ureña E, Tutuncuoglu G, Cuerda J, Smith CLC, Bravo-Abad J, Bozhevolnyi SI, Fontcuberta i Morral A, García-Vidal FJ, Quidant R. Plasmonic Waveguide-Integrated Nanowire Laser. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:747-754. [PMID: 28045536 PMCID: PMC5301279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation optoelectronic devices and photonic circuitry will have to incorporate on-chip compatible nanolaser sources. Semiconductor nanowire lasers have emerged as strong candidates for integrated systems with applications ranging from ultrasensitive sensing to data communication technologies. Despite significant advances in their fundamental aspects, the integration within scalable photonic circuitry remains challenging. Here we report on the realization of hybrid photonic devices consisting of nanowire lasers integrated with wafer-scale lithographically designed V-groove plasmonic waveguides. We present experimental evidence of the lasing emission and coupling into the propagating modes of the V-grooves, enabling on-chip routing of coherent and subdiffraction confined light with room-temperature operation. Theoretical considerations suggest that the observed lasing is enabled by a waveguide hybrid photonic-plasmonic mode. This work represents a major advance toward the realization of application-oriented photonic circuits with integrated nanolaser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Bermúdez-Ureña
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques,
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gozde Tutuncuoglu
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Semiconducteurs, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Javier Cuerda
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cameron L. C. Smith
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jorge Bravo-Abad
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Anna Fontcuberta i Morral
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Semiconducteurs, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francisco J. García-Vidal
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques,
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA−Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Landreman PE, Chalabi H, Park J, Brongersma ML. Fabry-Perot description for Mie resonances of rectangular dielectric nanowire optical resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29760-29772. [PMID: 28059361 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We show that a dielectric nanowire (NW) with a rectangular cross section can effectively be modeled as a Fabry-Perot cavity formed by truncating a dielectric slab waveguide. By calculating the mode indices of the supported waveguide modes and the reflection phase pickup of the guided waves from the end facets, we can numerically predict the spectral locations of optical, Mie-like resonances for such NWs. This type of analysis must be performed twice in order to account for all resonances of these structures, corresponding to light propagating in the vertical or horizontal directions. The model shows excellent agreement with full-field simulations. We show how the refractive index of both the NW itself and neighboring materials and substrates impact the resonant properties. Our results can aid the development of NW-based optoelectronic devices, for which rectangular cross sections are much simpler to fabricate using top-down fabrication procedures.
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15
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Bigourdan F, Hugonin JP, Marquier F, Sauvan C, Greffet JJ. Nanoantenna for Electrical Generation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:106803. [PMID: 27015503 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Light emission by inelastic tunneling has been known for many years. Recently, this technique has been used to generate surface plasmons using a scanning tunneling microscope tip. The emission process suffers from a very low efficiency lower than a photon in 10^{4} electrons. We introduce a resonant plasmonic nanoantenna that allows both enhancing the power conversion to surface plasmon polaritons by more than 2 orders of magnitude and narrowing the emission spectrum. The physics of the emission process is analyzed in terms of local density of states and the efficiency of the nanoantenna to radiate surface plasmon polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bigourdan
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Paul Hugonin
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Francois Marquier
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Christophe Sauvan
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Greffet
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau, France
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16
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Cazier N, Buret M, Uskov AV, Markey L, Arocas J, Colas Des Francs G, Bouhelier A. Electrical excitation of waveguided surface plasmons by a light-emitting tunneling optical gap antenna. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:3873-3884. [PMID: 26907040 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.003873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new type of electroplasmonic interfacing component to electrically generate surface plasmons. Specifically, an electron-fed optical tunneling gap antenna is integrated on a plasmonic waveguiding platform. When electrical charges are injected in the tunneling barrier of the gap antenna, a broad-band radiation is emitted from the feed area by a process identified as a thermal emission of hot electrons. Part of the emitted photons couples to surface plasmon modes sustained by the waveguide geometry. The transducing optical antenna is thus acting as a localized electrical source of surface plasmon polaritons. The integration of electrically-activated optical antennas into a plasmonic architecture mitigates the need for complex coupling scheme and proposes a solution for realizing nanoscale units at the interface between nano-electronics and photonics.
