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Gutiérrez S, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Kim HS, Yugueros LL, Vaughan MM, Carro-Huerga G, Busman M, Sáenz de Miera LE, Jaklitsch WM, Zhuang WY, Wang C, Casquero PA, Proctor RH. Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:791641. [PMID: 34925301 PMCID: PMC8675399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are terpenoid toxins produced by species in 10 fungal genera, including species of Trichoderma. The trichothecene biosynthetic gene (tri) cluster typically includes the tri5 gene, which encodes a terpene synthase that catalyzes formation of trichodiene, the parent compound of all trichothecenes. The two Trichoderma species, Trichoderma arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum, that have been examined are unique in that tri5 is located outside the tri cluster in a genomic region that does not include other known tri genes. In the current study, analysis of 35 species representing a wide range of the phylogenetic diversity of Trichoderma revealed that 22 species had tri5, but only 13 species had both tri5 and the tri cluster. tri5 was not located in the cluster in any species. Using complementation analysis of a T. arundinaceum tri5 deletion mutant, we demonstrated that some tri5 homologs from species that lack a tri cluster are functional, but others are not. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Trichoderma tri5 was under positive selection following its divergence from homologs in other fungi but before Trichoderma species began diverging from one another. We propose two models to explain these diverse observations. One model proposes that the location of tri5 outside the tri cluster resulted from loss of tri5 from the cluster in an ancestral species followed by reacquisition via horizontal transfer. The other model proposes that in species that have a functional tri5 but lack the tri cluster, trichodiene production provides a competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Laura Lindo Yugueros
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Martha Marie Vaughan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Plant Production, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Mark Busman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | | | - Walter M Jaklitsch
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro A Casquero
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Plant Production, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Robert Henry Proctor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
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Vieira NC, Cortelo PC, Castro-Gamboa I. Rapid qualitative profiling of metabolites present in Fusarium solani, a rhizospheric fungus derived from Senna spectabilis, using GC/MS and UPLC-QTOF/MS E techniques assisted by UNIFI information system. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:281-291. [PMID: 32362135 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720922424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are an important source of natural products found in a variety of plant species. A wide range of methods for the detection of metabolites present in fungi have been reported in the literature. The search for methodologies that allow the rapid detection of compounds present in crude extracts is crucial to enable the metabolite annotation doing a qualitative analysis of the complex matrix. Mass spectrometry is an important ally when it comes to in silico detection of previously reported metabolites. In this work, the ethyl acetate extract of Fusarium solani was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after derivatization process. The ethyl acetate extract was also investigated by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry assisted by the UNIFI software system. A library containing previously reported metabolites from the Fusarium genus was added to the UNIFI platform. Simultaneously, the extract was analyzed through anticholinesterase and antifungal assays. The analysis of the derivatized extract by GC/MS led to the putative identification of five metabolites, and the investigation using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF) analysis in data-independent acquisition mode (mass spectrometry) led to the annotation of 15 compounds present in the built-in Fusarium library added to the UNIFI system. The Fusarium solani extract showed potential anticholinesterase and in vitro antifungal activity supported by the detection of bioactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Carolina Vieira
- Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cardoso Cortelo
- Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Castro-Gamboa
- Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Chen ZM, Dong WB, Li ZH, Feng T, Liu JK. New chlamydosporol derivatives from the endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. #001. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:465-470. [PMID: 24717139 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.904853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two new chlamydosporol derivatives, fusarilactone A (1) and fusarilactone B (2), together with nine known compounds (3-11), have been isolated from the crude extract of endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. #001. The structures of new compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 showed mild cytotoxicities against three tumor cell lines (SMMC-7721, A-549, and MCF-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ming Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
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Abstract
The majority of human food and animal feed production occurs in a highly managed agroecosystem. Management decisions include variety grown, tillage and irrigation methods and practices, fertilization, pest and disease control, harvesting methods, and storage and transportation practices. This system is generally managed for optimum returns to labor and capital investments. The spores of toxigenic fungi have ubiquitous distribution and toxigenic fungi exploit food sources when conditions of moisture and temperature are above minimums for growth. The safety margins in the agroecosystem are close and are influenced by extrinsic factors such as climatic events. Control of fungal growth is important in management of raw feedstuffs, foodstuffs, condiments-spices, botanicals, and other consumable substances as they are grown, harvested, stored, and transported. The risk factors for mycotoxin production are weather conditions during crop growth and when the crop is mature, damage to seeds before, during, and after harvest, how commodities are physically handled, the presence of weed seeds and other foreign material in grain, and how commodity moisture and temperature are managed during storage and transportation. Diversion of commodities and by-products from human consumption to animal feedstuffs can increase the risk of mycotoxicoses in animals. The toxicology of selected toxigenic fungi and the mycotoxins they produce are reviewed.
