1
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Harada T, Suzuki Y, Nakato T, Breu J, Kawamata J. Real-Time Monitoring of Adsorption-Induced Scrolling of Colloidal Inorganic Nanosheets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9189-9196. [PMID: 38637013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic nanotubes have attracted much attention due to their unique physicochemical properties. Nanotubes can be prepared by scrolling exfoliated nanosheets under ambient conditions. However, how the nanosheet scrolled in its colloidal state has not been experimentally visualized. In this paper, we directly observed the scrolling process of nanosheets upon adsorption of organic cations. Exfoliated flat nanosheets of niobate and clay in aqueous colloids were found to scroll by adding organic cations, such as exfoliation reagents, to the colloids. Employment of cationic stilbazolium dye enabled in situ observation of the dye adsorption and scrolling by optical microscopy based on changes in color and morphology of the nanosheets. The scrolling was promoted for nanosheets adsorbed with a stilbazolium dye with a longer alkyl chain, suggesting that the interaction between the hydrophobic parts of the dye cations is the driving force of the scrolling. This finding should encourage research on the formation of nanotubes from nanosheets and also provides important guidelines for the selection of appropriate exfoliation reagents when exfoliating nanosheets from layered crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Harada
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jun Kawamata
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
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2
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Anyika T, Hong I, Ndukaife JC. Mirror-Enhanced Plasmonic Nanoaperture for Ultrahigh Optical Force Generation with Minimal Heat Generation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11416-11423. [PMID: 37987748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Double Nanohole Plasmonic Tweezers (DNH) have emerged as a powerful approach for confining light to sub-wavelength volume, enabling the trapping of nanoscale particles much smaller than the wavelength of light. However, to circumvent plasmonic heating effects, DNH tweezers are typically operated off-resonance, resulting in reduced optical forces and field enhancements. In this study, we introduce a novel DNH design with a reflector layer, enabling on-resonance illumination while minimizing plasmonic heating. This design efficiently dissipates heat and redistributes the electromagnetic hotspots, making them more accessible for trapping nanoscale particles and enhancing light-matter interactions. We also demonstrate low-power trapping and release of small extracellular vesicles. Our work opens new possibilities for trapping-assisted Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), plasmon-enhanced imaging, and single photon emission applications that demand strong light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Anyika
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ikjun Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Justus C Ndukaife
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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3
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Bellani S, Bartolotta A, Agresti A, Calogero G, Grancini G, Di Carlo A, Kymakis E, Bonaccorso F. Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for next-generation photovoltaics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11870-11965. [PMID: 34494631 PMCID: PMC8559907 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the ever-increasing energy demand scenario, the development of novel photovoltaic (PV) technologies is considered to be one of the key solutions to fulfil the energy request. In this context, graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials (GRMs), including nonlayered 2D materials and 2D perovskites, as well as their hybrid systems, are emerging as promising candidates to drive innovation in PV technologies. The mechanical, thermal, and optoelectronic properties of GRMs can be exploited in different active components of solar cells to design next-generation devices. These components include front (transparent) and back conductive electrodes, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting/recombination layers, as well as photoactive layers. The production and processing of GRMs in the liquid phase, coupled with the ability to "on-demand" tune their optoelectronic properties exploiting wet-chemical functionalization, enable their effective integration in advanced PV devices through scalable, reliable, and inexpensive printing/coating processes. Herein, we review the progresses in the use of solution-processed 2D materials in organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells, as well as in tandem systems. We first provide a brief introduction on the properties of 2D materials and their production methods by solution-processing routes. Then, we discuss the functionality of 2D materials for electrodes, photoactive layer components/additives, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting layers through figures of merit, which allow the performance of solar cells to be determined and compared with the state-of-the-art values. We finally outline the roadmap for the further exploitation of solution-processed 2D materials to boost the performance of PV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bartolotta
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calogero
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Grancini
- University of Pavia and INSTM, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- L.A.S.E. - Laboratory for Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049 Leninskiy Prosect 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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4
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Desgarceaux R, Santybayeva Z, Battistella E, Nord AL, Braun-Breton C, Abkarian M, Maragò OM, Charlot B, Pedaci F. High-Resolution Photonic Force Microscopy Based on Sharp Nanofabricated Tips. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4249-4255. [PMID: 32369369 PMCID: PMC7292031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although near-field imaging techniques reach sub-nanometer resolution on rigid samples, it remains extremely challenging to image soft interfaces, such as biological membranes, due to the deformations induced by the probe. In photonic force microscopy, optical tweezers are used to manipulate and measure the scanning probe, allowing imaging of soft materials without force-induced artifacts. However, the size of the optically trapped probe still limits the maximum resolution. Here, we show a novel and simple nanofabrication protocol to massively produce optically trappable quartz particles which mimic the sharp tips of atomic force microscopy. Imaging rigid nanostructures with our tips, we resolve features smaller than 80 nm. Scanning the membrane of living malaria-infected red blood cells reveals, with no visible artifacts, submicron features termed knobs, related to the parasite activity. The use of nanoengineered particles in photonic force microscopy opens the way to imaging soft samples at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Desgarceaux
- CBS
Un.Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34090, France
- IES, CNRS University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | | | - Ashley L. Nord
- CBS
Un.Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34090, France
| | | | | | - Onofrio M. Maragò
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina 98158, Italy
