1
|
Werner L, Radius U. NHC aluminum chemistry on the rise. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39225565 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This perspective highlights recent developments of the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (cAACs) in alane and aluminum organyl chemistry. Especially in the last few years this flourishing research field led to some remarkable discoveries including various substitution patterns at the central aluminum atom, different oxidation states, neutral and charged compounds with varying coordination numbers and unique reactivities. Thereby NHCs play a vital role in the stabilization of these otherwise highly reactive compounds, which would not be realizable without the use of this intriguing class of ligands. Nevertheless, main group hydrides and especially NHC ligated alanes also tend to undergo NHC decomposition reactions, which are part of ongoing research and provide important information for NHC research in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Werner L, Radius U. How to Decarbonize N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): The simple Alane Adducts (NHC) ⋅ AlR 3 (R=H, Me, Et). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403639. [PMID: 38446008 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of the amine-stabilized alane (NMe3) ⋅ AlH3 1 with the backbone-saturated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) SIDipp (SIDipp=1,3-bis-{2,6-di-iso-propyl-phenyl}-imidazolidin-2-ylidene) at 0 °C yielded the NHC alane adduct (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2. Reaction at elevated temperatures or prolonged reaction at room temperature gave the product of a ring expansion reaction (RER) of the NHC, (NMe3) ⋅ AlH(RER-SIDippH2) 3 ⋅ (NMe3). Subsequent reaction of the latter with sterically less hindered NHCs (IMeMe {=1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}, IiPrMe {=1,3-di-iso-propyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}, and IiPr {=1,3-di-iso-propyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}) afforded the NHC-stabilized RER-products (NHC) ⋅ AlH(RER-SIDippH2) 3 ⋅ (NHC) (NHC=IMeMe, IiPrMe, IiPr), while no reaction was observed with the sterically more demanding NHCs IDipp (=1,3-bis-{2,6-di-iso-propyl-phenyl}-imidazolin-2-ylidene), SIDipp and ItBu (=1,3-di-tert-butyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene). The compounds 3 ⋅ (NHC) were also obtained starting from (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2 and NHC at room temperature. Heating solutions of (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2 without additional base to 95 °C resulted in decarbonization of the NHC and substitution of the carbene carbon atom with aluminum hydride under loss of ethene. Subsequent dimerization afforded cis-[AlH{μ-N(Dipp)CH2CH2N(Dipp)}]2 4_dimer. Heating solutions of the NHC-ligated aluminum alkyls (SIDipp) ⋅ AlR3 2R (R=Me, Et) to 145 °C instead led to complete scission of the NHC backbone with evolution of ethene and isolation of the dialkylaluminium(III) amidinates {DippNC(R)NDipp}AlR2 5R (R=Me, Et).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borthakur B, Ghosh B, Phukan AK. The flourishing chemistry of carbene stabilized compounds of group 13 and 14 elements. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
4
|
Sun F, Yin T, Wang Y, Feng A, Yang L, Wu W, Yu C, Li T, Wei D, Yao C. A combined experimental and computational study of NHC-promoted desulfonylation of tosylated aldimines. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01402k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NHC-catalyzed mild desulfonylation of tosylated aldimines provides efficient access to aryl nitriles with broad substrate scope. DFT calculations demonstrate that the reaction undergoes multiple stepwise processes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Habibi D, Pordanjani HM. Phthalimide-N-sulfonic acid, an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of various isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Wu MM, Gill AM, Yunpeng L, Yongxin L, Ganguly R, Falivene L, García F. Aryl-NHC-group 13 trimethyl complexes: structural, stability and bonding insights. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:854-864. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of aromatic N-substituted N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with trimethylgallium and -indium yielded the new Lewis acid–base adducts (as shown in the Figure). The steric and electronic factors affecting the stability of these complexes were quantified using percent buried volume, topographic steric maps and theoretical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Wu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Arran M. Gill
- Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Highfield Southampton
- UK
| | - Lu Yunpeng
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Li Yongxin
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fliedel C, Schnee G, Avilés T, Dagorne S. Group 13 metal (Al, Ga, In, Tl) complexes supported by heteroatom-bonded carbene ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
El-Hellani A, Monot J, Tang S, Guillot R, Bour C, Gandon V. Relationship between Gallium Pyramidalization in L·GaCl3 Complexes and the Electronic Ligand Properties. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11493-502. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401817g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Julien Monot
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Shun Tang
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Bour
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- ICSN-CNRS, Bat 27-1 avenue
de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rai VK, Sharma R, Kumar A. Masked amino acid: a new C-nucleophile for I2-catalyzed stereoselective ring opening of epoxides in ionic liquid. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Eftekhari-Sis B, Zirak M, Akbari A. Arylglyoxals in Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2958-3043. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300176g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Eftekhari-Sis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Maryam Zirak