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17
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Zakharko Y, Held M, Sadafi FZ, Gannott F, Mahdavi A, Peschel U, Taylor RK, Zaumseil J. On-Demand Coupling of Electrically Generated Excitons with Surface Plasmons via Voltage-Controlled Emission Zone Position. ACS PHOTONICS 2016; 3:1-7. [PMID: 26878028 PMCID: PMC4727928 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to confine and manipulate light below the diffraction limit is a major goal of future multifunctional optoelectronic/plasmonic systems. Here, we demonstrate the design and realization of a tunable and localized electrical source of excitons coupled to surface plasmons based on a polymer light-emitting field-effect transistor (LEFET). Gold nanorods that are integrated into the channel support localized surface plasmons and serve as nanoantennas for enhanced electroluminescence. By precise spatial control of the near-infrared emission zone in the LEFET via the applied voltages the near-field coupling between electrically generated excitons and the nanorods can be turned on or off as visualized by a change of electroluminescence intensity. Numerical calculations and spectroscopic measurements corroborate significant local electroluminescence enhancement due to the high local density of photonic states in the vicinity of the gold nanorods. Importantly, the integration of plasmonic nanostructures hardly influences the electrical performance of the LEFETs, thus, highlighting their mutual compatibility in novel active plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Held
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabrizio-Zagros Sadafi
- Institute
of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florentina Gannott
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Mahdavi
- Institute
of Optics, Information and Photonics and Graduate School in Advanced
Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulf Peschel
- Institute
of Optics, Information and Photonics and Graduate School in Advanced
Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Condensed
Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robin
N. Klupp Taylor
- Institute
of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Vardi Y, Cohen-Hoshen E, Shalem G, Bar-Joseph I. Fano Resonance in an Electrically Driven Plasmonic Device. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:748-752. [PMID: 26717292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an electrically driven plasmonic device consisting of a gold nanoparticle trapped in a gap between two electrodes. The tunneling current in the device generates plasmons, which decay radiatively. The emitted spectrum extends up to an energy that depends on the applied voltage. Characterization of the electrical conductance at low temperatures allows us to extract the voltage drop on each tunnel barrier and the corresponding emitted spectrum. In several devices we find a pronounced sharp asymmetrical dip in the spectrum, which we identify as a Fano resonance. Finite-difference time-domain calculations reveal that this resonance is due to interference between the nanoparticle and electrodes dipolar fields and can be conveniently controlled by the structural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Vardi
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Cohen-Hoshen
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Guy Shalem
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Israel Bar-Joseph
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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19
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Buret M, Uskov AV, Dellinger J, Cazier N, Mennemanteuil MM, Berthelot J, Smetanin IV, Protsenko IE, Colas-des-Francs G, Bouhelier A. Spontaneous Hot-Electron Light Emission from Electron-Fed Optical Antennas. NANO LETTERS 2015. [PMID: 26214575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale electronics and photonics are among the most promising research areas providing functional nanocomponents for data transfer and signal processing. By adopting metal-based optical antennas as a disruptive technological vehicle, we demonstrate that these two device-generating technologies can be interfaced to create an electronically driven self-emitting unit. This nanoscale plasmonic transmitter operates by injecting electrons in a contacted tunneling antenna feedgap. Under certain operating conditions, we show that the antenna enters a highly nonlinear regime in which the energy of the emitted photons exceeds the quantum limit imposed by the applied bias. We propose a model based upon the spontaneous emission of hot electrons that correctly reproduces the experimental findings. The electron-fed optical antennas described here are critical devices for interfacing electrons and photons, enabling thus the development of optical transceivers for on-chip wireless broadcasting of information at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Buret
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Alexander V Uskov
- Lebedev Physical Institute , Moscow, Russia
- ITMO University , Kronverkskiy 49, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jean Dellinger
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21078 Dijon, France
- ICube UMR 7357 CNRS-Télécom Physique Strasbourg , 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Cazier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Johann Berthelot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21078 Dijon, France
- The Institute of Photonic Sciences , 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | | | | | - Gérard Colas-des-Francs
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Bouhelier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21078 Dijon, France
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20
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Verre R, Yang ZJ, Shegai T, Käll M. Optical magnetism and plasmonic Fano resonances in metal-insulator-metal oligomers. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1952-8. [PMID: 25621936 DOI: 10.1021/nl504802r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of achieving optical magnetism at visible frequencies using plasmonic nanostructures has recently been a subject of great interest. The concept is based on designing structures that support plasmon modes with electron oscillation patterns that imitate current loops, that is, magnetic dipoles. However, the magnetic resonances are typically spectrally narrow, thereby limiting their applicability in, for example, metamaterial designs. We show that a significantly broader magnetic response can be realized in plasmonic pentamers constructed from metal-insulator-metal (MIM) sandwich particles. Each MIM unit acts as a magnetic meta-atom and the optical magnetism is rendered quasi-broadband through hybridization of the in-plane modes. We demonstrate that scattering spectra of individual MIM pentamers exhibit multiple Fano resonances and a broad subradiant spectral window that signals the magnetic interaction and a hierarchy of coupling effects in these intricate three-dimensional nanoparticle oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Verre
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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21
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Lee K, Lee SY, Jung J, Lee B. Plasmonic achromatic doublet lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:5800-5808. [PMID: 25836809 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.005800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An achromatic doublet lens (ADL) for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is designed. Similar to the conventional ADL, the proposed plasmonic ADL is composed of two lens layers with different dispersion relations. Considering these layers as effective media, their refractive indices with respect to the free-space wavelength are calculated. Geometric parameters of the lens are initially set according to the geometrical optic theory, and then optimized by reduced dimensional calculations. The performance of proposed device is verified by using full-wave simulations and compared with a double-convex plasmonic lens to verify its achromatic characteristics. It is shown that the standard deviation of the focal length shift is reduced from 668 nm to 168 nm, after introducing the ADL.
