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Annuar NAK, Azlan UK, Mediani A, Tong X, Han R, Al-Olayan E, Baharum SN, Bunawan H, Sarian MN, Hamezah HS, Jantan I. An insight review on the neuropharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of mitragynine. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116134. [PMID: 38219389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitragynine is one of the main psychoactive alkaloids in Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (kratom). It has opium-like effects by acting on μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors in the brain. The compound also interacts with other receptors, such as adrenergic and serotonergic receptors and neuronal Ca2+ channels in the central nervous system to have its neuropharmacological effects. Mitragynine has the potential to treat diseases related to neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as its modulation on the opioid receptors has been reported extensively. This review aimed to provide an up-to-date and critical overview on the neuropharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and safety of mitragynine as a prospective psychotropic agent. Its multiple neuropharmacological effects on the brain include antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, sedative, stimulant, cognitive, and anxiolytic activities. The potential of mitragynine to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms related to opioid dependence, its pharmacokinetics and toxic effects were also discussed. The interaction of mitragynine with various receptors in the brain produce diverse neuropharmacological effects, which have beneficial properties in neurological disorders. However, further studies need to be carried out on mitragynine to uncover its complex mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic profiles, addictive potential, and safe dosage to prevent harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aisyah Khairul Annuar
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ummi Kalthum Azlan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Mediani
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rongchun Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ebtesam Al-Olayan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murni Nazira Sarian
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamizah Shahirah Hamezah
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Bowe A, Kerr PL. Endogenous Opioid Activity as the Mechanism of Action for Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom): The Current State of the Evidence. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 35:287-313. [PMID: 38874729 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45493-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a substance derived from botanical compounds native to Southeast Asia. This substance has been cultivated predominantly in Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Myanmar, where it has historically been used in traditional medicine as a near panacea for several health problems. Such ritualistic use of kratom has been present for centuries; however, recreational use appears to have increased globally, especially in the United States. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies have found that kratom demonstrates a unique parabolic, dose-dependent pattern of effects ranging from stimulation to opioid and analgesic effects. Pharmacological research indicates that kratom is both a mu opioid receptor (μ-OR; MOR) and a kappa opioid receptor (κ-OR; KOR) agonist, which mediates its analgesic effects. Other research suggests that kratom may simultaneously act on dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors, which mediate its stimulant effects. This chapter reviews the literature related to the structural, functional, and cultural characteristics of kratom use. We begin with an overview of current and historical patterns of kratom, followed by a review of data on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of kratom thus far.
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MESH Headings
- Mitragyna
- Humans
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Animals
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Asia, Southeastern
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Bowe
- West Virginia University School of Medicine-Charleston, Charleston, WV, USA.
| | - Patrick L Kerr
- West Virginia University School of Medicine-Charleston, Charleston, WV, USA
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3
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Zhang XQ, Ma YR, Liu YK. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of Cyclic α-Hydroxyamides: Access to Chiral Cyclic Imides and Azapolycyclic Compounds. Org Lett 2023; 25:8220-8224. [PMID: 37955418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient enantioselective enamine-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition has been developed to directly convert unfunctionalized cyclic α-hydroxyamides into chiral cyclic α-hydroxyamides by reacting with vinyl sulfones, which could be used as versatile azacyclic synthons in the following sequences: (1) as the precursors of cyclic N-acyliminium ions to prepare natural productlike chiral azapolycyclic compounds under acidic conditions and (2) to construct chiral cyclic imides bearing unilateral substituents via oxidation reaction-induced formal desymmetrization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Zhang
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuan-Ren Ma
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan-Kai Liu
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
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4