| | - Benoit Charlot
- IES, CNRS University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
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5
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Yu Y, Xiao TH, Li YX, Zeng QG, Li BQ, Li AZY. Tunable optical assembly of subwavelength particles by a microfiber cavity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:255201. [PMID: 30836343 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab0cc9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical assembly as a multiple optical trapping technique enables patterned arrangements of matter ranging from atoms to microparticles for diverse applications in biophysics, quantum physics, surface chemistry, and cell biology. Optical potential energy landscapes based on evanescent fields are conventionally employed for optical assembly of subwavelength particles, but are typically limited to predefined patterns and lacking in tunability. Here we present a microfiber photonic crystal cavity applicable for tunable optical assembly of subwavelength particles along a flexible path. This is enabled by excellent mechanical flexibility of the microfiber cavity as well as its broadband photonic crystal reflectors. By virtue of the broadband reflectors, the lattice constant of the assembled particles is precisely tunable via altering the wavelength of input light. Three-dimensional optical assembly is also realized by making use of the high-order transverse mode of the microfiber cavity. Moreover, the optical assembly process is detectable by simply monitoring the reflection/transmission spectrum of the microfiber cavity. The design of the microfiber cavity heralds a new way for tunable optical assembly of subwavelength particles, potentially applicable for development of tunable photonic crystals, metamaterials, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
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6
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Chiral optical tweezers for optically active particles in the T-matrix formalism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:29. [PMID: 30631081 PMCID: PMC6328542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling optical tweezers in the T-matrix formalism has been of key importance for accurate and efficient calculations of optical forces and their comparison with experiments. Here we extend this formalism to the modeling of chiral optomechanics and optical tweezers where chiral light is used for optical manipulation and trapping of optically active particles. We first use the Bohren decomposition to deal with the light scattering of chiral light on optically active particles. Thus, we show analytically that all the observables (cross sections, asymmetry parameters) are split into a helicity dependent and independent part and study a practical example of a complex resin particle with inner copper-coated stainless steel helices. Then, we apply this chiral T-matrix framework to optical tweezers where a tightly focused chiral field is used to trap an optically active spherical particle, calculate the chiral behaviour of optical trapping stiffnesses and their size scaling, and extend calculations to chiral nanowires and clusters of astrophysical interest. Such general light scattering framework opens perspectives for modeling optical forces on biological materials where optically active amino acids and carbohydrates are present.
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7
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Donato MG, Brzobohatý O, Simpson SH, Irrera A, Leonardi AA, Lo Faro MJ, Svak V, Maragò OM, Zemánek P. Optical Trapping, Optical Binding, and Rotational Dynamics of Silicon Nanowires in Counter-Propagating Beams. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:342-352. [PMID: 30525673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are held and manipulated in controlled optical traps based on counter-propagating beams focused by low numerical aperture lenses. The double-beam configuration compensates light scattering forces enabling an in-depth investigation of the rich dynamics of trapped nanowires that are prone to both optical and hydrodynamic interactions. Several polarization configurations are used, allowing the observation of optical binding with different stable structure as well as the transfer of spin and orbital momentum of light to the trapped silicon nanowires. Accurate modeling based on Brownian dynamics simulations with appropriate optical and hydrodynamic coupling confirms that this rich scenario is crucially dependent on the non-spherical shape of the nanowires. Such an increased level of optical control of multiparticle structure and dynamics open perspectives for nanofluidics and multi-component light-driven nanomachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Donato
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Oto Brzobohatý
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Stephen H Simpson
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS , Kralovopolska 147 , 61264 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Alessia Irrera
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Antonio A Leonardi
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Catania , I-95123 Catania , Italy
| | - Maria J Lo Faro
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Catania , I-95123 Catania , Italy
| | - Vojtěch Svak
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS , Kralovopolska 147 , 61264 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Onofrio M Maragò
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS , Kralovopolska 147 , 61264 Brno , Czech Republic
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8
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Donato MG, Messina E, Foti A, Smart TJ, Jones PH, Iatì MA, Saija R, Gucciardi PG, Maragò OM. Optical trapping and optical force positioning of two-dimensional materials. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1245-1255. [PMID: 29292452 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to the synthesis and characterization of two-dimensional materials. Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) represents a simple, large-scale method to exfoliate layered materials down to mono- and few-layer flakes. In this context, the contactless trapping, characterization, and manipulation of individual nanosheets hold perspectives for increased accuracy in flake metrology and the assembly of novel functional materials. Here, we use optical forces for high-resolution structural characterization and precise mechanical positioning of nanosheets of hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide obtained by LPE. Weakly optically absorbing nanosheets of boron nitride are trapped in optical tweezers. The analysis of the thermal fluctuations allows a direct measurement of optical forces and the mean flake size in a liquid environment. Measured optical trapping constants are compared with T-matrix light scattering calculations to show a quadratic size scaling for small size, as expected for a bidimensional system. In contrast, strongly absorbing nanosheets of molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide are not stably trapped due to the dominance of radiation pressure over the optical trapping force. Thus, optical forces are used to pattern a substrate by selectively depositing nanosheets in short times (minutes) and without any preparation of the surface. This study will be useful for improving ink-jet printing and for a better engineering of optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Donato
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98158, Messina, Italy.
