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Jiang Y, Wang H, Baek J, Ka D, Huynh AH, Wang Y, Zachariah MR, Zheng X. Perfluoroalkyl-Functionalized Graphene Oxide as a Multifunctional Additive for Promoting the Energetic Performance of Aluminum. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14658-14665. [PMID: 36099637 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a widely used metal fuel for energetic applications ranging from space propulsion and exploration, and materials processing, to power generation for nano- and microdevices due to its high energy density and earth abundance. Recently, the ignition and combustion performance of Al particles were found to be improved by graphene-based additives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and graphene fluoride (GF), as their reactions provide heat to accelerate Al oxidation, gas to reduce particle agglomeration, and fluorine-containing species to remove Al2O3. However, GF is not only expensive but also hydrophobic with poor mixing compatibility with Al particles. Herein, we report a multifunctional graphene-based additive for Al combustion, i.e., perfluoroalkyl-functionalized graphene oxide (CFGO), which integrates the benefits of GO and GF in one material. We compared the effects of CFGO to GO and GF on the ignition and combustion properties of nAl particles using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, temperature-jump ignition), Xe flash ignition, and constant-volume combustion test. These experiments confirm that CFGO generates fluorine-containing species, heat, and gases, which collectively lower the ignition threshold, augment the energy release rate, and reduce the combustion product agglomeration of nanosized Al particles, outperforming both GO and GF as additives. This work shows the great potential of using multifunctionalized graphene as an integrated additive for enhancing the ignition and combustion of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jihyun Baek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dongwon Ka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Andy Huu Huynh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Abstract
Primers are used to reliably initiate a secondary explosive in a wide range of industrial and defence applications. However, established primer technologies pose both direct and indirect risks to health and safety. This review analyses a new generation of primer materials and ignition control mechanisms that have been developed to address these risks in firearms. Electrically or optically initiated metal, oxide and semiconductor-based devices show promise as alternatives for heavy metal percussive primers. The prospects for wider use of low-cost, safe, reliable and non-toxic primers are discussed in view of these developments.
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Yang F, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhong M, Yi Z, Liu X, Kang X, Luo J, Li J, Wang CY, Zhao HB, Fu ZB, Tang YJ. Enhanced Photothermal Effect in Ultralow-Density Carbon Aerogels with Microporous Structures for Facile Optical Ignition Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7250-7260. [PMID: 30672688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The exact mechanism responsible for the phenomenon known as photoignition with an enhanced photothermal effect in high-surface-area carbon with the addition of a metal catalyst is an open issue. Here, we report the first successful flash ignition of a pure carbon material in ambient air microporous carbon aerogels (CAs) with ultralow density and high surface area. Under flash exposure, the CAs show a strong local heat confinement effect near microporous structures (0.6-2 nm), and the graphite crystallite structures existing in single carbon nanoparticles (∼15 nm) are damaged. The local heat confinement effects are mainly derived from the low gaseous thermal conductivity in micropores and low solid thermal conductivity in low-density CAs. In addition, the limiting effects of the microporous structure on the vibration amplitude of free-state electrons in low-density CAs result in a dramatic increase in optical absorption. Numerical simulations of unsteady temperature fields of CAs with different densities and thicknesses are also performed, and the calculated maximum temperature of a 17 μm-thick 20 mg/cm3 CA bed is 1782 °C. CAs with higher density can also give rise to enhanced photothermal response and ignition with the addition of metal Fe nanoparticles. The metal catalyst increases both the light absorption capacity in the visible-light range and the heat accumulation capacity. These results are important for understanding the mechanism of flash ignition, especially the local high temperature and effects of metal catalyst in carbon materials during the photothermal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
- Institute of Modern Physics , Fudan University , Shanghai 200082 , China
| | - Yingjuan Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Xi Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Minglong Zhong
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
- Institute of Modern Physics , Fudan University , Shanghai 200082 , China
| | - Zao Yi
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Xichuan Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics , Fudan University , Shanghai 200082 , China
| | - Xiaoli Kang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Jiangshan Luo
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Jia Li
- Institute of Modern Physics , Fudan University , Shanghai 200082 , China
| | - Chao-Yang Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Zhi-Bing Fu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Yong-Jian Tang
- Institute of Modern Physics , Fudan University , Shanghai 200082 , China
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Huang S, Parimi VS, Deng S, Lingamneni S, Zheng X. Facile Thermal and Optical Ignition of Silicon Nanoparticles and Micron Particles. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5925-5930. [PMID: 28873319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) particles are widely utilized as high-capacity electrodes for Li-ion batteries, elements for thermoelectric devices, agents for bioimaging and therapy, and many other applications. However, Si particles can ignite and burn in air at elevated temperatures or under intense illumination. This poses potential safety hazards when handling, storing, and utilizing these particles for those applications. In order to avoid the problem of accidental ignition, it is critical to quantify the ignition properties of Si particles such as their sizes and porosities. To do so, we first used differential scanning calorimetry to experimentally determine the reaction onset temperature of Si particles under slow heating rates (∼0.33 K/s). We found that the reaction onset temperature of Si particles increased with the particle diameter from 805 °C at 20-30 nm to 935 °C at 1-5 μm. Then, we used a xenon (Xe) flash lamp to ignite Si particles under fast heating rates (∼103 to 106 K/s) and measured the minimum ignition radiant fluence (i.e., the radiant energy per unit surface area of Si particle beds required for ignition). We found that the measured minimum ignition radiant fluence decreased with decreasing Si particle size and was most sensitive to the porosity of the Si particle bed. These trends for the Xe flash ignition experiments were also confirmed by our one-dimensional unsteady simulation to model the heat transfer process. The quantitative information on Si particle ignition included in this Letter will guide the safe handling, storage, and utilization of Si particles for diverse applications and prevent unwanted fire hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Venkata Sharat Parimi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sili Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Srilakshmi Lingamneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Yang F, Kang X, Luo J, Sun L, Xia H, Yi Z, Tang Y. Laser emission from flash ignition of Zr/Al nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:A932-A939. [PMID: 29041303 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.00a932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the first laser emission from flash ignition of Zr/Al nanoparticles with the addition of strong oxidizer KClO4 using Nd: YAG as a laser medium. The mixture Zr/Al/Kp-45 (mass ratio = 33%Zr: 33%Al: 34%KClO4) has the highest brightness temperature Tb = 4615 K and the adiabatic flame temperature Tf = 4194 K with the duration of 20 ms. At 1064 nm we measured a maximum output energy of 702.5 mJ with the duration of nearly 10 ms by using only 100 mg mixture with an output coupler (transmission T = 10%). Further optimizing the concentration cavity and increasing the mixture content will yield much higher efficiency and output energy.
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Jin HM, Park DY, Jeong SJ, Lee GY, Kim JY, Mun JH, Cha SK, Lim J, Kim JS, Kim KH, Lee KJ, Kim SO. Flash Light Millisecond Self-Assembly of High χ Block Copolymers for Wafer-Scale Sub-10 nm Nanopatterning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700595. [PMID: 28635174 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental challenges encountered in successful incorporation of directed self-assembly in sub-10 nm scale practical nanolithography is the process compatibility of block copolymers with a high Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ). Herein, reliable, fab-compatible, and ultrafast directed self-assembly of high-χ block copolymers is achieved with intense flash light. The instantaneous heating/quenching process over an extremely high temperature (over 600 °C) by flash light irradiation enables large grain growth of sub-10 nm scale self-assembled nanopatterns without thermal degradation or dewetting in a millisecond time scale. A rapid self-assembly mechanism for a highly ordered morphology is identified based on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the block copolymers with strong segregation. Furthermore, this novel self-assembly mechanism is combined with graphoepitaxy to demonstrate the feasibility of ultrafast directed self-assembly of sub-10 nm nanopatterns over a large area. A chemically modified graphene film is used as a flexible and conformal light-absorbing layer. Subsequently, transparent and mechanically flexible nanolithography with a millisecond photothermal process is achieved leading the way for roll-to-roll processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Min Jin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Jeong
- Device Laboratory, Device & System Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute and Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Yong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Mun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Keun Cha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Lim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Semiconductor nanomaterials are emerging as a class of materials that can push the fundamental limits of current biomedical devices and possibly revolutionize healthcare. In particular, silicon nanostructures have been proven to be attractive systems for integrating nanoscale machines in biology because of their tunable electronic and optical properties, low cytotoxicity, and the vast microfabrication toolbox available for silicon. Studies have demonstrated that the implementation of next-generation silicon-based biomedical devices can benefit from the rational design of their nanoscale components. In this review, we will discuss some recent progress in this area, with a particular focus on the chemical synthesis of new silicon nanostructures and their emerging applications ranging from fundamental biophysical studies to clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Acaron Ledesma
- Biophysics graduate program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Wang J, Qiao Z, Yang Y, Shen J, Long Z, Li Z, Cui X, Yang G. Core-Shell Al-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Configurations to Enhance Reaction Kinetics and Energy Performance for Nanoenergetic Materials. Chemistry 2015; 22:279-84. [PMID: 26612396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The energy performance of solid energetic materials (Al, Mg, etc.) is typically restricted by a natural passivation layer and the diffusion-limited kinetics between the oxidizer and the metal. In this work, we use polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the fluorine carrier and the shielding layer to construct a new type of nano-Al based fuels. The PTFE shell not only prevents nano-Al layers from oxidation, but also assists in enhancing the reaction kinetics, greatly improving the stability and reactivity of fuels. An in situ chemical vapor deposition combined with the electrical explosion of wires (EEW) method is used to fabricate core-shell nanostructures. Studies show that by controlling the stoichiometric ratio of the precursors, the morphology of the PTFE shell and the energy performance can be easily tuned. The resultant composites exhibit superior energy output characters than that of their physically mixed Al/PTFE counterparts. This synthetic strategy might provide a general approach to prepare other high-energy fuels (Mg, Si).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhiqiang Qiao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Yuntao Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Jinpeng Shen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhang Long
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhaoqian Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010 (P. R. China)
| | - Xudong Cui
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China).
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China).
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