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Angyal P, Hegedüs K, Mészáros BB, Daru J, Dudás Á, Galambos AR, Essmat N, Al-Khrasani M, Varga S, Soós T. Total Synthesis and Structural Plasticity of Kratom Pseudoindoxyl Metabolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303700. [PMID: 37332089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, a kratom metabolite, has attracted increasing attention due to its favorable side effect profile as compared to conventional opioids. Herein, we describe the first enantioselective and scalable total synthesis of this natural product and its epimeric congener, speciogynine pseudoindoxyl. The characteristic spiro-5-5-6-tricyclic system of these alkaloids was formed through a protecting-group-free cascade relay process in which oxidized tryptamine and secologanin analogues were used. Furthermore, we discovered that mitragynine pseudoindoxyl acts not as a single molecular entity but as a dynamic ensemble of stereoisomers in protic environments; thus, it exhibits structural plasticity in biological systems. Accordingly, these synthetic, structural, and biological studies provide a basis for the planned design of mitragynine pseudoindoxyl analogues, which can guide the development of next-generation analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Angyal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Hegedüs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Balázs Mészáros
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Daru
- Department of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dudás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Rita Galambos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nariman Essmat
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Varga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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Sakamoto J, Kitajima M, Ishikawa H. Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Mitragynine, Speciogynine, and 7-Hydroxymitragynine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:662-668. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukiya Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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Heravi MM, Amiri Z, Kafshdarzadeh K, Zadsirjan V. Synthesis of indole derivatives as prevalent moieties present in selected alkaloids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33540-33612. [PMID: 35497516 PMCID: PMC9042329 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoles are a significant heterocyclic system in natural products and drugs. They are important types of molecules and natural products and play a main role in cell biology. The application of indole derivatives as biologically active compounds for the treatment of cancer cells, microbes, and different types of disorders in the human body has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Indoles, both natural and synthetic, show various biologically vital properties. Owing to the importance of this significant ring system, the investigation of novel methods of synthesis have attracted the attention of the chemical community. In this review, we aim to highlight the construction of indoles as a moiety in selected alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Zahra Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Kosar Kafshdarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
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7
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Dhote PS, Patel P, Vanka K, Ramana CV. Total synthesis of the pseudoindoxyl class of natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7970-7994. [PMID: 34486008 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pseudoindoxyl sub-structural motif, amongst the large set of the indole class of alkaloids, represents a unique subset of the oxygenated indole class of the alkaloid family. A majority of this class of natural products contains complex bridged/polycyclic scaffolds with interesting biological profiles. They are thus attractive synthetic targets. Starting from 1963, twenty-eight natural products having the pseudoindoxyl scaffold have been isolated, among which the synthesis of 13 natural products has been accomplished. In this review, we highlight the completed as well as the formal total synthesis of the natural products with a spiro-pseudoindoxyl ring, with a focus on their development. The challenges and the future perspective based on the recent developments in the field will also be discussed. We strongly believe that this review will not only update but also attract the attention of researchers in dealing with the synthesis of pseudoindoxyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan S Dhote
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Pitambar Patel
- CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Assam-785006, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Chepuri V Ramana
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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8
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Chakraborty S, Majumdar S. Natural Products for the Treatment of Pain: Chemistry and Pharmacology of Salvinorin A, Mitragynine, and Collybolide. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1381-1400. [PMID: 32930582 PMCID: PMC7982354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pain remains a very pervasive problem throughout medicine. Classical pain management is achieved through the use of opiates belonging to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) class, which have significant side effects that hinder their utility. Pharmacologists have been trying to develop opioids devoid of side effects since the isolation of morphine from papaver somniferum, more commonly known as opium by Sertürner in 1804. The natural products salvinorin A, mitragynine, and collybolide represent three nonmorphinan natural product-based targets, which are potent selective agonists of opioid receptors, and emerging next-generation analgesics. In this work, we review the phytochemistry and medicinal chemistry efforts on these templates and their effects on affinity, selectivity, analgesic actions, and a myriad of other opioid-receptor-related behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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9
