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Perdicchia D. Borane-Trimethylamine Complex: A Versatile Reagent in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2024; 29:2017. [PMID: 38731507 PMCID: PMC11085582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Borane-trimethylamine complex (Me3N·BH3; BTM) is the most stable of the amine-borane complexes that are commercially available, and it is cost-effective. It is a valuable reagent in organic chemistry with applications in the reduction of carbonyl groups and carbon-nitrogen double bond reduction, with considerable examples in the reduction of oximes, hydrazones and azines. The transfer hydrogenation of aromatic N-heterocycles and the selective N-monomethylation of primary anilines are further examples of recent applications, whereas the reduction of nitrobenzenes to anilines and the reductive deprotection of N-tritylamines are useful tools in the organic synthesis. Moreover, BTM is the main reagent in the regioselective cleavage of cyclic acetals, a reaction of great importance for carbohydrate chemistry. Recent innovative applications of BTM, such as CO2 utilization as feedstock and radical chemistry by photocatalysis, have extended their usefulness in new reactions. The present review is focused on the applications of borane-trimethylamine complex as a reagent in organic synthesis and has not been covered in previous reviews regarding amine-borane complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Perdicchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Tian G, Qin C, Hu J, Zou X, Yin J. Effect of Side-Chain Functional Groups in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Surface Glycans. Molecules 2023; 28:7112. [PMID: 37894591 PMCID: PMC10609480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans on the surface of bacteria have diverse and essential biological functions and have widely been employed for treating various bacterial infectious diseases. Furthermore, these glycans comprise various functional groups, such as O-, N-, and carboxyl-modified, which significantly increase the diversity of glycan structures. These functional groups are not only crucial for glycans' structural identity but are also essential for their biological functions. Therefore, a clear understanding of the biological functions of these modified groups in corresponding bacterial glycans is crucial for their medical applications. Thus far, the activities of functional groups in some biomedical active carbohydrates have been elucidated. It has been shown that some functional groups are key constituents of biologically active bacterial glycans, while others are actually not essential and may even mask the functions of the glycans. This paper reviews the structures of naturally occurring side-chain functional groups in glycans located on the bacterial surface and their roles in immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Hu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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3
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Del Bino L, Østerlid KE, Wu DY, Nonne F, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Synthetic Glycans to Improve Current Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15672-15716. [PMID: 35608633 PMCID: PMC9614730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as the next potential pandemic. Different microorganisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-typhoidal Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus Candida auris, have been identified by the WHO and CDC as urgent or serious AMR threats. Others, such as group A and B Streptococci, are classified as concerning threats. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been demonstrated to be an efficacious and cost-effective measure to combat infections against Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and, more recently, Salmonella typhi. Recent times have seen enormous progress in methodologies for the assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates, with developments in synthetic, chemoenzymatic, and glycoengineering methodologies. This review analyzes the advancement of glycoconjugate vaccines based on synthetic carbohydrates to improve existing vaccines and identify novel candidates to combat AMR. Through this literature survey we built an overview of structure-immunogenicity relationships from available data and identify gaps and areas for further research to better exploit the peculiar role of carbohydrates as vaccine targets and create the next generation of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kitt Emilie Østerlid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dung-Yeh Wu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Cox AD, St Michael F, Aubry A, Strong PCR, Hayes AC, Logan SM. Comparison of polysaccharide glycoconjugates as candidate vaccines to combat Clostridiodes (Clostridium) difficile. Glycoconj J 2020; 38:493-508. [PMID: 32789783 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two known Clostridiodes (Clostridium) difficile surface antigens, a lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and a polysaccharide (PS-II) were isolated and purified in order to prepare glycoconjugate vaccines to the carrier protein human serum albumin utilising a reductive amination strategy. Mice and rabbits were immunized with a prime and two boost strategy and the resulting sera were examined for their ability to recognise the purified homologous antigens and subsequently killed whole cells of C. difficile strains and other Clostridia species. Immunisation derived antisera from rabbits and mice, recognised all strains of C. difficile vegetative cells examined, with generally similar titers from animals that received the LTA or the PS-II conjugates. Sera raised to the LTA conjugates were able to recognise other Clostridia species C. butyricum, C. bifermentans and C. subterminale whereas sera raised to the PS-II conjugates were not. These LTA and PS-II sera recognised live cells in an immunofluorescence assay and were also able to recognise the spore form of the bacterium. This study has confirmed that the LTA and PS-II polysaccharides are both highly conserved surface polymers of C. difficile that are easily accessible to the immune system and as such may have potential as vaccine antigens or as targets for therapeutics to combat C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Cox
