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Hort V, Abadie E, Arnich N, Dechraoui Bottein MY, Amzil Z. Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by Karenia spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:656. [PMID: 34940655 PMCID: PMC8709462 DOI: 10.3390/md19120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Karenia or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. Karenia spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hort
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34200 Sète, France;
| | - Nathalie Arnich
- Risk Assessment Directorate, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, 06103 Nice, France;
- Federative Research Institute—Marine Ressources, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), 44311 Nantes, France
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Elleuch J, Barkallah M, Smith KF, Ben Neila I, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S. Quantitative PCR assay for the simultaneous identification and enumeration of multiple Karenia species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36889-36899. [PMID: 32577959 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the method of choice for specific detection and quantification of harmful algal bloom (HAB) species. Development of qPCR assay for simultaneous enumeration of species that frequently co-exist in HABs is required. A high sensitivity TaqMan qPCR assay, using probe and primers, located at ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region, detecting, specifically, Karenia selliformis, K. bidigitata, and K. mikimotoi, was designed. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region copy numbers per Karenia cell genome were estimated to 217.697 ± 67.904, allowing cell quantification. An application of the designed methodology in field samples has been conducted, and it showed high sensitivity (detection of around 10-1 cell/100 mg of bivalve mollusk tissue, equivalent to about 20 copies of the target sequence). We suggest that the optimized method could contribute to early detection of three closely related Karenia species in seafood cultivating areas to promote control quality, guarantee a fast and effective intervention, and improve public health prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Elleuch
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Barkallah
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to the Improvement of Cultures, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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3
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Satake M, Yasumoto T. Methods for determining the absolute configurations of marine ladder‐shaped polyethers. Chirality 2020; 32:474-483. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Satake
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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Van Dolah FM, Kohli GS, Morey JS, Murray SA. Both modular and single-domain Type I polyketide synthases are expressed in the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:1325-1339. [PMID: 28949419 PMCID: PMC5725682 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are prolific producers of polyketide compounds, many of which are potent toxins with adverse impacts on human and marine animal health. To identify polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, we assembled a transcriptome from 595 million Illumina reads, sampled under different growth conditions. The assembly included 125,687 transcripts greater than 300 nt in length, with over half having >100× coverage. We found 121 transcripts encoding Type I ketosynthase (KS) domains, of which 99 encoded single KS domains, while 22 contained multiple KS domains arranged in 1-3 protein modules. Phylogenetic analysis placed all single domain and a majority of multidomain KSs within a monophyletic clade of protist PKSs. In contrast with the highly amplified single-domain KSs, only eight single-domain ketoreductase transcripts were found in the assembly, suggesting that they are more evolutionarily conserved. The multidomain PKSs were dominated by trans-acyltransferase architectures, which were recently shown to be prevalent in other algal protists. Karenia brevis also expressed several hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)/PKS sequences, including a burA-like sequence previously reported in a wide variety of dinoflagellates. This contrasts with a similarly deep transcriptome of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, which lacked NRPS/PKS other than the burA-like transcript, and may reflect the presence of amide-containing polyketides in K. brevis and their absence from G. polynesiensis. In concert with other recent transcriptome analyses, this study provides evidence for both single domain and multidomain PKSs in the synthesis of polyketide compounds in dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. Van Dolah
- College of CharlestonSchool of Sciences and Mathematics66 George St.CharlestonSouth Carolina29424USA
- Hollings Marine Laboratory331 Fort Johnson Rd.CharlestonSouth Carolina29412USA
| | - Gurjeet S. Kohli
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney15 Broadway, UltimoSydneyNew South Wales2007Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore689528
| | - Jeanine S. Morey
- Hollings Marine Laboratory331 Fort Johnson Rd.CharlestonSouth Carolina29412USA
- JHT Incorporated2710 Discovery Dr.OrlandoFlorida32826USA
| | - Shauna A. Murray
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney15 Broadway, UltimoSydneyNew South Wales2007Australia
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Bashyal BP, Kithsiri Wijeratne EM, Tillotson J, Arnold AE, Chapman E, Leslie Gunatilaka AA. Chlorinated Dehydrocurvularins and Alterperylenepoxide A from Alternaria sp. AST0039, a Fungal Endophyte of Astragalus lentiginosus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:427-433. [PMID: 28139929 PMCID: PMC5504521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of Alternaria sp. AST0039, an endophytic fungus obtained from the leaf tissue of Astragalus lentiginosus, led to the isolation of (-)-(10E,15S)-4,6-dichloro-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (1), (-)-(10E,15S)-6-chloro-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (2), (-)-(10E,15S)-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (3), and alterperylenepoxide A (4) together with scytalone and α-acetylorcinol. Structures of 1 and 4 were established from their spectroscopic data, and the relative configuration of 4 was determined with the help of nuclear Overhauser effect difference data. All metabolites were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity and ability to induce heat-shock and unfolded protein responses. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxicity to all five cancer cell lines tested and increased the level of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP, but only 3 induced the heat-shock response and caused a strong unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat P. Bashyal