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22
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Zhou W, Chen XJ, Zhang JB, Li XH, Wang YQ, Goncharov AF. Vibrational, electronic and structural properties of wurtzite GaAs nanowires under hydrostatic pressure. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6472. [PMID: 25253566 PMCID: PMC4174565 DOI: 10.1038/srep06472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural, vibrational, and electronic properties of GaAs nanowires have been studied in the metastable wurtzite phase via Resonant Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements in diamond anvil cells under hydrostatic conditions between 0 and 23 GPa. The direct band gap E0 and the crystal field split-off gap E0 + Δ of wurtzite GaAs increase with pressure and their values become close to those of zinc-blende GaAs at 5 GPa, while being reported slightly larger at lower pressures. Above 21 GPa, a complete structural transition from the wurtzite to an orthorhombic phase is observed in both Raman and X-ray diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Center for Energy Matter in Extreme Environments, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Center for Energy Matter in Extreme Environments, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China [2] Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhang
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xin-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Center for Energy Matter in Extreme Environments, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Center for Energy Matter in Extreme Environments, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- 1] Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Center for Energy Matter in Extreme Environments, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China [2] Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C. 20015, U.S.A
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23
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Casadei A, Pecora EF, Trevino J, Forestiere C, Rüffer D, Russo-Averchi E, Matteini F, Tutuncuoglu G, Heiss M, Fontcuberta i Morral A, Dal Negro L. Photonic-plasmonic coupling of GaAs single nanowires to optical nanoantennas. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2271-8. [PMID: 24742076 DOI: 10.1021/nl404253x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We successfully demonstrate the plasmonic coupling between metal nanoantennas and individual GaAs nanowires (NWs). In particular, by using dark-field scattering and second harmonic excitation spectroscopy in partnership with analytical and full-vector FDTD modeling, we demonstrate controlled electromagnetic coupling between individual NWs and plasmonic nanoantennas with gap sizes varied between 90 and 500 nm. The significant electric field enhancement values (up to 20×) achieved inside the NW-nanoantennas gap regions allowed us to tailor the nonlinear optical response of NWs by engineering the plasmonic near-field coupling regime. These findings represent an initial step toward the development of coupled metal-semiconductor resonant nanostructures for the realization of next generation solar cells, detectors, and nonlinear optical devices with reduced footprints and energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Casadei
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Semiconducteurs Ecole, Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Landreman PE, Brongersma ML. Deep-subwavelength semiconductor nanowire surface plasmon polariton couplers. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:429-434. [PMID: 24382272 DOI: 10.1021/nl402980j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The increased importance of plasmonic devices has prompted a sizable research activity directed toward the development of ultracompact and high-performance couplers. Here, we present a novel scheme for efficient, highly localized, and directional sourcing of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) that relies on the excitation of leaky mode optical resonances supported by high-refractive index, semiconductor nanowires. High coupling efficiencies are demonstrated via finite difference frequency domain simulations and experimentally by leakage radiation microscopy. This efficiency is quantified by means of a coupling cross section, the magnitude of which can exceed twice the geometric cross section of the nanowire by exploiting its leaky resonant modes. We provide intuition into why the SPP coupling via certain wire modes is more effective than others based on their symmetry properties. Furthermore, we provide an example showing that dielectric scatterers may perform as well as metallic scatterers in coupling to SPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Landreman
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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25
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Li J, Wei H, Shen H, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Duan X, Xu H. Electrical source of surface plasmon polaritons based on hybrid Au-GaAs QW structures. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:8494-8499. [PMID: 23900526 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02749j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the electrical excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) based on a hybrid metal-semiconductor quantum well (QW) structure is investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and experiments. The metal-QW hybrid structure is made of a metal grating structure deposited on a semiconductor QW with small separation between them. When electron-hole pairs are excited using current injection into the QW, SPPs are generated and coupled out by a metal grating. The spectral and imaging measurements were performed to confirm the electrical excitation of SPPs. The hybrid structure could serve as a plasmonic source for integrated plasmonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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26