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - F St Michael
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - A Aubry
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - P C R Strong
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - A C Hayes
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - S M Logan
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
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5
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Cairns CM, van Faassen H, St. Michael F, Aubry A, Henry KA, Rossotti MA, Logan SM, Hussack G, Gisch N, Hogendorf WFJ, Pedersen CM, Cox AD. Development and Characterization of Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Clostridiodes (Clostridium) difficile Lipoteichoic Acid. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1050-1058. [PMID: 32191024 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clostridiodes (Clostridium) difficile is an anaerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming nosocomial, gastrointestinal pathogen causing C. difficile-associated disease with symptoms ranging from mild cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea to fatal pseudomembranous colitis. We developed murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for a conserved cell surface antigen, lipoteichoic acid (LTA)of C. difficile. The mAbs were characterized in terms of their thermal stability, solubility, and their binding to LTA by surface plasmon resonance and competitive ELISA. Synthetic LTA molecules were prepared in order to better define the minimum epitope required to mimic the natural antigen, and three repeat units of the polymer were required for optimal recognition. One of the murine mAbs was chimerized with human constant region domains and was found to recognize the target antigen identically to the mouse version. These mAbs may be useful as therapeutics (standalone, in conjunction with known antitoxin approaches, or as delivery vehicles for antibody drug conjugates targeting the bacterium), as diagnostic agents, and in infection control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle M. Cairns
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Frank St. Michael
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Annie Aubry
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kevin A. Henry
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Martin A. Rossotti
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Susan M. Logan
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrew D. Cox
- Vaccine and Emerging Infections Research, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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6
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Ma Z, Zhang GL, Gadi MR, Guo Y, Wang P, Li L. Clostridioides difficile cd2775 Encodes a Unique Mannosyl-1-Phosphotransferase for Polysaccharide II Biosynthesis. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:680-686. [PMID: 32073825 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is the leading cause of antibiotic-induced bacterial colitis and life-threatening diarrhea worldwide. The commonly existing anionic polysaccharide II (PSII) is responsible for protein anchoring involved in colonization, and the gene cd2775 located in its biosynthesis gene cluster is essential for bacterial growth. Herein, we demonstrated that cd2775 encodes a novel mannosyl-1-phosphotransferase (ManPT) responsible for the phosphorylation of PSII. Unlike typical mannosyltransferases, CD2775 transfers mannose-α1-phosphate instead of mannose from guanosine 5'-diphospho-d-mannose to disaccharide acceptors, forming a unique mannose-α1-phosphate-6-glucose linkage. The enzyme was overexpressed in E. coli and purified for biochemical characterization and substrate specificity study. It is found that CD2775 possesses a strict acceptor specificity toward Glc-β1,3-GalNAc-diphospho-lipids but extreme promiscuity toward various sugar donors. This is the first report of a ManPT in all living systems. Given its essentiality in C. difficile growth, CD2775 can be a promising target for therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Gao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuxi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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7
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Abstract
A recent report on the immunological activity of protein conjugates of synthetic lipoteicoic fragments from Clostridium difficile underpins the use of these molecules for the development of a vaccine. In a recent issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Broecker et al. (2016) illustrate the utility of glycoarray-based selection of bacterial carbohydrates with the potential to become vaccine candidates.