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Joseph Tillotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
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Sakai T, Fukuta A, Nakamura K, Nakano M, Mori Y. Total Synthesis of Brevisamide Using an Oxiranyl Anion Strategy. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3799-808. [PMID: 27057586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of brevisamide, a marine monocyclic ether amide isolated from the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, has been achieved in 18 steps starting from 4-(benzyloxy)butanol. The synthesis involves oxiranyl anion coupling between an epoxy sulfone and a triflate, intramolecular etherification of a hydroxy-bromoketone, diastereoselective introduction of the axial methyl group by hydroxyl-directed hydrogenation of an exocyclic olefin, and installation of an acetamide side chain by nucleophilic substitution of an N-acetyl carbamate. The dienal side chain is assembled using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction to complete the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University , 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ayumi Fukuta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University , 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University , 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Masato Nakano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University , 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Mori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University , 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Armbrust KW, Beaver MG, Jamison TF. Rhodium-catalyzed endo-selective epoxide-opening cascades: formal synthesis of (-)-brevisin. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6941-6. [PMID: 25984951 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[Rh(CO)2Cl]2 is as an effective catalyst for endo-selective cyclizations and cascades of epoxy-(E)-enoate alcohols, thus enabling the synthesis of oxepanes and oxepane-containing polyethers from di- and trisubstituted epoxides. Syntheses of the ABC and EF ring systems of (-)-brevisin via all endo-diepoxide-opening cascades using this method constitute a formal total synthesis and demonstrate the utility of this methodology in the context of the synthesis of marine ladder polyether natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W Armbrust
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew G Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Lee J, Oh HS, Kang HY. A formal total synthesis of (−)-brevisamide, a marine monocyclic ether amide. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Van Wagoner RM, Satake M, Wright JLC. Polyketide biosynthesis in dinoflagellates: what makes it different? Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1101-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Calabro K, Guigonis JM, Teyssié JL, Oberhänsli F, Goudour JP, Warnau M, Bottein MYD, Thomas OP. Further insights into brevetoxin metabolism by de novo radiolabeling. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1785-98. [PMID: 24918358 PMCID: PMC4073129 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, responsible for early harmful algal blooms in the Gulf of Mexico, produces many secondary metabolites, including potent neurotoxins called brevetoxins (PbTx). These compounds have been identified as toxic agents for humans, and they are also responsible for the deaths of several marine organisms. The overall biosynthesis of these highly complex metabolites has not been fully ascertained, even if there is little doubt on a polyketide origin. In addition to gaining some insights into the metabolic events involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds, feeding studies with labeled precursors helps to discriminate between the de novo biosynthesis of toxins and conversion of stored intermediates into final toxic products in the response to environmental stresses. In this context, the use of radiolabeled precursors is well suited as it allows working with the highest sensitive techniques and consequently with a minor amount of cultured dinoflagellates. We were then able to incorporate [U-¹⁴C]-acetate, the renowned precursor of the polyketide pathway, in several PbTx produced by K. brevis. The specific activities of PbTx-1, -2, -3, and -7, identified by High-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HRESIMS), were assessed by HPLC-UV and highly sensitive Radio-TLC counting. We demonstrated that working at close to natural concentrations of acetate is a requirement for biosynthetic studies, highlighting the importance of highly sensitive radiolabeling feeding experiments. Quantification of the specific activity of the four, targeted toxins led us to propose that PbTx-1 and PbTx-2 aldehydes originate from oxidation of the primary alcohols of PbTx-7 and PbTx-3, respectively. This approach will open the way for a better comprehension of the metabolic pathways leading to PbTx but also to a better understanding of their regulation by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Calabro
- Institut de Chimie de Nice-PCRE (Processus Chimiques et Radiochimiques dans l'Environnement), UMR 7272 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose Nice 06108, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Guigonis
- Plateforme "Bernard Rossi"-Laboratoire TIRO (Transporteur en Imagerie Radiothérapie et Oncologie), UMR E 4320 CEA /iBEB /SBTN-CAL, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, Nice 06107, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Teyssié
- Radioecology Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency-Environment Laboratories, MC 98012, Monaco.
| | - François Oberhänsli
- Radioecology Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency-Environment Laboratories, MC 98012, Monaco.
| | - Jean-Pierre Goudour
- Geoazur Laboratory, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UMR 7329 CNRS, UR 082 IRD, Campus Azur CNRS Bât. 1, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis Valbonne 06560, France.
| | - Michel Warnau
- Radioecology Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency-Environment Laboratories, MC 98012, Monaco.
| | | | - Olivier P Thomas
- Institut de Chimie de Nice-PCRE (Processus Chimiques et Radiochimiques dans l'Environnement), UMR 7272 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose Nice 06108, France.