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9
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Simpson SH, Zemánek P, Maragò OM, Jones PH, Hanna S. Optical Binding of Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3485-3492. [PMID: 28535340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple scattering of light induces structured interactions, or optical binding forces, between collections of small particles. This has been extensively studied in the case of microspheres. However, binding forces are strongly shape dependent: here, we turn our attention to dielectric nanowires. Using a novel numerical model we uncover rich behavior. The extreme geometry of the nanowires produces a sequence of stationary and dynamic states. In linearly polarized light, thermally stable ladder-like structures emerge. Lower symmetry, sagittate arrangements can also arise, whose configurational asymmetry unbalances the optical forces leading to nonconservative, translational motion. Finally, the addition of circular polarization drives a variety of coordinated rotational states whose dynamics expose fundamental properties of optical spin. These results suggest that optical binding can provide an increased level of control over the positions and motions of nanoparticles, opening new possibilities for driven self-organization and heralding a new field of self-assembling optically driven micromachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Simpson
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS , Kràlovopolskà 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS , Kràlovopolskà 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Onofrio M Maragò
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Philip H Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Simon Hanna
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
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10
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Optical trapping-assisted SERS platform for chemical and biosensing applications: Design perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Real-time monitoring and visualization of the multi-dimensional motion of an anisotropic nanoparticle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44167. [PMID: 28272445 PMCID: PMC5341161 DOI: 10.1038/srep44167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As interest in anisotropic particles has increased in various research fields, methods of tracking such particles have become increasingly desirable. Here, we present a new and intuitive method to monitor the Brownian motion of a nanowire, which can construct and visualize multi-dimensional motion of a nanowire confined in an optical trap, using a dual particle tracking system. We measured the isolated angular fluctuations and translational motion of the nanowire in the optical trap, and determined its physical properties, such as stiffness and torque constants, depending on laser power and polarization direction. This has wide implications in nanoscience and nanotechnology with levitated anisotropic nanoparticles.
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12
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Irrera A, Magazzù A, Artoni P, Simpson SH, Hanna S, Jones PH, Priolo F, Gucciardi PG, Maragò OM. Photonic Torque Microscopy of the Nonconservative Force Field for Optically Trapped Silicon Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4181-8. [PMID: 27280642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We measure, by photonic torque microscopy, the nonconservative rotational motion arising from the transverse components of the radiation pressure on optically trapped, ultrathin silicon nanowires. Unlike spherical particles, we find that nonconservative effects have a significant influence on the nanowire dynamics in the trap. We show that the extreme shape of the trapped nanowires yields a transverse component of the radiation pressure that results in an orbital rotation of the nanowire about the trap axis. We study the resulting motion as a function of optical power and nanowire length, discussing its size-scaling behavior. These shape-dependent nonconservative effects have implications for optical force calibration and optomechanics with levitated nonspherical particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Irrera
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Magazzù
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Artoni
- MATIS CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania , I-95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Stephen H Simpson
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, v.v.i. Czech Academy of Sciences , 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Hanna
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , BS8 1TL Bristol, U.K
| | - Philip H Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , WC1E 6BT London, U.K
| | - Francesco Priolo
- MATIS CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania , I-95123, Catania, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Catania, Università di Catania , I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Onofrio M Maragò
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina, Italy
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13
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Xu H, Jones S, Choi BC, Gordon R. Characterization of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles in Solution by Double Nanohole Optical Tweezers. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2639-43. [PMID: 26977716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We study individual superparamagnetic Fe3O4 (magnetite) nanoparticles in solution using a double nanohole optical tweezer with magnetic force setup. By analysis of the trapping optical transmission signal (step size, autocorrelation, the root-mean-square signal, and the distribution with applied magnetic field), we are able to measure the refractive index, magnetic susceptibility, remanence and size of each trapped nanoparticle. The size distribution is found to agree well with scanning electron microscopy measurements, and the permeability, magnetic susceptibility and remanence values are all in agreement with published results. Our approach demonstrates the versatility of the optical tweezer with magnetic field setup to characterize nanoparticles in fluidic mixtures with potential for isolation of desired particles and pick-and-place functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Steven Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Byoung-Chul Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria V8P 5C2, Canada