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fèvre M, Pinaud J, Gnanou Y, Vignolle J, Taton D. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as organocatalysts and structural components in metal-free polymer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2142-72. [PMID: 23288304 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35383k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has witnessed tremendous development in the past two decades: NHCs have not only become versatile ligands for transition metals, but have also emerged as powerful organic catalysts in molecular chemistry and, more recently, in metal-free polymer synthesis. To understand the success of NHCs, this review first presents the electronic properties of NHCs, their main synthetic methods, their handling, and their reactivity. Their ability to activate key functional groups (e.g. aldehydes, esters, heterocycles, silyl ketene acetals, alcohols) is then discussed in the context of molecular chemistry. Focus has been placed on the activation of substrates finding analogies with monomers (e.g. bis-aldehydes, multi-isocyanates, cyclic esters, epoxides, N-carboxyanhydrides, etc.) and/or initiators (e.g. hydroxy- or trimethylsilyl-containing reagents) employed in such "organopolymerisation" reactions utilizing NHCs. A variety of metal-free polymers, including aliphatic polyesters and polyethers, poly(α-peptoid)s, poly(meth)acrylates, polyurethanes, or polysiloxanes can be obtained in this way. The last section covers the use of NHCs as structural components of the polymer chain. Indeed, NHC-based photoinitiators, chain transfer agents or functionalizing agents, as well as bifunctional NHC monomer substrates, can also serve for metal-free polymer synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maréva Fèvre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
El-Hellani A, Monot J, Guillot R, Bour C, Gandon V. Molecular versus Ionic Structures in Adducts of GaX3 with Monodentate Carbon-Based Ligands. Inorg Chem 2012; 52:506-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Julien Monot
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Bour
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ertürk E, Tezeren MA, Atalar T, Tilki T. Regioselective ring-opening of epoxides with ortho-lithioanisoles catalyzed by BF3·OEt2. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
Lewis acid activation with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis has presented new opportunities for enantioselective reaction development. Recent findings illustrate that Lewis acids can play an important role in homoenolate annulations by: enhancement of the reactivity, reversal of the diastereo- or regioselectivity, and activation of previously inactive electrophiles. Additionally, the incorporation of a Lewis acid into Brønsted base-catalyzed conjugate addition allowed for an increase in yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Aza-Michael addition of amines, including aromatic and aliphatic amines, with α, β-unsaturated ketones was realized employing N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) as organocatalyst, yielding β-amino ketones with up to 98% yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Kang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The use of N-heterocyclic carbenes as catalysts for organic transformations has received increased attention in the past 10 years. A discussion of catalyst development and nucleophilic characteristics precedes a description of recent advancements and new reactions using N-heterocyclic carbenes in catalysis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Monot J, Brahmi MM, Ueng SH, Robert C, Murr MDE, Curran DP, Malacria M, Fensterbank L, Lacôte E. Suzuki−Miyaura Coupling of NHC−Boranes: A New Addition to the C−C Coupling Toolbox. Org Lett 2009; 11:4914-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Monot
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Malika Makhlouf Brahmi
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Shau-Hua Ueng
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Carine Robert
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Marine Desage-El Murr
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Dennis P. Curran
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Max Malacria
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Emmanuel Lacôte
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut parisien de chimie moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201), C. 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Shih WC, Wang CH, Chang YT, Yap GPA, Ong TG. Synthesis and Structure of an Amino-Linked N-Heterocyclic Carbene and the Reactivity of its Aluminum Adduct. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om800917j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Shih
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Chun-Han Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Yang-Ting Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang XN, Lv H, Huang XL, Ye S. Asymmetric esterification of ketenes catalyzed by an N-heterocyclic carbene. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:346-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b815139c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Chen DD, Hou XL, Dai LX. Unexpected transfer of tosyl group of ArCH=NTs-catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5578-81. [PMID: 18557643 DOI: 10.1021/jo800569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of N-tosylimines with aziridines and electron-deficient unsaturated compounds in the presence of catalytic amount of NHC afforded unexpected tosyl group transfer products in good to high yields, which represent a new reaction pattern for imines as well as for catalysis of NHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Enders D, Han J. Synthesis of enantiopure triazolium salts from pyroglutamic acid and their evaluation in the benzoin condensation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Luan X, Mariz R, Gatti M, Costabile C, Poater A, Cavallo L, Linden A, Dorta R. Identification and Characterization of a New Family of Catalytically Highly Active Imidazolin-2-ylidenes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6848-58. [DOI: 10.1021/ja800861p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Luan
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), I-84084, Italy
| | - Ronaldo Mariz
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), I-84084, Italy
| | - Michele Gatti
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), I-84084, Italy
| | - Chiara Costabile
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), I-84084, Italy
| | - Albert Poater
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), I-84084, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), I-84084, Italy
| | - Anthony Linden
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), I-84084, Italy
| | - Reto Dorta
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), I-84084, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Formycin is a naturally occurring biologically responsive C-nucleoside. In pursuing the design and syntheses of novel C-nucleosides, convenient access to carbocyclic C-nucleosides based on the formycin framework was a goal. One such target was carbocyclic 4'-epiformycin (4). This compound is reported via a procedure based on an asymmetric aldol/ring closure methathesis strategy. To provide a preliminary glimpse into the biological characterization of 4 an antiviral assay was conducted. Target 4 was found to be inactive and to lack cytotoxicity to the host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Enders