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Yuan L, Chen L, Yan X, Gao K, Wang X. Palladium catalyzed reductive Heck coupling and its application in total synthesis of (−)-17-nor-excelsinidine. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7570-7574. [PMID: 35423278 PMCID: PMC8694955 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids, bearing a highly substituted piperidine ring, are a structurally diverse class of bioactive natural products, found in various parts of the world. Herein, we reported the construction of the key piperidine ring via palladium catalyzed reductive Heck coupling with a good syn selective manner, avoiding the usage of stoichiometric, highly toxic, air sensitive and moisture sensitive Ni(COD)2. To further showcase the value of this methodology, we realized the total synthesis of the structurally unique zwitterionic monoterpene indole alkaloid (−)-17-nor-excelsinidine in 9 steps, in which the key ammonium–acetate connection (N4–C16) of (−)-17-nor-excelsinidine was constructed via oxidative coupling in excellent yield and high regioselectivity under NBS/pyridine from the enolate of geissoschizine. 17-nor-Excelsinidine was constructed via oxidative coupling in excellent yield and high regioselectivity under NBS/pyridine from the enolate of geissoschizine.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Linrong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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10
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Song X, Yang R, Xiao Q. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Heterocyclics via Cascade Cyclization of Propargylic Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian‐Rong Song
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruchun Yang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
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11
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Abstract
The psychoactive plant kratom is a native plant to Southeast Asia, and its major bioactive alkaloid is mitragynine. Mitragynine exerts its analgesic properties by acting on the opioid receptors. One of its active metabolites, 7-hydroxymytraginine, is found to be 40 times more potent than mitragynine and 10 times more potent than morphine. Interestingly, current research suggests that mitragynine behaves as an atypical opioid agonist, possessing analgesic activity with less severe side effects than those of typical opioids. Although Thailand and Malaysia have criminalized the use, possession, growing, or selling of kratom due to its abuse potential, kratom still remains unregulated in the United States. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) listed kratom as a "drug of concern" in 2008 with the intent to temporarily place mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine onto Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. However, responses from the general public, U.S. Congress, and Kratom Alliances had the DEA retract their intent. Kratom is currently marketed in the United States as a dietary or herbal supplement used to treat chronic pain, anxiety, and depression with over $207 million in annual sales in the United States alone. Here, we will review the traditional and medicinal uses of kratom along with the synthesis of its bioactive ingredients and their pharmacology, metabolism, and structure-activity relationships. The importance in society of this currently controversial substance will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changho Han
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Joza Schmitt
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kristen M Gilliland
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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12
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Liang JX, Yang GB, Zhang YP, Guo DD, Zhao JZ, Li GX, Tang Z. Pictet–Spengler reaction based on in situ generated α-amino iminium ions through the Heyns rearrangement. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00722f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A useful tandem reaction via the Heyns rearrangement and Pictet–Spengler reaction was developed which ensured the synthesis of complex N-heteropolycycles containing tetrahydro-β-carboline with high yield (up to 96%) and dr (99 : 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-xiu Liang
- College of Art and Sciences
- Shanxi Agricultural University
- Taigu
- China
- Natural Product Research Center
| | - Guo-bin Yang
- College of Art and Sciences
- Shanxi Agricultural University
- Taigu
- China
| | - Yong-po Zhang
- College of Art and Sciences
- Shanxi Agricultural University
- Taigu
- China
| | - Dong-dong Guo
- College of Art and Sciences
- Shanxi Agricultural University
- Taigu
- China
| | - Jin-zhong Zhao
- College of Art and Sciences
- Shanxi Agricultural University
- Taigu
- China
| | - Guang-xun Li
- Natural Product Research Center
- Chengdu Institute of Biology
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zhuo Tang
- Natural Product Research Center
- Chengdu Institute of Biology
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Chengdu
- China
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13
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Kaur N, Ahlawat N, Bhardwaj P, Verma Y, Grewal P, Jangid NK. Ag-mediated synthesis of six-membered N-heterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1703196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neha Ahlawat