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14
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Mishra A, Clayton K, Velasco V, Williams SJ, Wereley ST. Dynamic optoelectric trapping and deposition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16005. [PMID: 31057816 PMCID: PMC6444741 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the path toward the realization of carbon nanotube (CNT)-driven electronics and sensors, the ability to precisely position CNTs at well-defined locations remains a significant roadblock. Highly complex CNT-based bottom-up structures can be synthesized if there is a method to accurately trap and place these nanotubes. In this study, we demonstrate that the rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP) technique can accomplish these tasks. By using laser-induced alternating current (AC) electrothermal flow and particle-electrode forces, REP can collect and maneuver a wide range of vertically aligned multiwalled CNTs (from a single nanotube to over 100 nanotubes) on an electrode surface. In addition, these trapped nanotubes can be electrophoretically deposited at any desired location onto the electrode surface. Apart from active control of the position of these deposited nanotubes, the number of CNTs in a REP trap can also be dynamically tuned by changing the AC frequency or by adjusting the concentration of the dispersed nanotubes. On the basis of a calculation of the stiffness of the REP trap, we found an upper limit of the manipulation speed, beyond which CNTs fall out of the REP trap. This peak manipulation speed is found to be dependent on the electrothermal flow velocity, which can be varied by changing the strength of the AC electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanish Mishra
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Katherine Clayton
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Vanessa Velasco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Stuart J. Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Steven T. Wereley
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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15
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Ferrari AC, Bonaccorso F, Fal'ko V, Novoselov KS, Roche S, Bøggild P, Borini S, Koppens FHL, Palermo V, Pugno N, Garrido JA, Sordan R, Bianco A, Ballerini L, Prato M, Lidorikis E, Kivioja J, Marinelli C, Ryhänen T, Morpurgo A, Coleman JN, Nicolosi V, Colombo L, Fert A, Garcia-Hernandez M, Bachtold A, Schneider GF, Guinea F, Dekker C, Barbone M, Sun Z, Galiotis C, Grigorenko AN, Konstantatos G, Kis A, Katsnelson M, Vandersypen L, Loiseau A, Morandi V, Neumaier D, Treossi E, Pellegrini V, Polini M, Tredicucci A, Williams GM, Hong BH, Ahn JH, Kim JM, Zirath H, van Wees BJ, van der Zant H, Occhipinti L, Di Matteo A, Kinloch IA, Seyller T, Quesnel E, Feng X, Teo K, Rupesinghe N, Hakonen P, Neil SRT, Tannock Q, Löfwander T, Kinaret J. Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4598-810. [PMID: 25707682 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 984] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
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16
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Magazzú A, Spadaro D, Donato MG, Sayed R, Messina E, D’Andrea C, Foti A, Fazio B, Iatí MA, Irrera A, Saija R, Gucciardi PG, Maragó OM. Optical tweezers: a non-destructive tool for soft and biomaterial investigations. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Al Balushi AA, Kotnala A, Wheaton S, Gelfand RM, Rajashekara Y, Gordon R. Label-free free-solution nanoaperture optical tweezers for single molecule protein studies. Analyst 2015; 140:4760-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanoaperture optical tweezers have enabled studies of single nanoparticles like proteins in label-free, free-solution environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Al Balushi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Abhay Kotnala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Skyler Wheaton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Ryan M. Gelfand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Yashaswini Rajashekara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
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18
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Griesshammer M, Rohrbach A. 5D-Tracking of a nanorod in a focused laser beam--a theoretical concept. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:6114-32. [PMID: 24663946 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Back-focal plane (BFP) interferometry is a very fast and precise method to track the 3D position of a sphere within a focused laser beam using a simple quadrant photo diode (QPD). Here we present a concept of how to track and recover the 5D state of a cylindrical nanorod (3D position and 2 tilt angles) in a laser focus by analyzing the interference of unscattered light and light scattered at the cylinder. The analytical theoretical approach is based on Rayleigh-Gans scattering together with a local field approximation for an infinitely thin cylinder. The approximated BFP intensities compare well with those from a more rigorous numerical approach. It turns out that a displacement of the cylinder results in a modulation of the BFP intensity pattern, whereas a tilt of the cylinder results in a shift of this pattern. We therefore propose the concept of a local QPD in the BFP of a detection lens, where the QPD center is shifted by the angular coordinates of the cylinder tilt.