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Satake M, Shirai T, Takimoto Y, Kuranaga T, Tachibana K, G. Baden D, L. C. Wright J. Synthesis and Cyclization of a Proposed Biosynthetic Epoxy Intermediate of a Marine Monocyclic Ether Amide, Brevisamide. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sasso S, Pohnert G, Lohr M, Mittag M, Hertweck C. Microalgae in the postgenomic era: a blooming reservoir for new natural products. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:761-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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13
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Yamazaki M, Izumikawa M, Tachibana K, Satake M, Itoh Y, Hashimoto M. Origins of Oxygen Atoms in a Marine Ladder-Frame Polyether: Evidence of Monooxygenation by 18O-Labeling and Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4902-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300531t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miho Izumikawa
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tachibana
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Satake
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Itoh
- MS Business Unit, JEOL Ltd., 3-12 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558,
Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashimoto
- MS Business Unit, JEOL Ltd., 3-12 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558,
Japan
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Kithsiri Wijeratne EM, Bashyal BP, Liu MX, Rocha DD, Gunaherath GMKB, U’Ren JM, Gunatilaka MK, Arnold AE, Whitesell L, Gunatilaka AAL. Geopyxins A-E, ent-kaurane diterpenoids from endolichenic fungal strains Geopyxis aff. majalis and Geopyxis sp. AZ0066: structure-activity relationships of geopyxins and their analogues. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:361-9. [PMID: 22264149 PMCID: PMC3359839 DOI: 10.1021/np200769q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Four new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, geopyxins A-D (1-4), were isolated from Geopyxis aff. majalis, a fungus occurring in the lichen Pseudevernia intensa, whereas Geopyxis sp. AZ0066 inhabiting the same host afforded two new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, geopyxins E and F (5 and 6), together with 1 and 3. The structures of 1-6 were established on the basis of their spectroscopic data, while the absolute configurations were assigned using modified Mosher's ester method. Methylation of 1-3, 5, and 6 gave their corresponding methyl esters 7-11. On acetylation, 1 and 7 yielded their corresponding monoacetates 12 and 14 and diacetates 13 and 15. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic and heat-shock induction activities. Compounds 2, 7-10, 12, 14, and 15 showed cytotoxic activity in the low micromolar range against all five cancer cell lines tested, but only compounds 7-9, 14, and 15 were found to activate the heat-shock response at similar concentrations. From a preliminary structure-activity perspective, the electrophilic α,β-unsaturated ketone carbonyl motif present in all compounds except 6 and 11 was found to be necessary but not sufficient for both cytotoxicity and heat-shock activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Bharat P. Bashyal
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Manping X. Liu
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Danilo D. Rocha
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - G. M. Kamal B. Gunaherath
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Jana M. U’Ren
- Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Malkanthi K. Gunatilaka
- Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusettes 02142, United States
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
- Corresponding Author, Tel: 520-621-9932. Fax: 520-621-8378.