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pranshu Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yamini Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pooja Grewal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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14
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Parmeggiani F, Rué Casamajo A, Walton CJW, Galman JL, Turner NJ, Chica RA. One-Pot Biocatalytic Synthesis of Substituted d-Tryptophans from Indoles Enabled by an Engineered Aminotransferase. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Parmeggiani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Curtis J. W. Walton
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James L. Galman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto A. Chica
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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16
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17
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Tong X, Shi B, Liu Q, Huo Y, Xia C. Retro-biosynthetic construction of corynanthe alkaloid skeletons from rhynchophylline alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8062-8066. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01740b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corynanthe alkaloids could be generated from rhynchophylline alkaloids in a retro-biosynthetic manner via a Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province)
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Bingfei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province)
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province)
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Yanman Huo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province)
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province)
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
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18
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M Heravi M, Zadsirjan V, Malmir M. Application of the Asymmetric Pictet-Spengler Reaction in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products and Relevant Biologically Active Compounds. Molecules 2018; 23:E943. [PMID: 29670061 PMCID: PMC6017108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinolines are the framework of numerous natural products predominantly alkaloids, an important and one of the most wide spread families of naturally occurring compounds in the plant kingdom. Tetrahydroisoquinolines are commonly constructed through an old reaction, the so-called Pictet−Spengler Reaction (PSR). In this reaction, a β-aryl ethylamine undergoes an acid mediated condensation with a suitable aldehyde or ketone, followed by ring closure. In this review, we aim to highlight the applications of the asymmetric variant of this old name reaction in the total synthesis of natural products, chiefly, alkaloids, which exhibit significant biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
| | - Masumeh Malmir
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
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19
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Yuan Z, Hu X, Zhang H, Liu L, Chen P, He M, Xie X, Wang X, She X. Total synthesis of conosilane A via a site-selective C–H functionalization strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:912-915. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The strategy developed for the first total synthesis of highly oxygenated natural product conosilane A involving double manipulation of allylic C(sp3)–H functionalization renders the power of C–H functionalization in organic syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Xingang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Xuegong She
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin
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20
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Kruegel AC, Grundmann O. The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:108-120. [PMID: 28830758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (commonly known as kratom), a tree endogenous to parts of Southeast Asia, have been used traditionally for their stimulant, mood-elevating, and analgesic effects and have recently attracted significant attention due to increased use in Western cultures as an alternative medicine. The plant's active alkaloid constituents, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, have been shown to modulate opioid receptors, acting as partial agonists at mu-opioid receptors and competitive antagonists at kappa- and delta-opioid receptors. Furthermore, both alkaloids are G protein-biased agonists of the mu-opioid receptor and therefore, may induce less respiratory depression than classical opioid agonists. The Mitragyna alkaloids also appear to exert diverse activities at other brain receptors (including adrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic receptors), which may explain the complex pharmacological profile of raw kratom extracts, although characterization of effects at these other targets remains extremely limited. Through allometric scaling, doses of pure mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine used in animal studies can be related to single doses of raw kratom plant commonly consumed by humans, permitting preliminary interpretation of expected behavioral and physiological effects in man based on this preclinical data and comparison to both anecdotal human experience and multiple epidemiological surveys. Kratom exposure alone has not been causally associated with human fatalities to date. However, further research is needed to clarify the complex mechanism of action of the Mitragyna alkaloids and unlock their full therapeutic potential. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Designer Drugs and Legal Highs.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Kruegel
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, United States.