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8
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Abstract
A synthesis of repeating unit of trisaccharide, complete stereoselectivity of glycosylation and flexible synthetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- Kunming 650201
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- Kunming 650201
| | - Xiaomei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- Kunming 650201
| | - Chengji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- Kunming 650201
| | - Jin-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- Kunming 650201
| | - Hong-Bo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- Kunming 650201
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9
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Micoli F, Costantino P, Adamo R. Potential targets for next generation antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:388-423. [PMID: 29547971 PMCID: PMC5995208 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development. Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell-dependent immune response to the glycan moiety. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are produced by chemical conjugation of capsular polysaccharides to prevent meningitis caused by meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, other classes of carbohydrates (O-antigens, exopolysaccharides, wall/teichoic acids) represent attractive targets for developing vaccines. Recent analysis from WHO/CHO underpins alarming concern toward antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as the so called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) and additional pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Group A Streptococcus. Fungal infections are also becoming increasingly invasive for immunocompromised patients or hospitalized individuals. Other emergencies could derive from bacteria which spread during environmental calamities (Vibrio cholerae) or with potential as bioterrorism weapons (Burkholderia pseudomallei and mallei, Francisella tularensis). Vaccination could aid reducing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and provide protection by herd immunity also to individuals who are not vaccinated. This review analyzes structural and functional differences of the polysaccharides exposed on the surface of emerging pathogenic bacteria, combined with medical need and technological feasibility of corresponding glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena
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10
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Colombo C, Pitirollo O, Lay L. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates for Vaccine Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071712. [PMID: 30011851 PMCID: PMC6099631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade there has been a growing interest in glycoimmunology, a relatively new research field dealing with the specific interactions of carbohydrates with the immune system. Pathogens’ cell surfaces are covered by a thick layer of oligo- and polysaccharides that are crucial virulence factors, as they mediate receptors binding on host cells for initial adhesion and organism invasion. Since in most cases these saccharide structures are uniquely exposed on the pathogen surface, they represent attractive targets for vaccine design. Polysaccharides isolated from cell walls of microorganisms and chemically conjugated to immunogenic proteins have been used as antigens for vaccine development for a range of infectious diseases. However, several challenges are associated with carbohydrate antigens purified from natural sources, such as their difficult characterization and heterogeneous composition. Consequently, glycoconjugates with chemically well-defined structures, that are able to confer highly reproducible biological properties and a better safety profile, are at the forefront of vaccine development. Following on from our previous review on the subject, in the present account we specifically focus on the most recent advances in the synthesis and preliminary immunological evaluation of next generation glycoconjugate vaccines designed to target bacterial and fungal infections that have been reported in the literature since 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Pitirollo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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11
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Péchiné S, Bruxelle JF, Janoir C, Collignon A. Targeting Clostridium difficile Surface Components to Develop Immunotherapeutic Strategies Against Clostridium difficile Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1009. [PMID: 29875742 PMCID: PMC5974105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapies are needed to prevent and treat Clostridium difficile infection and to limit the rise in antibiotic resistance. Besides toxins, several surface components have been characterized as colonization factors and have been shown as immunogenic. This review will focus on passive and active immunization strategies targeting C. difficile surface components to combat C. difficile. Concerning passive immunization, the first strategies used antisera raised against the entire bacterium to prevent infection in the hamster model. Then, surface components such as the flagellin and the S-layer proteins were used for immunization and the passive transfer of antibodies was protective in animal models. Passive immunotherapy with polyvalent immunoglobulins was used in humans and bovine immunoglobulin concentrates were evaluated in clinical trials. Concerning active immunization, vaccine assays targeting surface components were tested mainly in animal models, mouse models of colonization and hamster models of infection. Bacterial extracts, spore proteins and surface components of vegetative cells such as cell wall proteins, flagellar proteins, and polysaccharides were used as vaccine targets. Vaccine assays were performed by parenteral and mucosal routes of immunization. Both gave promising results and pave the way to development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Péchiné
- EA 4043, Unités Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean F Bruxelle
- EA 4043, Unités Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Claire Janoir
- EA 4043, Unités Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne Collignon
- EA 4043, Unités Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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12
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Zou X, Qin C, Pereira CL, Tian G, Hu J, Seeberger PH, Yin J. Synergistic Glycosylation as Key to the Chemical Synthesis of an Outer Core Octasaccharide ofHelicobacter pylori. Chemistry 2018; 24:2868-2872. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 Wuxi Jiangsu province 214122 P. R. China
