1
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Liashuk OS, Andriashvili VA, Tolmachev AO, Grygorenko OO. Chemoselective Reactions of Functionalized Sulfonyl Halides. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300256. [PMID: 37823680 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemoselective transformations of functionalized sulfonyl fluorides and chlorides are surveyed comprehensively. It is shown that sulfonyl fluorides provide an excellent selectivity control in their reactions. Thus, numerous conditions are tolerated by the SO2 F group - from amide and ester formation to directed ortho-lithiation and transition-metal-catalyzed cross-couplings. Meanwhile, sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) is also compatible with numerous functional groups, thus confirming its title of "another click reaction". On the contrary, with a few exceptions, most transformations of functionalized sulfonyl chlorides typically occur at the SO2 Cl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr S Liashuk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav A Andriashvili
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Andriy O Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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2
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Vázquez H. Toward Density-Functional Theory-Based Structure-Conductance Relationships in Single Molecule Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9326-9331. [PMID: 36178209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented that allows for the calculation using density functional theory (DFT) of the tunneling conductance of single molecule junctions for thousands of junction structures. With a single scaling parameter, conductance is evaluated from clusters consisting of the molecule bonded to one Au atom at each end. Junction geometries are obtained without any constraints from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature. This method accurately reproduces standard DFT-based conductance values for several molecular and electrode structures while reducing the computational cost by a factor of ∼400×, allowing for the conductance of tens of thousands of geometries to be computed. When applied to a pair of conjugated molecules, these large data sets quantify the effect on conductance of molecular structure or quantum chemical properties. This methodology enables reliable DFT-based conductance calculations at a negligible computational cost and opens the way to quantitative structure-conductance relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Vázquez
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, PragueCZ-162 00, Czech Republic
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3
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Kalapos PP, Mayer PJ, Gazdag T, Demeter A, Oruganti B, Durbeej B, London G. Photoswitching of Local (Anti)Aromaticity in Biphenylene-Based Diarylethene Molecular Switches. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9532-9542. [PMID: 35849785 PMCID: PMC9361354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
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Photoinduced tuning of (anti)aromaticity and associated
molecular
properties is currently in the focus of attention for both tailoring
photochemical reactivity and designing new materials. Here, we report
on the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of diarylethene-based
molecular switches embedded in a biphenylene structure composed of
rings with different levels of local (anti)aromaticity. We show that
it is possible to modulate and control the (anti)aromatic character
of each ring through reversible photoswitching of the aryl units of
the system between open and closed forms. Remarkably, it is shown
that the irreversible formation of an annulated bis(dihydro-thiopyran)
side-product that hampers the photoswitching can be efficiently suppressed
when the aryl core formed by thienyl groups in one switch is replaced
by thiazolyl groups in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pál Kalapos
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter J Mayer
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich tér 1, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gazdag
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Demeter
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Baswanth Oruganti
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-45041 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Hong C, Baltazar J, Tovar JD. Manifestations of antiaromaticity in organic materials: case studies of cyclobutadiene, borole, and pentalene. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John D. Tovar
- Johns Hopkins University Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering 3400 N. Charles StreetNCB 316 MD 21218 Baltimore UNITED STATES
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5
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Joseph V, Levine M. Ronald C.D. Breslow (1931-2017): A career in review. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:104868. [PMID: 34523507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reviewed herein are key research accomplishments of Professor Ronald Charles D. Breslow (1931-2017) throughout his more than 60 year research career. These accomplishments span a wide range of topics, most notably physical organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and bioorganic chemistry. These topics are reviewed, as are topics of molecular electronics and origin of chirality, which combine to make up the bulk of this review. Also reviewed briefly are Breslow's contributions to the broader chemistry profession, including his work for the American Chemical Society and his work promoting gender equity. Throughout the article, efforts are made to put Breslow's accomplishments in the context of other work being done at the time, as well as to include subsequent iterations and elaborations of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Joseph
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Israel.