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Niemeier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Henseler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Marion N, Díez-González S, Nolan SP. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Organocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2988-3000. [PMID: 17348057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1251] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalyzed reactions represent an attractive alternative to metal-catalyzed processes notably because of their lower cost and benign environmental impact in comparison to organometallic catalysis. In this context, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been studied for their ability to promote primarily the benzoin condensation. Lately, dramatic progress in understanding their intrinsic properties and in their synthesis have made them available to organic chemists. This has resulted in a tremendous increase of their scope and in a true explosion of the number of papers reporting NHC-catalyzed reactions. Here, we highlight the ever-increasing number of reactions that can be promoted by N-heterocyclic carbenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marion
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marion N, Díez-González S, Nolan S. N-heterocyclische Carbene als Organokatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Salerno A, Perillo I, C. Caterina M, de los Santos C. 1H and 13C NMR Analysis of a 1,2-Diaryl-3-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolium Salts Series. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-10892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
Arnold PL, Wilson C. Sterically demanding bi- and tridentate alkoxy-N-heterocyclic carbenes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
31
|
The preparation of new enantiopure imidazolinium salts and their evaluation as catalysts and shift reagents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
32
|
Arnold PL, Liddle ST. Deprotonation of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes to Afford Heterobimetallic Organolanthanide Complexes. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om050895u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polly L. Arnold
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen T. Liddle
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) can bind as two-electron sigma-donor ligands to lanthanide and actinide metal cations. In this review we summarise how the incorporation of an anionic group (alkoxide or amido), to form heterobidentate NHC ligands, allows the synthesis of a range of f-block NHC adducts. The tethering group also allows the lability of the NHC group, and its subsequent reactivity, to be studied. We include a brief survey of the known, structurally characterised f-element-NHC bond distances, and a range of substrates that react to displace the metal-bound NHC group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polly L Arnold
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UKNG7 2RD.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Clemens N, Sereda O, Wilhelm R. Unexpected behaviour of tosylated and acetylated imidazolinium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:2285-90. [PMID: 16729138 DOI: 10.1039/b601104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tosylated and acetylated imidazolinium salts revealed an unexpected reactivity when treated with methyl iodide or benzyl bromide. Moreover an unprecedented acid-catalysed rearrangement for an acetylated imidazolinium salt was observed during an anion metathesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Clemens
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang M, Zhu C, Yuan F, Huang Y, Pan Y. Enantioselective Ring-Opening Reaction of meso-Epoxides with ArSeH Catalyzed by Heterometallic Ti−Ga−Salen System. Org Lett 2005; 7:1927-30. [PMID: 15876021 DOI: 10.1021/ol0503034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first example of enantioselective ring-opening reaction of meso-epoxides with aryl selenols to give optically active beta-arylseleno alcohol in up to 97% ee was realized, using a chiral Ti-Ga-Salen heterometallic catalyst. A strong synergistic effect of different Lewis acids in the system was exhibited in the catalytic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liddle ST, Arnold PL. Synthesis of Heteroleptic Cerium(III) Anionic Amido-Tethered N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Liddle
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Polly L. Arnold
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jurcik V, Wilhelm R. Imidazolinium salts as catalysts for the aza-Diels–Alder reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:239-44. [PMID: 15632965 DOI: 10.1039/b415023f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various easily accessible imidazolinium salts have been found to be capable of catalysing an aza-Diels-Alder reaction with a range of imines and Danishefsky's diene, giving the desired products in good to excellent yields. The influence of the counter-anions on the reactivity has been explored. These salts could contribute to the field of metal-free catalysis/organocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Jurcik
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Leibnizstr. 6, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Synthesis and asymmetric catalytic activities of chiral organogallium and indium complexes with ephedrine derivatives as ligands. The crystal structure of [(1R, 2S)-(Me2Ga-μ-OCH(C6H5)CH(CH3)-μ-NHCH3)]2. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
39
|
Shanmugam P, Miyashita M. R3Al-R'3SiOTf: novel and powerful reagent system for stereospecific alkylation-silylation reactions of epoxides. Org Lett 2003; 5:3265-8. [PMID: 12943403 DOI: 10.1021/ol035075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A novel and powerful reagent system R(3)Al-R'(3)SiOTf for the one-pot alkylation-silylation reaction of epoxides was discovered, and the reactions of various epoxides with the new reagent system have been demonstrated to occur stereospecifically giving rise to the corresponding alkylation-silylation products in excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ponnusamy Shanmugam
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Chapter 3 Three-membered ring systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(02)80005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|