- Department of Biomolecular Systems; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 Wuxi Jiangsu province 214122 P. R. China
- Department of Biomolecular Systems; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Claney L. Pereira
- Department of Biomolecular Systems; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Guangzong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 Wuxi Jiangsu province 214122 P. R. China
- Department of Biomolecular Systems; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 Wuxi Jiangsu province 214122 P. R. China
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 Wuxi Jiangsu province 214122 P. R. China
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13
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Moeller TD, Weyant KB, DeLisa MP. Interplay of Carbohydrate and Carrier in Antibacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2021; 175:355-78. [PMID: 30143807 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a serious health concern and are responsible for millions of illnesses and deaths each year in communities around the world. Vaccination is an important public health measure for reducing and eliminating this burden, and regions with comprehensive vaccination programs have achieved significant reductions in infection and mortality. This is often accomplished by immunization with bacteria-derived carbohydrates, typically in conjunction with other biomolecules, which induce immunological memory and durable protection against bacterial human pathogens. For many species, however, vaccines are currently unavailable or have suboptimal efficacy characterized by short-lived memory and incomplete protection, especially among at-risk populations. To address this challenge, new tools and techniques have emerged for engineering carbohydrates and conjugating them to carrier molecules in a tractable and scalable manner. Collectively, these approaches are yielding carbohydrate-based vaccine designs with increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy, thereby opening up new opportunities for this important class of antigens. In this chapter we detail the current understanding of how carbohydrates interact with the immune system to provide immunity; how glycoengineering, especially in the context of glycoconjugate vaccines, can be used to modify and enhance immune responses; and current trends and strategies being pursued for the rational design of next-generation glycosylated antibacterial vaccines. Graphical Abstract.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenzhang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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15
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Soavelomandroso AP, Gaudin F, Hoys S, Nicolas V, Vedantam G, Janoir C, Bouttier S. Biofilm Structures in a Mono-Associated Mouse Model of Clostridium difficile Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2086. [PMID: 29118745 PMCID: PMC5661025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major healthcare-associated disease with high recurrence rates. Host colonization is critical for the infectious process, both in first episodes and in recurrent disease, with biofilm formation playing a key role. The ability of C. difficile to form a biofilm on abiotic surfaces is established, but has not yet been confirmed in the intestinal tract. Here, four different isolates of C. difficile, which are in vitro biofilm producers, were studied for their ability to colonize germ-free mice. The level of colonization achieved was similar for all isolates in the different parts of the murine gastrointestinal tract, but pathogen burden was higher in the cecum and colon. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that C. difficile bacteria were distributed heterogeneously over the intestinal tissue, without contact with epithelial cells. The R20291 strain, which belongs to the Ribotype 027 lineage, displayed a unique behavior compared to the other strains by forming numerous aggregates. By immunochemistry analyses, we showed that bacteria were localized inside and outside the mucus layer, irrespective of the strains tested. Most bacteria were entrapped in 3-D structures overlaying the mucus layer. For the R20291 strain, the cell-wall associated polysaccharide PS-II was detected in large amounts in the 3-D structure. As this component has been detected in the extrapolymeric matrix of in vitro C. difficile biofilms, our data suggest strongly that at least the R20291 strain is organized in the mono-associated mouse model in glycan-rich biofilm architecture, which sustainably maintains bacteria outside the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Soavelomandroso
- EA4043, Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Françoise Gaudin
- Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), UMS IPSIT Université Paris-Sud - US 31 INSERM - UMS 3679 CNRS, Plateforme d'Histologie souris Immunopathologie de Clamart - PHIC, Clamart, France
| | - Sandra Hoys
- EA4043, Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Valérie Nicolas
- Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), UMS IPSIT Université Paris-Sud - US 31 INSERM - UMS 3679 CNRS, Plateforme d'Imagerie cellulaire - MIPSIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gayatri Vedantam
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Claire Janoir
- EA4043, Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sylvie Bouttier
- EA4043, Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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16
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Yu K, Bi N, Xiong C, Cai S, Long Z, Guo Z, Gu G. Synthesis of Defined and Functionalized Glycans of Lipoteichoic Acid: A Cell Surface Polysaccharide from Clostridium difficile. Org Lett 2017; 19:3123-3126. [PMID: 28548838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two structurally defined, functionalized glycans of lipoteichoic acid (LTA, also known as PS-III) from C. difficile, which have one or two repeating units of LTA linked to the core trisaccharide, were efficiently synthesized via a convergent [2 + 3] or [2 + 2 + 3] strategy. The α-linkage of both N-acetylglucosamine residues in the repeating unit were constructed with glycosyl imidates of azidosugars as donors, while the phosphodiester bridges between the oligosaccharides were fashioned using H-phosphonate chemistry. Both synthetic targets contained a 3-aminopropyl group at the core trisaccharide reducing end, facilitating their conjugation to other biomolecules to afford conjugates useful for various biological studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University , 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ningning Bi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University , 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chenghe Xiong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University , 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shuihong Cai