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Rai P, Hartmann N, Berthelot J, Arocas J, Colas des Francs G, Hartschuh A, Bouhelier A. Electrical excitation of surface plasmons by an individual carbon nanotube transistor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:026804. [PMID: 23889430 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.026804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here the realization of an integrated, electrically driven, source of surface plasmon polaritons. Light-emitting individual single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors were fabricated in a plasmonic-ready platform. The devices were operated at ambient conditions to act as an electroluminescence source localized near the contacting gold electrodes. We show that photon emission from the semiconducting channel can couple to propagating surface plasmons developing in the electrical terminals. Our results show that a common functional element can be operated for two different platforms emphasizing thus the high degree of compatibility between state-of-the-art nano-optoelectronics devices and a plasmonic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rai
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France
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27
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Dvořák P, Neuman T, Břínek L, Šamořil T, Kalousek R, Dub P, Varga P, Šikola T. Control and near-field detection of surface plasmon interference patterns. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2558-2563. [PMID: 23679961 DOI: 10.1021/nl400644r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tailoring of electromagnetic near-field properties is the central task in the field of nanophotonics. In addition to 2D optics for optical nanocircuits, confined and enhanced electric fields are utilized in detection and sensing, photovoltaics, spatially localized spectroscopy (nanoimaging), as well as in nanolithography and nanomanipulation. For practical purposes, it is necessary to develop easy-to-use methods for controlling the electromagnetic near-field distribution. By imaging optical near-fields using a scanning near-field optical microscope, we demonstrate that surface plasmon polaritons propagating from slits along the metal-dielectric interface form tunable interference patterns. We present a simple way how to control the resulting interference patterns both by variation of the angle between two slits and, for a fixed slit geometry, by a proper combination of laser beam polarization and inhomogeneous far-field illumination of the structure. Thus the modulation period of interference patterns has become adjustable and new variable patterns consisting of stripelike and dotlike motifs have been achieved, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dvořák
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, Brno 616 69, Czech Republic
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28
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Karaveli S, Weinstein AJ, Zia R. Direct modulation of lanthanide emission at sub-lifetime scales. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2264-2269. [PMID: 23597062 DOI: 10.1021/nl400883r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The long lifetime of lanthanide emitters can present a challenge for conventional pump-based modulation schemes, where the maximum switching speed is limited by the decay time of the excited state. However, spontaneous emission can also be controlled through the local optical environment. Here, we demonstrate a direct modulation scheme enabled by dynamic control of the local density of optical states (LDOS). Specifically, we exploit the LDOS differences between electric and magnetic dipole transitions near a metal mirror and demonstrate that rapid nanometer-scale mirror displacements can modulate the emission spectra of trivalent europium ions within their excited state lifetime. The dynamic LDOS modulation presented here can be readily extended to faster optical modulation schemes and applied to other long-lived emitters to control the direction, polarization, and spectrum of spontaneous emission at sublifetime scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Karaveli
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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29
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Miyata M, Takahara J. Colloidal quantum dot-based plasmon emitters with planar integration and long-range guiding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:7882-7890. [PMID: 23571879 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.007882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental demonstration of a quantum dot (QD)-based plasmon emitter controllably integrated in designed patterns on a thin metal film. The generation of surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) from optically excited QDs on a thin metal film is experimentally demonstrated. Long-range, low-dispersion, two-dimensional isotropic guiding, as well as efficient coupling of the SPPs are also shown. The realization of planar, low loss and efficient plasmon emitter-waveguide integration will offer further development of plasmon circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miyata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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30
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No YS, Choi JH, Ee HS, Hwang MS, Jeong KY, Lee EK, Seo MK, Kwon SH, Park HG. A double-strip plasmonic waveguide coupled to an electrically driven nanowire LED. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:772-776. [PMID: 23324101 DOI: 10.1021/nl3044822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the efficient integration of an electrically driven nanowire (NW) light source with a double-strip plasmonic waveguide. A top-down-fabricated GaAs NW light-emitting diode (LED) is placed between two straight gold strip waveguides with the gap distance decreasing to 30 nm at the end of the waveguide and operated by current injection through the p-contact electrode acting as a plasmonic waveguide. Measurements of polarization-resolved images and spectra show that the light emission from the NW LED was coupled to a plasmonic waveguide mode, propagated through the waveguide, and was focused onto a subwavelength-sized spot of surface plasmon polaritons at the tapered end of the waveguide. Numerical simulation agreed well with these experimental results, confirming that a symmetric plasmonic waveguide mode was excited on the top surface of the waveguide. Our demonstration of a plasmonic waveguide coupled to an electrically driven NW LED represents important progress toward further miniaturization and practical implementation of ultracompact photonic integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Shin No
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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