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19
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Pesce G, Rusciano G, Sasso A, Isticato R, Sirec T, Ricca E. Surface charge and hydrodynamic coefficient measurements of Bacillus subtilis spore by optical tweezers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:568-75. [PMID: 24583259 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report on the simultaneous measurement of the hydrodynamic coefficient and the electric charge of single Bacillus subtilis spores. The latter has great importance in protein binding to spores and in the adhesion of spores onto surfaces. The charge and the hydrodynamic coefficient were measured by an accurate procedure based on the analysis of the motion of single spores confined by an optical trap. The technique has been validated using charged spherical polystyrene beads. The excellent agreement of our results with the expected values demonstrates the quality of our procedure. We measured the charge of spores of B. subtilis purified from a wild type strain and from two isogenic mutants characterized by an altered spore surface. Our technique is able to discriminate the three spore types used, by their charge and by their hydrodynamic coefficient which is related to the hydrophobic properties of the spore surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pesce
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli studi di Napoli, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giulia Rusciano
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli studi di Napoli, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Sasso
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli studi di Napoli, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 80126, Napoli, Italy; CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica - Sezione di Napoli, Via Campi Flegrei, 34 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli studi di Napoli, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Teja Sirec
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli studi di Napoli, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli studi di Napoli, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 80126, Napoli, Italy
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20
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Smith D, Woods C, Seddon A, Hoerber H. Photophoretic separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes: a novel approach to selective chiral sorting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5221-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Maragò OM, Jones PH, Gucciardi PG, Volpe G, Ferrari AC. Optical trapping and manipulation of nanostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:807-19. [PMID: 24202536 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping and manipulation of micrometre-sized particles was first reported in 1970. Since then, it has been successfully implemented in two size ranges: the subnanometre scale, where light-matter mechanical coupling enables cooling of atoms, ions and molecules, and the micrometre scale, where the momentum transfer resulting from light scattering allows manipulation of microscopic objects such as cells. But it has been difficult to apply these techniques to the intermediate - nanoscale - range that includes structures such as quantum dots, nanowires, nanotubes, graphene and two-dimensional crystals, all of crucial importance for nanomaterials-based applications. Recently, however, several new approaches have been developed and demonstrated for trapping plasmonic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanowires and carbon nanostructures. Here we review the state-of-the-art in optical trapping at the nanoscale, with an emphasis on some of the most promising advances, such as controlled manipulation and assembly of individual and multiple nanostructures, force measurement with femtonewton resolution, and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onofrio M Maragò
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158 Messina, Italy
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22
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Tsai YC, Fardel R, Panczyk MM, Furst EM, Arnold CB. Non-spherical particles for optical trap assisted nanopatterning. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:375303. [PMID: 23973945 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/37/375303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical trap assisted nanopatterning is a laser direct-write technique that uses an optically trapped microsphere as a near-field objective. The type of feature that one can create with this technique depends on several factors, one of which is the shape of the microbead. In this paper, we examine how the geometry of the bead affects the focus of the light through a combination of experiments and simulations. We realize nanopatterning using non-spherical dielectric particles to shape the light-material interaction. We model the resulting nanoscale features with a finite difference time domain simulation and obtain very good agreement with the experiments. This work opens the way to systematic engineering of the microparticle geometry in order to tailor the near-field focus to specific nanopatterning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Tsai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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23
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Thompson JD, Tiecke TG, Zibrov AS, Vuletić V, Lukin MD. Coherence and Raman sideband cooling of a single atom in an optical tweezer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:133001. [PMID: 23581312 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate quantum control of a single atom in a tightly focused optical tweezer trap. We show that inevitable spatially varying polarization gives rise to significant internal-state decoherence but that this effect can be mitigated by an appropriately chosen magnetic bias field. This enables Raman sideband cooling of a single atom close to its three-dimensional ground state (vibrational quantum numbers n(x)=n(y)=0.01, n(z)=8) even for a trap beam waist as small as w=900 nm. The small atomic wave packet with δx=δy=24 nm and δz=270 nm represents a promising starting point for future hybrid quantum systems where atoms are placed in close proximity to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Thompson
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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24
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Wang F, Toe WJ, Lee WM, McGloin D, Gao Q, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Reece PJ. Resolving stable axial trapping points of nanowires in an optical tweezers using photoluminescence mapping. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:1185-1191. [PMID: 23394286 DOI: 10.1021/nl304607v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Axially resolved microphotoluminescence mapping of semiconductor nanowires held in an optical tweezers reveals important new experimental information regarding equilibrium trapping points and trapping stability of high aspect ratio nanostructures. In this study, holographic optical tweezers are used to scan trapped InP nanowires along the beam direction with respect to a fixed excitation source and the luminescent properties are recorded. It is observed that nanowires with lengths on the range of 3-15 μm are stably trapped near the tip of the wire with the long segment positioned below the focus in an inverted trapping configuration. Through the use of trap multiplexing we investigate the possibility of improving the axial stability of the trapped nanowires. Our results have important implication for applications of optically assisted nanowire assembly and optical tweezers based scanning probes microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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25
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Phillips DB, Gibson GM, Bowman R, Padgett MJ, Hanna S, Carberry DM, Miles MJ, Simpson SH. An optically actuated surface scanning probe. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29679-93. [PMID: 23388796 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of an extended, optically trapped probe that is capable of imaging surface topography with nanometre precision, whilst applying ultra-low, femto-Newton sized forces. This degree of precision and sensitivity is acquired through three distinct strategies. First, the probe itself is shaped in such a way as to soften the trap along the sensing axis and stiffen it in transverse directions. Next, these characteristics are enhanced by selectively position clamping independent motions of the probe. Finally, force clamping is used to refine the surface contact response. Detailed analyses are presented for each of these mechanisms. To test our sensor, we scan it laterally over a calibration sample consisting of a series of graduated steps, and demonstrate a height resolution of ∼ 11 nm. Using equipartition theory, we estimate that an average force of only ∼ 140 fN is exerted on the sample during the scan, making this technique ideal for the investigation of delicate biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Phillips
- H H Wills Physics Laboratories, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK.