- Qidong Dongyue Pharmaceutical Company, 268 Shanghai Road, Qidong, Jiangsu 226200, China
| | - Zhongzhu Long
- Qidong Dongyue Pharmaceutical Company, 268 Shanghai Road, Qidong, Jiangsu 226200, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University , 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University , 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
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17
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile vaccines composed of surface polysaccharides (PSs) have the potential to simultaneously control infection and colonization levels in humans. Hot water-phenol treatment of C. difficile biomass can extricate water-soluble PS-I and PS-II; and water- and phenol-soluble PS-III. C. difficile vaccines based on PS-II have attracted the most attention due its facile purification and ubiquitous expression by C. difficile ribotypes. Anti PS-II antibodies recognize both C. difficile vegetative cell and sporulating preparations and confer protection against C. difficile infection in a mouse model. The design of such an efficacious C. difficile PS-II conjugate vaccine is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Monteiro
- University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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18
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Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM. Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines. Polysaccharides 2015. [PMCID: PMC7123674 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their involvement in a variety of different biological processes and their occurrence onto pathogens and malignant cell surface, carbohydrates have been identified as ideal candidates for vaccine formulation. However, as free oligosaccharides are poorly immunogenic and do not induce immunological memory in the most at risk population (infants and young children, elderly and immunocompromised patients), glycoconjugate vaccines containing the same carbohydrate antigen covalently linked to an immunogenic carrier protein have gained a prominent role. Accordingly, a number of glycoconjugate vaccines mostly directed against infections caused by bacterial pathogens have been licensed and are currently available on the market. However, also glycoconjugate vaccines suffer from significant drawbacks. The challenging procedures required for the isolation and purification of the carbohydrate antigen from its natural source often lead to poor homogeneity and presence of biological contaminants, resulting in batch-to-batch variability. Moreover, in some cases, the overwhelming immunogenicity of the carrier protein may induce the carbohydrate epitope suppression, causing hyporesponsiveness. The development of synthetic oligosaccharide-based vaccine candidates, characterized by the presence of pure and well-defined synthetic oligosaccharide structures, is expected to meet the requirement of homogeneous and highly reproducible preparations. In the present chapter, we report on the major advances in the development of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines. First of all, we describe different strategies developed during the last years to circumvent the inherent difficulties of classical oligosaccharide synthesis, such as the one-pot glycosylation and the solid-phase synthesis, and their application to the preparation of carbohydrate antigens apt to conjugation with protein carriers. Next, we discuss the most representative methodologies employed for the chemical ligation of oligosaccharide structures to proteins. Finally, in the last section, we report significant examples of fully synthetic vaccines exploiting the multivalency effect. These constructs are based on the concept that the conjugation of multiple copies of synthetic oligosaccharide antigens to multivalent scaffolds, such as dendrimers, (cyclo)peptides, gold nanoparticles, and calixarenes, raises cooperative interactions between carbohydrates and immune receptors, leading to strong enhancement of the saccharide antigen immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Michel Mérillon
- Groupe d’Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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19
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Hogendorf WFJ, Gisch N, Schwudke D, Heine H, Bols M, Pedersen CM. Total Synthesis of Five Lipoteichoic acids of
Clostridium difficile. Chemistry 2014; 20:13511-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter F. J. Hogendorf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz‐Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1–40, 23845 Borstel (Germany)
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz‐Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1–40, 23845 Borstel (Germany)
| | - Holger Heine
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz‐Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1–40, 23845 Borstel (Germany)
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
| | - Christian Marcus Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
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20
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Romano MR, Leuzzi R, Cappelletti E, Tontini M, Nilo A, Proietti D, Berti F, Costantino P, Adamo R, Scarselli M. Recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin fragments as carrier protein for PSII surface polysaccharide preserve their neutralizing activity. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1385-96. [PMID: 24759173 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive bacterium and is the most commonly diagnosed cause of hospital-associated and antimicrobial-associated diarrhea. Despite the emergence of epidemic C. difficile strains having led to an increase in the incidence of the disease, a vaccine against this pathogen is not currently available. C. difficile strains produce two main toxins (TcdA and TcdB) and express three highly complex cell-surface polysaccharides (PSI, PSII and PSIII). PSII is the more abundantly expressed by most C. difficile ribotypes offering the opportunity of the development of a carbohydrate-based vaccine. In this paper, we evaluate the efficacy, in naive mice model, of PSII glycoconjugates where recombinant toxins A and B fragments (TcdA_B2 and TcdB_GT respectively) have been used as carriers. Both glycoconjugates elicited IgG titers anti-PSII although only the TcdB_GT conjugate induced a response comparable to that obtained with CRM197. Moreover, TcdA_B2 and TcdB_GT conjugated to PSII retained the ability to elicit IgG with neutralizing activity against the respective toxins. These results are a crucial proof of concept for the development of glycoconjugate vaccines against C. difficile infection (CDI) that combine different C. difficile antigens to potentially prevent bacterial colonization of the gut and neutralize toxin activity.