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6
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Arasu NP, Vázquez H. Origin of the Electron Transport Properties of Aromatic and Antiaromatic Single Molecule Circuits. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:864-869. [PMID: 33656792 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antiaromatic molecules have been predicted to exhibit increased electron transport properties when placed between two nanoelectrodes compared to their aromatic analogues. While some studies have demonstrated this relationship, others have found no substantial increase. We use atomistic simulations to establish a general relationship between the electronic spectra of aromatic, antiaromatic, and quinoidal molecules and illustrate its implications for electron transport. We compare the electronic properties of a series of aromatic-antiaromatic counterparts and show that antiaromaticity effectively p-dopes the aromatic electronic spectra. As a consequence, the conducting properties of aromatic-antiaromatic analogues are closely related. For similar attachment points to the electrodes, an interference feature is expected in the HOMO-LUMO gap of one whenever it is absent in the other one. We demonstrate how the relative conductance of aromatic-antiaromatic pairs can be tuned and even reversed through the choice of chemical linker groups. Our work provides a general picture relating connectivity, (anti)aromaticity, and quantum interference and establishes new design rules for single molecule circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra P Arasu
- Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Héctor Vázquez
- Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Role of the Binding Motifs in the Energy Level Alignment and Conductance of Amine-Gold Linked Molecular Junctions within DFT and DFT + Σ. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigate, using density functional theory (DFT), the electronic and conducting properties of benzenediamine connected to gold electrodes via different tip structures. We examine a series of binding motifs to the electrodes and calculate the junction spectral properties. We consider corrections to the position of molecular resonances at the junction and discuss different approaches to the calculation of these shifts. We relate the magnitude of these corrections to resonance energies to the atomistic structure of the tip. Benzenediamine DFT-based transmission spectra can be well approximated by a Lorentzian model involving only the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). We show how benzenediamine calculated conductance values in quantitative agreement with previous experiments can be achieved from the combination of DFT-based spectra and corrections to the DFT-based HOMO energy and an accessible Lorentzian model.
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8
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Kirk ML, Dangi R, Habel-Rodriguez D, Yang J, Shultz DA, Zhang J. Transferrable property relationships between magnetic exchange coupling and molecular conductance. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11425-11434. [PMID: 34094385 PMCID: PMC8162509 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04350h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Calculated conductance through Au n -S-Bridge-S-Au n (Bridge = organic σ/π-system) constructs are compared to experimentally-determined magnetic exchange coupling parameters in a series of TpCum,MeZnSQ-Bridge-NN complexes, where TpCum,Me = hydro-tris(3-cumenyl-1-methylpyrazolyl)borate ancillary ligand, Zn = diamagnetic zinc(ii), SQ = semiquinone (S = 1/2), and NN = nitronylnitroxide radical (S = 1/2). We find that there is a nonlinear functional relationship between the biradical magnetic exchange coupling, J D→A, and the computed conductance, g mb. Although different bridge types (monomer vs. dimer) do not lie on the same J D→A vs. g mb, curve, there is a scale invariance between the monomeric and dimeric bridges which shows that the two data sets are related by a proportionate scaling of J D→A. For exchange and conductance mediated by a given bridge fragment, we find that the ratio of distance dependent decay constants for conductance (β g) and magnetic exchange coupling (β J) does not equal unity, indicating that inherent differences in the tunneling energy gaps, Δε, and the bridge-bridge electronic coupling, H BB, are not directly transferrable properties as they relate to exchange and conductance. The results of these observations are described in valence bond terms, with resonance structure contributions to the ground state bridge wavefunction being different for SQ-Bridge-NN and Au n -S-Bridge-S-Au n systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131-0001 USA
- Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87106 USA
| | - Ranjana Dangi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131-0001 USA
| | - Diana Habel-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131-0001 USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131-0001 USA
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
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9
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Mayer PJ, El Bakouri O, Holczbauer T, Samu GF, Janáky C, Ottosson H, London G. Structure-Property Relationships in Unsymmetric Bis(antiaromatics): Who Wins the Battle between Pentalene and Benzocyclobutadiene?†. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5158-5172. [PMID: 32189503 PMCID: PMC7311060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
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According
to the currently accepted structure–property relationships,
aceno-pentalenes with an angular shape (fused to the 1,2-bond of the
acene) exhibit higher antiaromaticity than those with a linear shape
(fused to the 2,3-bond of the acene). To explore and expand the current
view, we designed and synthesized molecules where two isomeric, yet,
different, 8π antiaromatic subunits, a benzocyclobutadiene (BCB)
and a pentalene, are combined into, respectively, an angular and a
linear topology via an unsaturated six-membered ring. The antiaromatic
character of the molecules is supported experimentally by 1H NMR, UV–vis, and cyclic voltammetry measurements and X-ray
crystallography. The experimental results are further confirmed by
theoretical studies including the calculation of several aromaticity
indices (NICS, ACID, HOMA, FLU, MCI). In the case of the angular molecule,
double bond-localization within the connecting six-membered ring resulted
in reduced antiaromaticity of both the BCB and pentalene subunits,
while the linear structure provided a competitive situation for the
two unequal [4n]π subunits. We found that in
the latter case the BCB unit alleviated its unfavorable antiaromaticity
more efficiently, leaving the pentalene with strong antiaromaticity.
Thus, a reversed structure–antiaromaticity relationship when
compared to aceno-pentalenes was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter J Mayer
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely F Samu
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Gantenbein M, Li X, Sangtarash S, Bai J, Olsen G, Alqorashi A, Hong W, Lambert CJ, Bryce MR. Exploring antiaromaticity in single-molecule junctions formed from biphenylene derivatives. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:20659-20666. [PMID: 31641715 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of oligophenylene-ethynylene (OPE) derivatives with biphenylene core units, designed to assess the effects of biphenylene antiaromaticity on charge transport in molecular junctions. Analogues with naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene and biphenyl cores are studied for comparison. The molecules are terminated with pyridyl or methylthio units. Single-molecule conductance data were obtained using the mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) technique. It is found that when electrons pass from one electrode to the other via a phenylene ring, the electrical conductance is almost independent of the nature of the pendant π-systems attached to the phenylene ring and is rather insensitive to antiaromaticity. When electrons pass through the cyclobutadiene core of the biphenylene unit, transport is sensitive to the presence of the relatively weak single bonds connecting the two phenylene rings of biphenylene, which arise from partial antiaromaticity within the cyclobutadiene core. This leads to a negligible difference in the molecular conductance compared to the fluorene or biphenyl analogues which have standard single bonds. This ability to tune the conductance of molecular cores has no analogue in junctions formed from artificial quantum dots and reflects the quantum nature of electron transport in molecular junctions, even at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, NEL, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Jie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, NEL, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Gunnar Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK.
| | - Afaf Alqorashi
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, NEL, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK.