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26
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Zehtabi-Oskuie A, Bergeron JG, Gordon R. Flow-dependent double-nanohole optical trapping of 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres. Sci Rep 2012; 2:966. [PMID: 23236587 PMCID: PMC3520027 DOI: 10.1038/srep00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the influence of fluid flow on the ability to trap optically a 20 nm polystyrene particle from a stationary microfluidic environment and then hold it against flow. Increased laser power is required to hold nanoparticles as the flow rate is increased, with an empirical linear dependence of 1 μl/(min×mW). This is promising for the delivery of additional nanoparticles to interact with a trapped nanoparticle; for example, to study protein-protein interactions, and for the ability to move the trapped particle in solution from one location to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zehtabi-Oskuie
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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27
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Donato MG, Vasi S, Sayed R, Jones PH, Bonaccorso F, Ferrari AC, Gucciardi PG, Maragò OM. Optical trapping of nanotubes with cylindrical vector beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:3381-3383. [PMID: 23381264 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.003381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use laser beams with radial and azimuthal polarization to optically trap carbon nanotubes. We measure force constants and trap parameters as a function of power showing improved axial trapping efficiency with respect to linearly polarized beams. The analysis of the thermal fluctuations highlights a significant change in the optical trapping potential when using cylindrical vector beams. This enables the use of polarization states to shape optical traps according to the particle geometry, as well as paving the way to nanoprobe-based photonic force microscopy with increased performance compared to a standard linearly polarized configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Donato
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, Italy.
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28
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Simpson SH, Hanna S. Stability analysis and thermal motion of optically trapped nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:205502. [PMID: 22543265 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/20/205502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the stability and thermal motion of optically trapped nanowires, with aspect ratios in the range 10-100. A simple analytical model is used to determine qualitative features of the system, assuming that the nanowire is weakly scattering and the incident beam is paraxial. As expected, the model predicts that the nanowire will align with the beam axis. In this configuration the translational stiffness coefficients of the trap approach their limiting values for long nanowires like O(L(-3)), where L is the nanowire length, the limit for the stiffness parallel to the beam axis being zero. The rotational stiffness coefficients vary more slowly, according to O(L(-1)). Also, it is predicted that defocusing decreases the translational stiffness perpendicular to the beam, while increasing rotational stiffness. These findings are reinforced by comparison with rigorous electromagnetic calculations which additionally reveal the effects of radiation pressure and finite scattering. A strong polarization effect is observed in the numerical simulations and coupled translational and rotational motions arise which influence the trap stability. The use of nanowire traps for force sensing is discusse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Simpson
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
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29
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Chen FJ, Wong JS, Hsu KY, Hsu L. Thermally activated state transition technique for femto-Newton-level force measurement. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1469-1471. [PMID: 22555707 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We develop and test a thermally activated state transition technique for ultraweak force measurement. As a force sensor, the technique was demonstrated on a classical Brownian bead immersed in water and restrained by a bistable optical trap. A femto-Newton-level flow force imposed on this sensor was measured by monitoring changes in the transition rates of the bead hopping between two energy states. The treatment of thermal disturbances as a requirement instead of a limiting factor is the major feature of the technique, and provides a new strategy by which to measure other ultraweak forces beyond the thermal noise limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jung Chen
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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30
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Pedaci F, Huang Z, van Oene M, Dekker NH. Calibration of the optical torque wrench. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:3787-802. [PMID: 22418136 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.003787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The optical torque wrench is a laser trapping technique that expands the capability of standard optical tweezers to torque manipulation and measurement, using the laser linear polarization to orient tailored microscopic birefringent particles. The ability to measure torque of the order of kBT (∼4 pN nm) is especially important in the study of biophysical systems at the molecular and cellular level. Quantitative torque measurements rely on an accurate calibration of the instrument. Here we describe and implement a set of calibration approaches for the optical torque wrench, including methods that have direct analogs in linear optical tweezers as well as introducing others that are specifically developed for the angular variables. We compare the different methods, analyze their differences, and make recommendations regarding their implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pedaci
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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31
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Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the optical trapping of a single bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecule that has a hydrodynamic radius of 3.4 nm, using a double-nanohole in an Au film. The strong optical force in the trap not only stably traps the protein molecule but also unfolds it. The unfolding of the BSA is confirmed by experiments with changing optical power and with changing solution pH. The detection of the trapping event has a signal-to-noise ratio of 33, which shows that the setup is extremely sensitive to detect the presence of a protein, even at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Pang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
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32
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Donato MG, Monaca MA, Faggio G, Stefano LD, Jones PH, Gucciardi PG, Maragò OM. Optical trapping of porous silicon nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:505704. [PMID: 22108540 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/50/505704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles obtained by ball-milling of a 50% porosity silicon layer have been optically trapped when dispersed in a water-surfactant environment. We measured the optical force constants using linearly and radially polarized trapping beams finding a reshaping of the optical potential and an enhanced axial spring constant for the latter. These measurements open perspectives for the control and handling of silicon nanoparticles as labeling agents in biological analysis and fluorescence imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Donato
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F Stagno d'Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy
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33
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Irrera A, Artoni P, Saija R, Gucciardi PG, Iatì MA, Borghese F, Denti P, Iacona F, Priolo F, Maragò OM. Size-scaling in optical trapping of silicon nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4879-4884. [PMID: 21967286 DOI: 10.1021/nl202733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate size-scaling in optical trapping of ultrathin silicon nanowires showing how length regulates their Brownian dynamics, optical forces, and torques. Force and torque constants are measured on nanowires of different lengths through correlation function analysis of their tracking signals. Results are compared with a full electromagnetic theory of optical trapping developed in the transition matrix framework, finding good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Irrera