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21
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Cancogni D, Fusari M, Poggi N, Lay L. Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines. Polysaccharides 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_65-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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22
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Monteiro MA, Ma Z, Bertolo L, Jiao Y, Arroyo L, Hodgins D, Mallozzi M, Vedantam G, Sagermann M, Sundsmo J, Chow H. Carbohydrate-based Clostridium difficile vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:421-31. [PMID: 23560922 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is responsible for thousands of deaths each year and a vaccine would be welcomed, especially one that would disrupt bacterial maintenance, colonization and persistence in carriers and convalescent patients. Structural explorations at the University of Guelph (ON, Canada) discovered that C. difficile may express three phosphorylated polysaccharides, named PSI, PSII and PSIII; this review captures our recent efforts to create vaccines based on these glycans, especially PSII, the common antigen that has precipitated immediate attention. The authors describe the design and immunogenicity of vaccines composed of raw polysaccharides and conjugates thereof. So far, it has been observed that anti-PSII antibodies can be raised in farm animals, mice and hamster models; humans and horses carry anti-PSII IgA and IgG antibodies from natural exposure to C. difficile, respectively; phosphate is an indispensable immunogenic epitope and vaccine-induced PSII antibodies recognize PSII on C. difficile outer surface.
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23
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Cox AD, St. Michael F, Aubry A, Cairns CM, Strong PCR, Hayes AC, Logan SM. Investigating the candidacy of a lipoteichoic acid-based glycoconjugate as a vaccine to combat Clostridium difficile infection. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:843-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Abstract
The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) has evolved during the last decades, with an increase in the reported incidence, severity of cases, and rate of mortality and relapses. These increases have primarily affected some special populations including the elderly, patients requiring concomitant antibiotic therapy, patients with renal failure, and patients with cancer. Until recently, the treatment of CDI was limited to either metronidazole or vancomycin. New therapeutic options have emerged to address the shortcomings of current antibiotic therapy. Fidaxomicin stands out as the first-in-class oral macrocyclic antibiotic with targeted activity against C. difficile and minimal collateral damage on the normal colonic flora. Fidaxomicin has demonstrated performance not inferior to what is considered the "gold standard" available therapy for CDI, vancomycin, in two separate Phase III clinical trials, but with significant advantages, including fewer recurrences and higher rates of sustained clinical cures. Fidaxomicin constitutes an important development in targeted antibiotic therapy for CDI and must be considered as a first-line agent for patients with risk factors known to portend relapse and severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Chaparro-Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen M Mullane
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Pequegnat B, Sagermann M, Valliani M, Toh M, Chow H, Allen-Vercoe E, Monteiro MA. A vaccine and diagnostic target for Clostridium bolteae, an autism-associated bacterium. Vaccine 2013; 31:2787-90. [PMID: 23602537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Constipation and diarrhea are common in autistic patients. Treatment with antibiotics against bacteria appears to partially alleviate autistic-related symptoms. Clostridium bolteae is a bacterium that has been shown to be overabundant in the intestinal tract of autistic children suffering from gastric intestinal ailments, and as such is an organism that could potentially aggravate gastrointestinal symptoms. We set out to investigate the cell-wall polysaccharides of C. bolteae in order to evaluate their structure and immunogenicity. Our explorations revealed that C. bolteae produces a conserved specific capsular polysaccharide comprised of rhamnose and mannose units: [→3)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-β-d-Rhap-(1→], which is immunogenic in rabbits. These findings are the first description of a C. bolteae immunogen and indicate the prospect of using this polysaccharide as a vaccine to reduce or prevent C. bolteae colonization of the intestinal tract in autistic patients, and as a diagnostic marker for the rapid detection of C. bolteae in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Pequegnat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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26