| | - Oliver Grundmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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21
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Wang SG, Xia ZL, Xu RQ, Liu XJ, Zheng C, You SL. Construction of Chiral Tetrahydro-β-Carbolines: Asymmetric Pictet-Spengler Reaction of Indolyl Dihydropyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7440-7443. [PMID: 28466512 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient synthesis of the enantioenriched tetrahydro-β-carbolines was developed by using a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed Pictet-Spengler reaction of indolyl dihydropyridines. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions to afford the desired chiral tetrahydro-β-carbolines in good to excellent yields (up to 96 %) and high enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). With this method, a formal synthesis of tangutorine and a total synthesis of deplancheine were achieved in a highly efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Guo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zi-Lei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ren-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xi-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
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22
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Wang SG, Xia ZL, Xu RQ, Liu XJ, Zheng C, You SL. Construction of Chiral Tetrahydro-β-Carbolines: Asymmetric Pictet-Spengler Reaction of Indolyl Dihydropyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Guo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zi-Lei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ren-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xi-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
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23
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Fu L, Davies HML. Scope of the Reactions of Indolyl- and Pyrrolyl-Tethered N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles: Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Indole- and Pyrrole-Fused Polycyclic Compounds. Org Lett 2017; 19:1504-1507. [PMID: 28358204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of tetrahydrocarboline-type products and polycyclic spiroindolines has been achieved. The transformation proceeds via rhodium(II)-catalyzed intramolecular annulations of indolyl- and pyrrolyl-tethered N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles. The reaction could be tuned toward either the formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition or the C-H functionalization reaction depending on the electronic and structural features of the substrates, leading to the production of a variety of structurally related heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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24
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Hassan Z, Bosch OG, Singh D, Narayanan S, Kasinather BV, Seifritz E, Kornhuber J, Quednow BB, Müller CP. Novel Psychoactive Substances-Recent Progress on Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action for Selected Drugs. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:152. [PMID: 28868040 PMCID: PMC5563308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A feature of human culture is that we can learn to consume chemical compounds, derived from natural plants or synthetic fabrication, for their psychoactive effects. These drugs change the mental state and/or the behavioral performance of an individual and can be instrumentalized for various purposes. After the emergence of a novel psychoactive substance (NPS) and a period of experimental consumption, personal and medical benefits and harm potential of the NPS can be estimated on evidence base. This may lead to a legal classification of the NPS, which may range from limited medical use, controlled availability up to a complete ban of the drug form publically accepted use. With these measures, however, a drug does not disappear, but frequently continues to be used, which eventually allows an even better estimate of the drug's properties. Thus, only in rare cases, there is a final verdict that is no more questioned. Instead, the view on a drug can change from tolerable to harmful but may also involve the new establishment of a desired medical application to a previously harmful drug. Here, we provide a summary review on a number of NPS for which the neuropharmacological evaluation has made important progress in recent years. They include mitragynine ("Kratom"), synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., "Spice"), dimethyltryptamine and novel serotonergic hallucinogens, the cathinones mephedrone and methylone, ketamine and novel dissociative drugs, γ-hydroxybutyrate, γ-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol. This review shows not only emerging harm potentials but also some potential medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Oliver G Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darshan Singh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Synthesis of Bisindole Alkaloids from the Apocynaceae Which Contain a Macroline or Sarpagine Unit: A Review. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111525. [PMID: 27854259 PMCID: PMC5214337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisindole natural products consist of two monomeric indole alkaloid units as their obligate constituents. Bisindoles are more potent with respect to their biological activity than their corresponding monomeric units. In addition, the synthesis of bisindoles are far more challenging than the synthesis of monomeric indole alkaloids. Herein is reviewed the enantiospecific total and partial synthesis of bisindole alkaloids isolated primarily from the Alstonia genus of the Apocynaceae family. The monomeric units belong to the sarpagine, ajmaline, macroline, vobasine, and pleiocarpamine series. An up-to-date discussion of their isolation, characterization, biological activity as well as approaches to their partial and total synthesis by means of both synthetic and biosynthetic strategies are presented.
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26
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The Chiral Pool in the Pictet-Spengler Reaction for the Synthesis of β-Carbolines. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060699. [PMID: 27240334 PMCID: PMC6274020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pictet–Spengler reaction (PSR) is the reaction of a β-arylethylamine with an aldehyde or ketone, followed by ring closure to give an aza-heterocycle. When the β-arylethylamine is tryptamine, the product is a β-carboline, a widespread skeleton in natural alkaloids. In the natural occurrence, these compounds are generally enantiopure, thus the asymmetric synthesis of these compounds have been attracting the interest of organic chemists. This review aims to give an overview of the asymmetric PSR, in which the chirality arises from optically pure amines or carbonyl compounds both from natural sources and from asymmetric syntheses to assemble the reaction partners.