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11
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Milan DC, Vezzoli A, Planje IJ, Low PJ. Metal bis(acetylide) complex molecular wires: concepts and design strategies. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14125-14138. [PMID: 29951669 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a remarkable surge in studies of thin-film and single-molecule electronics, due in no small part to the development and advancement of experimental methods for the construction and measurement of metal|molecule|metal junctions. Within the plethora of molecular structures that have been investigated, metal complexes of general form trans-M(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR)2(Ln) have attracted attention from the inorganic and organometallic chemistry community in the search for efficient molecular wires due to the potential π-d-π orbital mixing along the molecular backbone. In this article progress towards this goal will be summarised, and design strategies for future molecular components discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Milan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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12
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Arasu NP, Vázquez H. Direct Au-C contacts based on biphenylene for single molecule circuits. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10378-10383. [PMID: 29611605 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00613j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel platform for stable and highly conducting single molecule electronics and characterize its mechanical, electronic and conducting properties using ab initio simulations. We study a biphenylene-based molecular architecture on gold and consider that the antiaromatic instability of biphenylene leads to the breaking of internal carbon-carbon bonds and subsequent formation of Au-C covalent bonds with the substrate. In the resulting conformation the conjugated rings have a large twist angle and stand almost upright on the surface. The top contact is realized by functionalizing one end of the biphenylene unit with a chemical linker group, which in the adsorbed geometry is positioned far from the surface. We consider several linker terminations for this top contact, which is approached in our simulations by a gold tip. Using Density-Functional Theory (DFT) and Non-Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) methods, we quantify the mechanical and electron transport properties of the molecular junction and discuss their relationship with the nature of the linker group. Our results show that this biphenylene-based platform is very stable and provides high electronic transparency to current flow, demonstrating its potential in single molecule conductance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra P Arasu
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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13
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Skouta R. The Legacy of Professor Ronald Charles D. Breslow. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Yin X, Zang Y, Zhu L, Low JZ, Liu ZF, Cui J, Neaton JB, Venkataraman L, Campos LM. A reversible single-molecule switch based on activated antiaromaticity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao2615. [PMID: 29098181 PMCID: PMC5659654 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule electronic devices provide researchers with an unprecedented ability to relate novel physical phenomena to molecular chemical structures. Typically, conjugated aromatic molecular backbones are relied upon to create electronic devices, where the aromaticity of the building blocks is used to enhance conductivity. We capitalize on the classical physical organic chemistry concept of Hückel antiaromaticity by demonstrating a single-molecule switch that exhibits low conductance in the neutral state and, upon electrochemical oxidation, reversibly switches to an antiaromatic high-conducting structure. We form single-molecule devices using the scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction technique and observe an on/off ratio of ~70 for a thiophenylidene derivative that switches to an antiaromatic state with 6-4-6-π electrons. Through supporting nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, we show that the doubly oxidized core has antiaromatic character and we use density functional theory calculations to rationalize the origin of the high-conductance state for the oxidized single-molecule junction. Together, our work demonstrates how the concept of antiaromaticity can be exploited to create single-molecule devices that are highly conducting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yaping Zang
- Department of Applied Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jonathan Z. Low
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhen-Fei Liu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Applied Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Neaton
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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15
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Fujii S, Marqués-González S, Shin JY, Shinokubo H, Masuda T, Nishino T, Arasu NP, Vázquez H, Kiguchi M. Highly-conducting molecular circuits based on antiaromaticity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15984. [PMID: 28722006 PMCID: PMC5524926 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in chemistry. It is described by Hückel’s rule that states that a cyclic planar π-system is aromatic when it shares 4n+2 π-electrons and antiaromatic when it possesses 4n π-electrons. Antiaromatic compounds are predicted to exhibit remarkable charge transport properties and high redox activities. However, it has so far only been possible to measure compounds with reduced aromaticity but not antiaromatic species due to their energetic instability. Here, we address these issues by investigating the single-molecule charge transport properties of a genuinely antiaromatic compound, showing that antiaromaticity results in an order of magnitude increase in conductance compared with the aromatic counterpart. Single-molecule current–voltage measurements and ab initio transport calculations reveal that this results from a reduced energy gap and a frontier molecular resonance closer to the Fermi level in the antiaromatic species. The conductance of the antiaromatic complex is further modulated electrochemically, demonstrating its potential as a high-conductance transistor. Antiaromatic molecules are predicted to have unusual charge transport properties, but are notoriously unstable and reactive. Here, the authors successfully fabricate an antiaromatic molecular circuit, based on a macrocyclic complex, displaying much higher conductance than its aromatic counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Santiago Marqués-González
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Ji-Young Shin
