A new acyclic diketotriterpenoid isolated from the indonesian marine sponge hyrtios erectus

Marine Natural Products from Indonesian Waters

Natural products are primal and have been a driver in the evolution of organic chemistry and ultimately in science. The chemical structures obtained from marine organisms are diverse, reflecting biodiversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is an extraordinary feature of life and provides benefits to humanity while promoting the importance of environment conservation. This review covers the literature on marine natural products (MNPs) discovered in Indonesian waters published from January 1970 to December 2017, and includes 732 original MNPs, 4 structures isolated for the first time but known to be synthetic entities, 34 structural revisions, 9 artifacts, and 4 proposed MNPs. Indonesian MNPs were found in 270 papers from 94 species, 106 genera, 64 families, 32 orders, 14 classes, 10 phyla, and 5 kingdoms. The emphasis is placed on the structures of organic molecules (original and revised), relevant biological activities, structure elucidation, chemical ecology aspects, biosynthesis, and bioorganic studies. Through the synthesis of past and future data, huge and partly undescribed biodiversity of marine tropical invertebrates and their importance for crucial societal benefits should greatly be appreciated.

Vanillin biotechnology: the perspectives and future

The biotechnological production of fragrances is a recent trend that has expanded rapidly in the last two decades. Vanillin is the second most popular flavoring agent after saffron and is extensively used in various applications, e.g., as a food additive in food and beverages and as a masking agent in various pharmaceutical formulations. It is also considered a valuable product for other applications, such as metal plating and the production of other flavoring agents, herbicides, ripening agents, antifoaming agents, and personal and home-use products (such as in deodorants, air fresheners, and floor-polishing agents). In general, three types of vanillin, namely natural, biotechnological, and chemical/synthetic, are available on the market. However, only natural and nature-identical (biotechnologically produced from ferulic acid only) vanillins are considered as food-grade additives by most food-safety control authorities worldwide. In the present review, we summarize recent trends in fermentation technology for vanillin production and discuss the importance of the choice of raw materials for the economically viable production of vanillin. We also describe the key enzymes used in the biotechnological production of vanillin as well as their underlying genes. Research to advance our understanding of the molecular regulation of different pathways involved in vanillin production from ferulic acid is still ongoing. The enhanced knowledge is expected to offer new opportunities for the application of metabolic engineering to optimize the production of nature-identical vanillin. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anti-Helicobacter, Antitubercular and Cytotoxic Activities of Scalaranes from the Red Sea Sponge Hyrtios erectus

The Red Sea specimen of the marine sponge Hyrtios erectus (order Dictyoceratida) was found to contain scalarane-type sesterterpenes. 12-O-deacetyl-12,19-di-epi-scalarin (14), a new scalarane sesterterpenoid, along with fourteen previously-reported scalarane-type sesterterpenes (1–13 and 15) have been isolated. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of detailed 1D and 2D NMR spectral data and mass spectroscopy, as well as by comparison with reported data. The anti-Helicobacter pylori, antitubercular and cytotoxic activities of all fifteen compounds were evaluated to reveal the potency of Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 10. Amongst these, Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6 and 10 displayed a promising bioactivity profile, possessing potent activities in the antitubercular and anti-H. pylori bioassay. Compounds 2 and 7 showed the most promising cytotoxic profile, while Compounds 1 and 10 showed a moderate cytotoxic profile against MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2 cell lines.

Bioactive Natural Products of Marine Sponges from the Genus Hyrtios

Marine sponges are known as a rich source for novel bioactive compounds with valuable pharmacological potential. One of the most predominant sponge genera is Hyrtios, reported to have various species such as Hyrtios erectus, Hyrtios reticulatus, Hyrtios gumminae, Hyrtios communis, and Hyrtios tubulatus and a number of undescribed species. Members of the genus Hyrtios are a rich source of natural products with diverse and valuable biological activities, represented by different chemical classes including alkaloids, sesterterpenes and sesquiterpenes. This review covers the literature until June 2016, providing a complete survey of all compounds isolated from the genus Hyrtios with their corresponding biological activities whenever applicable.

New marine natural products from sponges (Porifera) of the order Dictyoceratida (2001 to 2012); a promising source for drug discovery, exploration and future prospects

The discovery of new drugs can no longer rely primarily on terrestrial resources, as they have been heavily exploited for over a century. During the last few decades marine sources, particularly sponges, have proven to be a most promising source of new natural products for drug discovery. This review considers the order Dictyoceratida in the Phylum Porifera from which the largest number of new marine natural products have been reported over the period 2001-2012. This paper examines all the sponges from the order Dictyoceratida that were reported as new compounds during the time period in a comprehensive manner. The distinctive physical characteristics and the geographical distribution of the different families are presented. The wide structural diversity of the compounds produced and the variety of biological activities they exhibited is highlighted. As a representative of sponges, insights into this order and avenues for future effective natural product discovery are presented. The research institutions associated with the various studies are also highlighted with the aim of facilitating collaborative relationships, as well as to acknowledge the major international contributors to the discovery of novel sponge metabolites. The order Dictyoceratida is a valuable source of novel chemical structures which will continue to contribute to a new era of drug discovery.