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Bräse S, Encinas A, Keck J, Nising CF. Chemistry and Biology of Mycotoxins and Related Fungal Metabolites. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3903-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cr050001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arantxa Encinas
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carl F. Nising
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Kemppainen BW, Riley RT, Pace JG. Skin Absorption as a Route of Exposure for Aflatoxin and Trichothecenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569548809059728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The Trichothecenes and Their Biosynthesis. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-49389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mateo JJ, Mateo R, Jiménez M. Accumulation of type A trichothecenes in maize, wheat and rice by Fusarium sporotrichioides isolates under diverse culture conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 72:115-23. [PMID: 11843402 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxigenic isolates of Fusarium sporotrichioides were tested for the production of type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and neosolaniol) when grown on three substrates (maize, rice and wheat) under various conditions of temperature and water activity in the laboratory for 3 weeks. Trichothecenes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, after derivatisation with coumarin-3-carbonyl chloride. This is the first time this analytical method has been applied to an extensive study of trichothecene accumulation. With minor exceptions, greater trichothecene production occurred when samples were incubated at 20 degrees C and moistened with 35% water (water activity 0.990) although incubation conditions affected the substrates studied in different ways. No correlation between the different pairs of trichothecenes was found except for neosolaniol and diacetoxyscirpenol (r=0.56). Principal component analysis results show that the data points can be grouped in three rough clusters related to cereal type, which points out that the composition of these cereals can influence the production of type A trichothecenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mateo
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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Renner MK, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Neomangicols: Structures and Absolute Stereochemistries of Unprecedented Halogenated Sesterterpenes from a Marine Fungus of the Genus Fusarium. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Renner
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of CaliforniaSan Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0236
| | - Paul R. Jensen
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of CaliforniaSan Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0236
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of CaliforniaSan Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0236
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Kuti JO, Bean GA, Mackay WA, Ng TJ. Influence of muskmelon cell wall polysaccharides on roridin E production by a pathogenic strain of Myrothecium roridum. Mycopathologia 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00436065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Fusarium species as pathogens of potato tubers during storage and their ability to produce mycotoxins. Mycotoxin Res 1987; 3 Suppl 1:99-104. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Phytotoxicity of metabolites formed by Fusaria to cereal seedlings. Mycotoxin Res 1987; 3 Suppl 1:86-9. [PMID: 23605028 DOI: 10.1007/bf03192036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytotoxicity of 37 isolates of seven species ofFusarium has been studied. Metabolites of tested species exhibited signficantly different phototoxicity towards cereal seedlings. Germination was in greatest extent inhibited by metabolites ofF. subglutinans, in smallest extent by metabolites ofF. tricinctum /respectively 50% and 8%/. The growth rate of wheat seedlings was most strongly retarded by metabolites ofF. crookwellense, metabolites ofF. tricictum inhibited growth in the lowest percentage 57% and 29% respectively.
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Rabie CJ, Sydenham EW, Thiel PG, Lübben A, Marasas WF. T-2 toxin production by Fusarium acuminatum isolated from oats and barley. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:594-6. [PMID: 3767364 PMCID: PMC203582 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.3.594-596.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oats grain from South Africa was frequently found to be infested by toxic strains of Fusarium acuminatum, as was one barley sample. All 11 toxic strains tested produced T-2 toxin (0.8 to 2,600 mg/kg), and 6 of 11 strains produced diacetoxyscirpenol (0.6 to 8.4 mg/kg). This is the first record of T-2 toxin-producing Fusarium isolates from Africa and of the production of large amounts of T-2 toxin at relatively high (25 degrees C) temperatures.
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Pace JG, Watts MR, Burrows EP, Dinterman RE, Matson C, Hauer EC, Wannemacher RW. Fate and distribution of 3H-labeled T-2 mycotoxin in guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 80:377-85. [PMID: 4035695 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(85)90382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a potent cytotoxic metabolite produced by the Fusarium species. The fate and distribution of 3H-labeled T-2 toxin were examined in male guinea pigs. Radioactivity was detected in all body tissues within 30 min after an im injection of an LD50 dose (1.04 mg/kg) of T-2 toxin. The plasma concentration of trichothecene molar equivalents versus time was multiphasic, with an initial absorption half-life equal to or less than 30 min. Bile contained a large amount of radioactivity which was identified as HT-2, 4-deacetylneosolaniol, 3'-hydroxy HT-2, 3'-hydroxy T-2 triol, and several more-polar unknowns. These T-2 metabolites are excreted from liver via bile into the intestine. Within 5 days, 75% of the total radioactivity was excreted in urine and feces at a ratio of 4 to 1. The appearance of radioactivity in the excreta was biphasic. Metabolic derivatives of T-2 excreted in urine were T-2 tetraol, 4-deacetylneosolaniol, 3'-hydroxy HT-2, and several unknowns. These studies showed a rapid appearance in and subsequent loss of radioactivity from tissues and body fluids. Only 0.01% of the total administered radioactivity was still detectable in tissues at 28 days. The distribution patterns and excretion rates suggest that liver and kidney are the principal organs of detoxication and excretion of T-2 toxin and its metabolites.
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Visconti A, Mirocha CJ, Bottalico A, Chelkowski J. Trichothecene mycotoxins produced byFusarium sporotrichioides strain P-11. Mycotoxin Res 1985; 1:3-10. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03191948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/1984] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
About 100 fungal metabolites may cause cancer, embryological defects, or other histopathological effects in mammals. They are produced by a wide variety of fungi. Few of these metabolites have significant acute toxicity. With the exception of aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin, there is no conclusive evidence that any of them is carcinogenic. However, several of the compounds are mutagenic. Cytochalasin D and T-2 toxin are probably teratogenic. A wide variety of other histopathological effects have been shown. Liver damage has been most frequently reported. In almost all cases the molecular bases of these effects have not been extensively investigated. Although much is known about the routes by which some of the compounds are synthesized in vivo, nothing is known about control at the molecular level of these biosynthetic routes. Little is known about the biological degradation of these compounds or about the levels and incidences of them in food and animal feed. Future work in all these areas will depend on the further development of sensitive assay methods that are applicable to their measurement in food, in animal feed, and in animal tissues and body fluids and on the application of these methods to define exposure to these compounds in the diet.
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McDougal PG, Schmuff NR. Chemical synthesis of the trichothecenes. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1985; 47:153-219. [PMID: 3896992 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8790-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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