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Masuda
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy Based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Narendra P Arasu
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, Prague CZ-162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Héctor Vázquez
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, Prague CZ-162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Manabu Kiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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16
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Ayub R, Bakouri OE, Jorner K, Solà M, Ottosson H. Can Baird's and Clar's Rules Combined Explain Triplet State Energies of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons with Fused 4nπ- and (4n + 2)π-Rings? J Org Chem 2017; 82:6327-6340. [PMID: 28535673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that can be labeled as "aromatic chameleons" are π-conjugated compounds that are able to adjust their π-electron distributions so as to comply with the different rules of aromaticity in different electronic states. We used quantum chemical calculations to explore how the fusion of benzene rings onto aromatic chameleonic units represented by biphenylene, dibenzocyclooctatetraene, and dibenzo[a,e]pentalene modifies the first triplet excited states (T1) of the compounds. Decreases in T1 energies are observed when going from isomers with linear connectivity of the fused benzene rings to those with cis- or trans-bent connectivities. The T1 energies decreased down to those of the parent (isolated) 4nπ-electron units. Simultaneously, we observe an increased influence of triplet state aromaticity of the central 4n ring as given by Baird's rule and evidenced by geometric, magnetic, and electron density based aromaticity indices (HOMA, NICS-XY, ACID, and FLU). Because of an influence of triplet state aromaticity in the central 4nπ-electron units, the most stabilized compounds retain the triplet excitation in Baird π-quartets or octets, enabling the outer benzene rings to adapt closed-shell singlet Clar π-sextet character. Interestingly, the T1 energies go down as the total number of aromatic cycles within a molecule in the T1 state increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Frederickson CK, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Modulating Paratropicity Strength in Diareno-Fused Antiaromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16827-16838. [PMID: 27966911 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the electronic structure of molecules is crucial when designing and optimizing new organic semiconductor materials. We report the regioselective synthesis of eight π-expanded diarenoindacene analogues based on the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene framework along with the computational investigation of an array of diareno-fused antiaromatic compounds possessing s-indacene, pentalene, or cyclobutadiene cores. Analysis of the experimental and computationally derived optoelectronic properties uncovered a linear correlation between the bond order of the fused arene bond and the paratropicity strength of the antiaromatic unit. The Ered1 for the pentalene and indacene core molecules correlates well with their calculated NICSπZZ values. The findings of this study can be used to predict the properties of, and thus rationally design, new diareno-fused antiaromatic molecules for use as organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1433, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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18
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Mahendran A, Gopinath P, Breslow R. Single molecule conductance of aromatic, nonaromatic, and partially antiaromatic systems. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Metzger
- Laboratory for Molecular
Electronics, Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Breslow
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
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21
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García-Rubín S, González-Rodríguez C, García-Yebra C, Varela JA, Esteruelas MA, Saá C. Dihydrobiphenylenes through Ruthenium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions ofortho-Alkenylarylacetylenes with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1841-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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García-Rubín S, González-Rodríguez C, García-Yebra C, Varela JA, Esteruelas MA, Saá C. Dihydrobiphenylenes through Ruthenium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions ofortho-Alkenylarylacetylenes with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fully-conjugated ladder polymers are leading candidates for organics electronics, as their inherent conformational rigidity encourages electron delocalization. Many of these systems consist of fused benzenoid or heterocyclic aromatic rings. Less frequently, however, PAHs are reported with character that alternates between the aromaticity of benzene fragments and the antiaromaticity of a nonbenzenoid moiety. This chapter will focus on recent work published on the theory, synthesis, and properties of two such systems: [N]phenylenes containing 4π-electron cyclobutadienoid character, and diaryl[a,e]pentalenes containing 8π-electron pentalenoid character.
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24
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Debien L, Braun MG, Quiclet-Sire B, Zard SZ. Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Functionalized Vinyl Sulfides by Radical Allylation. Org Lett 2013; 15:6250-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403103u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Debien
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Braun
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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26
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Breslow R. Artificial enzymes, cancer chemotherapy, conjugation and nanoelectronics, and prebiotic chemistry. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Schneebeli ST, Kamenetska M, Cheng Z, Skouta R, Friesner RA, Venkataraman L, Breslow R. Single-Molecule Conductance through Multiple π−π-Stacked Benzene Rings Determined with Direct Electrode-to-Benzene Ring Connections. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2136-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111320n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Severin T. Schneebeli
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Maria Kamenetska
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Zhanling Cheng
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Richard A. Friesner
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ronald Breslow
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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