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15
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Brand LE, Campbell L, Bresnan E. KARENIA: The biology and ecology of a toxic genus. HARMFUL ALGAE 2012; 14:156-178. [PMID: 36733478 PMCID: PMC9891709 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Karenia is a genus containing at least 12 species of marine unarmored dinoflagellates. Species of the genus can be found throughout the world in both oceanic and coastal waters. They are usually sparse in abundance, but occasionally form large blooms in coastal waters. Most Karenia species produce a variety of toxins that can kill fish and other marine organisms when they bloom. In addition to toxicity, some Karenia blooms cause animal mortalities through the generation of anoxia. At least one species, K. brevis, produces brevetoxin that not only kills fish, marine mammals, and other animals, but also causes Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning and respiratory distress in humans. The lipid soluble brevetoxin can biomagnify up the food chain through fish to top carnivores like dolphins, killing them. Karenia dinoflagellates are slow growers, so physical concentrating mechanisms are probably important for the development of blooms. The blooms are highly sporadic in both time and space, although most tend to occur in summer or fall months in frontal regions. At the present time, our understanding of the causes of the blooms and ability to predict them is poor. Given the recent discovery of new species, it is likely that new Karenia species and toxins will be discovered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry E Brand
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
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16
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Yang J, Ding L, Hu L, Jin S, Liu W, You Q, Guo Q. Rapid characterization of caged xanthones in the resin of Garcinia hanburyi using multiple mass spectrometric scanning modes: The importance of biosynthetic knowledge based prediction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 60:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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17
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Ueberbacher BT, Hall M, Faber K. Electrophilic and nucleophilic enzymatic cascade reactions in biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:337-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np00078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Covering: 2010. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 196. This review covers the literature published in 2010 for marine natural products, with 895 citations (590 for the period January to December 2010) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1003 for 2010), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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19
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Wang XN, Bashyal BP, Wijeratne EMK, U’Ren JM, Liu MX, Gunatilaka MK, Arnold AE, Gunatilaka AAL. Smardaesidins A-G, isopimarane and 20-nor-isopimarane diterpenoids from Smardaea sp., a fungal endophyte of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2052-61. [PMID: 21999655 PMCID: PMC3371368 DOI: 10.1021/np2000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Five new isopimarane diterpenes, smardaesidins A-E (1- 5) and two new 20-nor-isopimarane diterpenes, smardaesidins F (6) and G (7), together with sphaeropsidins A (8) and C-F (10-13) were isolated from an endophytic fungal strain, Smardaea sp. AZ0432, occurring in living photosynthetic tissue of the moss Ceratodon purpureus . Of these, smardaesidins B (2) and C (3) were obtained as an inseparable mixture of isomers. Chemical reduction of sphaeropsidin A (8) afforded sphaeropsidin B (9), whereas catalytic hydrogenation of 8 yielded 7-O-15,16-tetrahydrosphaeropsidin A (14) and its new derivative, 7-hydroxy-6-oxoisopimara-7-en-20-oic acid (15). The acetylation and diazomethane reaction of sphaeropsidin A (8) afforded two of its known derivatives, 6-O-acetylsphaeropsidin A (16) and 8,14-methylenesphaeropsidin A methyl ester (17), respectively. Methylation of 10 yielded sphaeropsidin C methyl ester (18). The planar structures and relative configurations of the new compounds 1-7 and 15 were elucidated using MS and 1D and 2D NMR experiments, while the absolute configurations of the stereocenters of 4 and 6-8 were assigned using a modified Mosher's ester method, CD spectra, and comparison of specific rotation data with literature values. Compounds 1-18 were evaluated for their potential anticancer activity using several cancer cell lines and cells derived from normal human primary fibroblasts. Of these, compounds 8, 11, and 16 showed significant cytotoxic activity. More importantly, sphaeropsidin A (8) showed cell-type selectivity in the cytotoxicity assay and inhibited migration of metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cells at subcytotoxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Wang
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012
| | - Bharat P. Bashyal
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
| | - E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
| | - Jana M. U’Ren
- P.R. China, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036
| | - Manping X. Liu
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
| | - Malkanthi K. Gunatilaka
- P.R. China, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- P.R. China, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
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Herrmann AT, Martinez SR, Zakarian A. A concise asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-brevisamide. Org Lett 2011; 13:3636-9. [PMID: 21678904 DOI: 10.1021/ol201283n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new protecting-group-free synthesis of the marine monocyclic ether (+)-brevisamide is reported. The enantioselective synthesis utilizes a key asymmetric Henry reaction and an Achmatowicz rearrangement for the formation of the tetrahydropyran ring. A penultimate Stille cross-coupling allows for an efficient installation of the conjugated (E,E)-diene side chain ultimately delivering (+)-brevisamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Kuranaga T, Ohtani N, Tsutsumi R, Baden DG, Wright JLC, Satake M, Tachibana K. Total synthesis of (-)-brevisin: a concise synthesis of a new marine polycyclic ether. Org Lett 2011; 13:696-9. [PMID: 21247192 PMCID: PMC3040829 DOI: 10.1021/ol102925d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first and highly efficient total synthesis of (-)-brevisin has been achieved. The title compound was synthesized in only 29 steps (longest linear sequence) from commercially available starting materials. The synthesis provided over 70 mg of a marine polycyclic ether compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kuranaga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohtani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tsutsumi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel G. Baden
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. C. Wright
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA
| | - Masayuki Satake
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tachibana
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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22
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23
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Synthesis of the BC/DE ring model of brevisin for confirmation of the structure around the acyclic junction. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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