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27
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Suhaimi FW, Yusoff NHM, Hassan R, Mansor SM, Navaratnam V, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Neurobiology of Kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:29-40. [PMID: 27018165 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kratom or its main alkaloid, mitragynine is derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth which is indigenous to Southeast Asian countries. This substance has become widely available in other countries like Europe and United States due to its opium- and coca-like effects. In this article, we have reviewed available reports on mitragynine and other M. speciosa extracts. M. speciosa has been proven to have a rewarding effect and is effective in alleviating the morphine and ethanol withdrawal effects. However, studies in human revealed that prolonged consumption of this plant led to dependence and tolerance while cessation caused a series of aversive withdrawal symptoms. Findings also showed that M. speciosa extracts possess antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, and muscle relaxant properties. Available evidence further supports the adverse effects of M. speciosa preparations, mitragynine on cognition. Pharmacological activities are mainly mediated via opioid receptors as well as neuronal Ca2+ channels, expression of cAMP and CREB protein and via descending monoaminergic system. Physicochemical properties of mitragynine have been documented which may further explain the variation in pharmacological responses. In summary, current researchs on its main indole alkaloid, mitragynine suggest both therapeutic and addictive potential but further research on its molecular effects is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah W Suhaimi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul H M Yusoff
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sharif M Mansor
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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28
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Mailyan AK, Eickhoff JA, Minakova AS, Gu Z, Lu P, Zakarian A. Cutting-Edge and Time-Honored Strategies for Stereoselective Construction of C–N Bonds in Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4441-557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur K. Mailyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John A. Eickhoff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anastasiia S. Minakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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29
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Jiang SZ, Zeng XY, Liang X, Lei T, Wei K, Yang YR. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Indole Cyclization: Application to the Total Synthesis and Absolute Stereochemical Assignment of (−)-Aspidophylline A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4044-8. [PMID: 26891145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Xue-Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Ting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
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30
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Jiang SZ, Zeng XY, Liang X, Lei T, Wei K, Yang YR. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Indole Cyclization: Application to the Total Synthesis and Absolute Stereochemical Assignment of (−)-Aspidophylline A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Xue-Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Ting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
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31
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Junk L, Kazmaier U. Synthesis of indoles and tryptophan derivatives via photoinduced nitrene C–H insertion. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2916-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized indoles and tryptophans can be obtained from stannylated alkenes and o-iodoanilines via Stille coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Junk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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32
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Ponra S, Majumdar KC. Brønsted acid-promoted synthesis of common heterocycles and related bio-active and functional molecules. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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33
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Gee MB, Kim TS, Yum EK. Palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation approach to 7-azatryptophan with a Schöllkopf chiral auxiliary. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Bae Gee
- Department of Chemistry; Chungnam National University; Taejeon 305-764 Korea
| | - Tae Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Chungnam National University; Taejeon 305-764 Korea
| | - Eul Kgun Yum
- Department of Chemistry; Chungnam National University; Taejeon 305-764 Korea
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34
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Reddy GN, Rao BM, Vijay M, Devi BP, Prasad R, Reddy BS. Bioglycerol-derived carbon−SO3H as a recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carbolines. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of aldehydes undergo smooth coupling with N-tosyltryptamine in the presence of carbon−SO3H in ethanol at 80 °C to furnish the corresponding tetrahydro-β-carbolines in excellent yields with high selectivity. The coupling of tryptamine with isatins affords the respective spiro-tetrahydro-β-carbolines in good yields. The use of a recyclable solid acid catalyst makes this method simple, convenient, and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Niranjan Reddy
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B. Maheshwar Rao
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - M. Vijay
- Center for Lipid Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B.L.A. Prabhavathi Devi
- Center for Lipid Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - R.B.N. Prasad
- Center for Lipid Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B.V. Subba Reddy
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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35
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Herraiz-Cobo J, Albericio F, Álvarez M. The Larock Reaction in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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36