A New Bioactive Metabolite Isolated from the Red Sea Marine Sponge Hyrtios erectus

Chemical investigation of the lipophilic fraction of Hyrtios erectus, a Red Sea sponge, yielded a new pentacyclic nitrogen-containing scalarane; 24-methoxypetrosaspongia C (1), together with the previously reported scalaranes sesterstatin 3 (2), 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial (3) and 12-deacetyl-12,18-di-epi-scalaradial (4). The compounds were identified using HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The isolated compounds showed growth inhibitory activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) and breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7).

Hainanerectamines A-C, alkaloids from the Hainan sponge Hyrtios erecta

Two new indole alkaloids, hainanerectamines A (1) and B (2), and one new β-carboline alkaloids, hainanerectamines C (4), along with five known related alkaloids (3, 5-8), have been isolated from the Hainan marine sponge Hyrtios erecta. The structures of new compounds 1, 2 and 4 were determined by detailed analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra and by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those of related model compounds. Compounds 2-4 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against Aurora A, a member of serine/threonine kinase family involving in the regulation of cell division and a new target in cancer treatment, with IC50 values of 24.5, 13.6, and 18.6 μg/mL, respectively.

Scalarane Sesterterpenes from the Paracel Islands Marine Sponge Hyrtios sp

A new scalarane sesterterpene, sesterstamide (1), together with four known sesterterpenes (2–5), were isolated from the Paracel Islands marine sponge Hyrtios sp. The chemical structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with known compounds. The cytotoxic and antileishmanial activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated.

Bioactive scalaranes from the Thai sponge Hyrtios gumminae

Chemical investigation of the Thai sponge Hyrtios gumminae collected from Similan Island in the Andaman Sea, Thailand, yielded four new sesterterpenoids, similan A (1), 12beta,20-dihydroxy-16beta-acetoxy-17-scalaren-19,20-olide (2), 12beta-acetoxy-20-hydroxy-17-scalaren-19,20-olide (3), and 12beta,16alpha,20-trihydroxy-17-scalaren-19,20-olide (4), together with seven known compounds. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data and chemical transformations. Some of the isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity.

Antimycobacterial scalarane-based sesterterpenes from the Red Sea sponge Hyrtios erecta

A new scalarane-type pentacyclic sesterterpene, sesterstatin 7 (1), was isolated from the Red Sea sponge Hyrtios erecta, together with 16-epi-scalarolbutenolide (2), 25-dehydroxy-12-epi-deacetylscalarin (3), 3-acetylsesterstatin 1 (4), and 21-acetoxydeoxyscalarin. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. Sesterstatin 7 (1) showed 63% inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H(37)Rv) at a concentration of 6.25 microg/mL. Compound 2 displayed moderate inhibitory activity, while 3 and 4 were weakly active against the same biological target.

Hyrtioerectines A-C, cytotoxic alkaloids from the red sea sponge hyrtioserectus

A Red Sea specimen of the marine sponge Hyrtios erectus was found to contain three new alkaloids, hyrtioerectines A-C (1-3). Hyrtioerectine A (1) possesses the carbon bond-linked moieties 6-hydroxy beta-carboline and 6-hydroxyindole. The structure elucidation of 1-3 was based on intensive study of their spectral data including 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D (1H-1H COSY, HOHAHA, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) NMR, together with high-resolution mass spectra. Hyrtioerectines A-C were moderately cytotoxic.

Poipuol, a new metabolite from a Hawaiian sponge of the genus Hyrtios

A new metabolite, poipuol (1), was isolated from an undescribed marine sponge Hyrtios sp. collected in Kauai Island, Hawaii. The structure was determined from spectroscopic data.

Sesterterpenoids from the marine sponge Hyrtios erectus

Four new sesterterpenes, namely, (+)-20-formylhyrtiosal (1), (+)-16-O-acetyl-20-formylhyrtiosal (2), 12-alpha-O-acetylhyrtiolide (3), and 5,10-dihydroxyfurospinulosine-1 (4), together with seven known sesterterpenes (5-11) were isolated from the marine sponge Hyrtios erectus collected at Hainan, China. The structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis involving mainly one- and two-dimensional NMR as well as mass spectroscopy.

5-hydroxytryptamine-derived alkaloids from two marine sponges of the genus Hyrtios

Indonesian specimens of the marine sponges Hyrtios erectus and H. reticulatus were found to contain 5-hydroxytryptamine-derived alkaloids. Their structures were determined on the basis of their spectral properties. H. erectus contained hyrtiosulawesine (4), a new beta-carboline alkaloid, together with the already known alkaloids 5-hydroxyindole-3-carbaldehyde (1), hyrtiosin B (2), and 5-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)indole (3). H. reticulatus contained the novel derivative 1,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (11) together with serotonin (5), 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (7), and 6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1-oxo-beta-carboline (9).