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158 Messina, Italy
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34
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Phillips DB, Simpson SH, Grieve JA, Gibson GM, Bowman R, Padgett MJ, Miles MJ, Carberry DM. Position clamping of optically trapped microscopic non-spherical probes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:20622-20627. [PMID: 21997071 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.020622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the degree of control that can be exercised over an optically trapped microscopic non-spherical force probe. By position clamping translational and rotational modes in different ways, we are able to dramatically improve the position resolution of our probe with no reduction in sensitivity. We also demonstrate control over rotational-translational coupling, and exhibit a mechanism whereby the average centre of rotation of the probe can be displaced away from its centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Phillips
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratories, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
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35
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Ridolfo A, Saija R, Savasta S, Jones PH, Iatì MA, Maragò OM. Fano-Doppler laser cooling of hybrid nanostructures. ACS NANO 2011; 5:7354-7361. [PMID: 21806014 DOI: 10.1021/nn2022364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooling the center-of-mass motion of systems that exhibit Fano resonances is discussed. We find that cooling occurs for red or blue detuning of the laser frequency from resonance depending on the Fano factor associated with the resonance. The combination of the Doppler effect with the radiation cross-section quenching typical of quantum interference yields temperatures below the conventional Doppler limit. This scheme opens perspectives for controlling the motion of mesoscopic systems such as hybrid nanostructures at the quantum regime and the exploration of motional nonclassical states at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ridolfo
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, IPCF-CNR, I-98158 Messina, Italy
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36
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Pang Y, Gordon R. Optical trapping of 12 nm dielectric spheres using double-nanoholes in a gold film. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:3763-7. [PMID: 21838243 DOI: 10.1021/nl201807z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical tweezers have found many applications in biology, but for reasonable intensities, conventional traps are limited to particles >100 nm in size. We use a double-nanohole in a gold film to experimentally trap individual nanospheres, including 20 nm polystyrene spheres and 12 nm silica spheres, at a well-defined trapping point. We present statistical studies on the trapping time, showing an exponential dependence on the optical power. Trapping experiments are repeated for different particles and several nanoholes with different gap dimensions. Unusually, smaller particles can be more easily trapped than larger ones with the double-nanohole. The 12 nm silica sphere has a size and a refractive index comparable to the smallest virus particles and has a spherical shape which is the worst case scenario for trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Pang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
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Di Leonardo R, Cammarota E, Bolognesi G, Schäfer H, Steinhart M. Three-dimensional to two-dimensional crossover in the hydrodynamic interactions between micron-scale rods. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:044501. [PMID: 21867010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.044501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Moving micron-scale objects are strongly coupled to each other by hydrodynamic interactions. The strength of this coupling decays with the inverse particle separation when the two objects are sufficiently far apart. It has been recently demonstrated that the reduced dimensionality of a thin fluid layer gives rise to longer-ranged, logarithmic coupling. Using holographic tweezers we show that microrods display both behaviors interacting like point particles in three dimensions at large distances and like point particles in two dimensions for distances shorter then their length. We derive a simple analytical expression that fits our data remarkably well and further validate it with finite element analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Leonardo
- IPCF-CNR, UOS Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
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38
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Reece PJ, Toe WJ, Wang F, Paiman S, Gao Q, Tan HH, Jagadish C. Characterization of semiconductor nanowires using optical tweezers. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2375-2381. [PMID: 21534591 DOI: 10.1021/nl200720m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the optical trapping characteristics of InP nanowires with dimensions of 30 (±6) nm in diameter and 2-15 μm in length. We describe a method for calibrating the absolute position of individual nanowires relative to the trapping center using synchronous high-speed position sensing and acousto-optic beam switching. Through brownian dynamics we investigate effects of the laser power and polarization on trap stability, as well as length dependence and the effect of simultaneous trapping multiple nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Reece
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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39
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Messina E, Cavallaro E, Cacciola A, Iatì MA, Gucciardi PG, Borghese F, Denti P, Saija R, Compagnini G, Meneghetti M, Amendola V, Maragò OM. Plasmon-enhanced optical trapping of gold nanoaggregates with selected optical properties. ACS NANO 2011; 5:905-913. [PMID: 21207989 DOI: 10.1021/nn102101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We show how light forces can be used to trap gold nanoaggregates of selected structure and optical properties obtained by laser ablation in liquid. We measure the optical trapping forces on nanoaggregates with an average size range 20-750 nm, revealing how the plasmon-enhanced fields play a crucial role in the trapping of metal clusters featuring different extinction properties. Force constants of the order of 10 pN/nmW are detected, the highest measured on a metal nanostructure. Finally, by extending the transition matrix formalism of light scattering theory to the optical trapping of metal nanoaggregates, we show how the plasmon resonances and the fractal structure arising from aggregation are responsible for the increased forces and wider trapping size range with respect to individual metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Messina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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40
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Maragó OM, Bonaccorso F, Saija R, Privitera G, Gucciardi PG, Iatì MA, Calogero G, Jones PH, Borghese F, Denti P, Nicolosi V, Ferrari AC. Brownian motion of graphene. ACS NANO 2010; 4:7515-7523. [PMID: 21133432 DOI: 10.1021/nn1018126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Brownian motion is a manifestation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of statistical mechanics. It regulates systems in physics, biology, chemistry, and finance. We use graphene as prototype material to unravel the consequences of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in two dimensions, by studying the Brownian motion of optically trapped graphene flakes. These orient orthogonal to the light polarization, due to the optical constants anisotropy. We explain the flake dynamics in the optical trap and measure force and torque constants from the correlation functions of the tracking signals, as well as comparing experiments with a full electromagnetic theory of optical trapping. The understanding of optical trapping of two-dimensional nanostructures gained through our Brownian motion analysis paves the way to light-controlled manipulation and all-optical sorting of biological membranes and anisotropic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onofrio M Maragó
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158 Messina, Italy.