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Kaur N. Palladium Catalysts: Synthesis of Five-MemberedN-Heterocycles Fused with Other Heterocycles. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2014.976118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Zhu C, Liu Z, Chen G, Zhang K, Ding H. Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloid Alsmaphorazine D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Zhu C, Liu Z, Chen G, Zhang K, Ding H. Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloid Alsmaphorazine D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:879-82. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Pan X, Bannister TD. Sequential Sonagashira and Larock indole synthesis reactions in a general strategy to prepare biologically active β-carboline-containing alkaloids. Org Lett 2014; 16:6124-7. [PMID: 25393979 PMCID: PMC4260633 DOI: 10.1021/ol5029783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general synthetic approach to β-carboline-containing alkaloids was developed. Two consecutive palladium-mediated processes, a Sonagashira coupling and a Larock indole annulation reaction, are central to the method. The scope of the approach was investigated and found to be amenable for constructing a variety of biologically significant natural products and also for preparing substituted analogues for optimization and analysis of their biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Pan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Translational Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- The Scripps Research Institute, Translational Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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40
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Smith JM, Moreno J, Boal BW, Garg NK. Kaskadenreaktionen in der Totalsynthese von Akuammilin-Alkaloiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Smith JM, Moreno J, Boal BW, Garg NK. Cascade reactions: a driving force in akuammiline alkaloid total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:400-12. [PMID: 25346244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The akuammiline alkaloids are a family of intricate natural products which have received considerable attention from scientists worldwide. Despite the fact that many members of this alkaloid class were discovered over 50 years ago, synthetic chemistry has been unable to address their architectures until recently. This minireview provides a brief overview of the rich history of the akuammiline alkaloids, including their isolation, structural features, biological activity, and proposed biosyntheses. Furthermore, several recently completed total syntheses are discussed in detail. These examples not only serve to highlight modern achievements in alkaloid total synthesis, but also demonstrate how the molecular scaffolds of the akuammilines have provided inspiration for the discovery and implementation of innovative cascade reactions for the rapid assembly of complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA) http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/garg/Garg_Group/Home.html
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42
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Tian J, Du Q, Guo R, Li Y, Cheng B, Zhai H. Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloid (±)-Subincanadine E. Org Lett 2014; 16:3173-5. [PMID: 24869784 DOI: 10.1021/ol501308p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiuchen Du
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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43
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Teng M, Zi W, Ma D. Total Synthesis of the Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid (±)-Aspidophylline A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1814-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Teng M, Zi W, Ma D. Total Synthesis of the Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid (±)-Aspidophylline A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Dhara S, Singha R, Ahmed A, Mandal H, Ghosh M, Nuree Y, Ray JK. Synthesis of α, β and γ-carbolines via Pd-mediated Csp2-H/N–H activation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08457h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of halo-carbolines has been developed via Pd-catalysed formation of C–N bonds through Csp2-H/N–H activation of 4-methyl-N-[2-(pyridine-3-yl)phenyl] benzenesulfonamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhendu Dhara
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Raju Singha
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Atiur Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Haridas Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Munmun Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Yasin Nuree
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Jayanta K. Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
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46
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Zhu D, Sun J, Yan CG. One-pot synthesis of 6,11-dihydro-5H-indolizino[8,7-b]indoles via sequential formation of β-enamino ester, Michael addition and Pictet–Spengler reactions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One pot sequential reaction of generation of β-enamino ester, Michael addition and Pictet–Spengler reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002, China
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47
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Tan Y, Luan HL, Lin H, Sun XW, Yang XD, Dong HQ, Lin GQ. One-pot enantioselective construction of indoloquinolizidine derivatives bearing five contiguous stereocenters using aliphatic aldehydes, nitroethylenes, and tryptamine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10027-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01929f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic cascade reaction was established for the construction of indoloquinolizidine derivatives bearing five contiguous stereocenters from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tan
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Han-Lin Luan
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing-Wen Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Di Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Han-Qing Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032, China
- Arvinas Inc
- New Haven, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032, China
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48
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49
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Zhang DH, Tang XY, Wei Y, Shi M. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Nitrogen-Tethered Indoles and Alkylidenecyclopropanes: Convenient Access to Polycyclic Indole Derivatives. Chemistry 2013; 19:13668-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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50
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Liu Q, Li Q, Ma Y, Jia Y. Direct Olefination at the C-4 Position of Tryptophan via C–H Activation: Application to Biomimetic Synthesis of Clavicipitic Acid. Org Lett 2013; 15:4528-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongfan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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