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41
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Simpson SH, Hanna S. First-order nonconservative motion of optically trapped nonspherical particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:031141. [PMID: 21230059 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.031141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that optical force fields are not conservative. This has important consequences for the thermal motion of optically trapped dielectric spheres. In particular, the spheres do not reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Instead, a steady state is achieved in which the stochastic trajectory contains an underlying deterministic bias toward cyclic motion, and the energy of the sphere deviates from that implied by the equipartition theorem. Such effects are second order and only observed at low trap powers when the sphere is able to explore regions of the trap beyond the linear regime. Analogous effects may be expected for particles of less than spherical symmetry. However, in this case the effects are first order and depend on the linear term in the optical force field. As such they are not suppressed by increases in beam power, although the frequency and amplitude of the cyclic motion will be affected by it. In this paper, we present an analysis of the first-order nonconservative behavior of nonspherical particles in optical traps. The analysis is supported by optical force calculations and brownian dynamics simulations of dielectric microrods held vertically in gaussian optical traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Simpson
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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42
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Carberry DM, Simpson SH, Grieve JA, Wang Y, Schäfer H, Steinhart M, Bowman R, Gibson GM, Padgett MJ, Hanna S, Miles MJ. Calibration of optically trapped nanotools. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:175501. [PMID: 20368683 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/17/175501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Holographically trapped nanotools can be used in a novel form of force microscopy. By measuring the displacement of the tool in the optical traps, the contact force experienced by the probe can be inferred. In the following paper we experimentally demonstrate the calibration of such a device and show that its behaviour is independent of small changes in the relative position of the optical traps. Furthermore, we explore more general aspects of the thermal motion of the tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Carberry
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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43
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Neves AAR, Camposeo A, Pagliara S, Saija R, Borghese F, Denti P, Iatì MA, Cingolani R, Maragò OM, Pisignano D. Rotational dynamics of optically trapped nanofibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:822-830. [PMID: 20173904 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental evidence of tilted polymer nanofiber rotation, using a highly focused linear polarized Gaussian beam. Torque is controlled by varying trapping power or fiber tilt angle. This suggests an alternative strategy to previously reported approaches for the rotation of nano-objects, to test fundamental theoretical aspects. We compare experimental rotation frequencies to calculations based on T-Matrix formalism, which accurately reproduces measured data, thus providing a comprehensive description of trapping and rotation dynamics of the linear nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alvaro Ranha Neves
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory of CNR-INFM, IIT Research Unit, Università del Salento, via Arnesano, Lecce, Italy.
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Jones PH, Palmisano F, Bonaccorso F, Gucciardi PG, Calogero G, Ferrari AC, Maragó OM. Rotation detection in light-driven nanorotors. ACS NANO 2009; 3:3077-3084. [PMID: 19856981 DOI: 10.1021/nn900818n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the rotational dynamics of light driven nanorotors, made of nanotube bundles and gold nanorods aggregates, with nonsymmetric shapes, trapped in optical tweezers. We identify two different regimes depending on dimensions and optical properties of the nanostructures. These correspond to alignment with either the laser propagation axis or the dominant polarization direction, or rotational motions caused by either unbalanced radiation pressure or polarization torque. By analyzing the motion correlations of the trapped nanostructures, we measure with high accuracy both the optical trapping parameters and the rotation frequency induced by the radiation pressure. Our results pave the way to improved all-optical detection, control over rotating nanomachines, and rotation detection in nano-optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
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Pauzauskie PJ, Jamshidi A, Valley JK, Satcher JH, Wu MC. Parallel trapping of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with optoelectronic tweezers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2009; 95:113104. [PMID: 19884988 PMCID: PMC2770014 DOI: 10.1063/1.3212725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the use of optoelectronic tweezers and dynamic virtual electrodes to address multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with trap stiffness values of approximately 50 fNmum. Both high-speed translation (>200 mums) of individual-MWCNTs and two-dimensional trapping of MWCNT ensembles are achieved using 100,000 times less optical power density than single beam laser tweezers. Modulating the virtual electrode's intensity enables tuning of the MWCNT ensemble's number density by an order of magnitude on the time scale of seconds promising a broad range of applications in MWCNT science and technology.
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