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Jiao Y, Ma Z, Hodgins D, Pequegnat B, Bertolo L, Arroyo L, Monteiro MA. Clostridium difficile PSI polysaccharide: synthesis of pentasaccharide repeating block, conjugation to exotoxin B subunit, and detection of natural anti-PSI IgG antibodies in horse serum. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:15-25. [PMID: 23597587 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea in humans and may cause death. Previously, we discovered that C. difficile expresses three polysaccharides, named PSI, PSII, and PSIII. It has now been established that PSII is a conserved antigen abundantly present on the cell-surface and biofilm of C. difficile. In contrast, the expression of PSI and PSIII appears to be stochastic processes. In this work, the total chemical synthesis of the PSI pentasaccharide repeating unit carrying a linker at the reducing end, α-l-Rhap-(1→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-[α-l-Rhap-(1→3)]-α-d-Glcp-(1→2)-α-d-Glcp-(1→O(CH2)5NH2, was achieved by a linear synthesis strategy from four monosaccharide building blocks. The synthesized PSI pentasaccharide was conjugated to a subunit of C. difficile exotoxin B yielding a potential dual C. difficile vaccine. More significantly, sera from healthy horses were shown to contain natural anti-PSI IgG antibodies that detected both the synthetic non-phosphorylated PSI repeat and the native PSI polysaccharide, with a slightly higher recognition of the native PSI polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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27
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Martin CE, Broecker F, Eller S, Oberli MA, Anish C, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Glycan arrays containing synthetic Clostridium difficile lipoteichoic acid oligomers as tools toward a carbohydrate vaccine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7159-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43545h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Hu QY, Allan M, Adamo R, Quinn D, Zhai H, Wu G, Clark K, Zhou J, Ortiz S, Wang B, Danieli E, Crotti S, Tontini M, Brogioni G, Berti F. Synthesis of a well-defined glycoconjugate vaccine by a tyrosine-selective conjugation strategy. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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29
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Danieli E, Proietti D, Brogioni G, Romano MR, Cappelletti E, Tontini M, Berti F, Lay L, Costantino P, Adamo R. Synthesis of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 capsular polysaccharide repeating unit using novel l-FucNAc and d-FucNAc synthons and immunochemical evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6403-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection is a major cause of nosocomial disease in Western countries. The recent emergence of hypervirulent strains resistant to most antibiotics correlates with increasing disease incidence, severity and lethal outcomes. Current treatments rely on metronidazol and vancomycin, but the limited ability of these antibiotics to cure infection and prevent relapse highlights the need for new strategies. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the disease, the host immune response and identification of key virulence factors of Clostridium difficile now permits the development of new products specifically targeting the pathogen. Immune-based strategies relying on active vaccination or passive administration of antibody products are the focus of intense research and, today, the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and of two vaccines are evaluated clinically. This review presents recent data, discusses the different strategies and highlights the challenges linked to the development of immunization strategies against this emerging threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Rebeaud
- Cytos Biotechnology AG, Wagistrasse 25, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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31
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Adamo R, Romano MR, Berti F, Leuzzi R, Tontini M, Danieli E, Cappelletti E, Cakici OS, Swennen E, Pinto V, Brogioni B, Proietti D, Galeotti CL, Lay L, Monteiro MA, Scarselli M, Costantino P. Phosphorylation of the synthetic hexasaccharide repeating unit is essential for the induction of antibodies to Clostridium difficile PSII cell wall polysaccharide. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1420-8. [PMID: 22620974 DOI: 10.1021/cb300221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is emerging worldwide as a major cause of nosocomial infections. The negatively charged PSII polysaccharide has been found in different strains of C. difficile and, thereby, represents an important target molecule for a possible carbohydrate-based vaccine. In order to identify a synthetic fragment that after conjugation to a protein carrier could be able to induce anti-PSII antibodies, we exploited a combination of chemical synthesis with immunochemistry, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and solid state NMR. We demonstrate that the phosphate group is crucial in synthetic glycans to mimic the native PSII polysaccharide; both native PSII and a phosphorylated synthetic hexasaccharide repeating unit conjugated to CRM(197) elicit comparable immunogenic responses in mice. This finding can aid design and selection of carbohydrate antigens to be explored as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Adamo
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria R. Romano
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rosanna Leuzzi
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Danieli
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emilia Cappelletti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Osman S. Cakici
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Erwin Swennen
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vittoria Pinto
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Brogioni
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Proietti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cesira L. Galeotti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department
of Organic and Industrial
Chemistry, University of Milan, Via G.
Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario A. Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON,
Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Maria Scarselli
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
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32
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Bertolo L, Boncheff AG, Ma Z, Chen Y, Wakeford T, Friendship RM, Rosseau J, Weese JS, Chu M, Mallozzi M, Vedantam G, Monteiro MA. Clostridium difficile carbohydrates: glucan in spores, PSII common antigen in cells, immunogenicity of PSII in swine and synthesis of a dual C. difficile–ETEC conjugate vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2012; 354:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Vedantam G, Clark A, Chu M, McQuade R, Mallozzi M, Viswanathan VK. Clostridium difficile infection: toxins and non-toxin virulence factors, and their contributions to disease establishment and host response. Gut Microbes 2012; 3:121-34. [PMID: 22555464 PMCID: PMC3370945 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.19399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of antibiotic- and healthcare-associated diarrhea, and its containment and treatment imposes a significant financial burden, estimated to be over $3 billion in the USA alone. Since the year 2000, CDI epidemics/outbreaks have occurred in North America, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have been variously associated with, or attributed to, the emergence of Clostridium difficile strains with increased virulence, an increase in resistance to commonly used antimicrobials such as the fluoroquinolones, or host susceptibilities, including the use of gastric acid suppressants, to name a few. Efforts to elucidate C. difficile pathogenic mechanisms have been hampered by a lack of molecular tools, manipulatable animal models, and genetic intractability of clinical C. difficile isolates. However, in the past 5 y, painstaking efforts have resulted in the unraveling of multiple C. difficile virulence-associated pathways and mechanisms. We have recently reviewed the disease, its associated risk factors, transmission and interventions (Viswanathan, Gut Microbes 2010). This article summarizes genetics, non-toxin virulence factors, and host-cell biology associated with C. difficile pathogenesis as of 2011, and highlights those findings/factors that may be of interest as future intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Vedantam
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA,Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA,BIO5 Research Institute; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA,Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System; Tucson, AZ USA,Correspondence to: Gayatri Vedantam,
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Michele Chu
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Rebecca McQuade
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Michael Mallozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA
| | - V. K. Viswanathan
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA,Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA,BIO5 Research Institute; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA
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Reid CW, Vinogradov E, Li J, Jarrell HC, Logan SM, Brisson JR. Structural characterization of surface glycans from Clostridium difficile. Carbohydr Res 2012; 354:65-73. [PMID: 22560631 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR was employed to survey the surface polysaccharides of a group of clinical and environmental isolates of Clostridium difficile. Results indicated that a highly conserved surface polysaccharide profile among all strains studied. Multiple additional peaks in the anomeric region were also observed which prompted further investigation. Structural characterization of the isolated surface polysaccharides from two strains confirmed the presence of the conserved water soluble polysaccharide originally described by Ganeshapillai et al. which was composed of a hexaglycosyl phosphate repeat consisting of [→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1-3)-β-D-GalpNAc-(1-4)-α-D-Glcp-(1-4)-[β-D-Glcp(1-3]-β-D-GalpNAc-(1-3)-α-D-Manp-(1-P→]. In addition, analysis of phenol soluble polysaccharides revealed a similarly conserved lipoteichoic acid (LTA) which could be detected on whole cells by HR-MAS NMR. Conventional NMR and mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the structure of this LTA consisted of the repeat unit [→6)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1-3)-[→P-6]-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1-2)-D-GroA] where GroA is glyceric acid. The repeating units were linked by a phosphodiester bridge between C-6 of the two GlcNAc residues (6-P-6). A minor component consisted of GlcpN-(1-3) instead of GlcpNAc-(1-3) in the repeat unit. Through a 6-6 phosphodiester bridge this polymer was linked to →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1-6)-β-D-Glcp-(1-6)-β-D-Glcp-(1-1)-Gro, with glycerol (Gro) substituted by fatty acids. This is the first report of the utility of HR-MAS NMR in the examination of surface carbohydrates of Gram positive bacteria and identification of a novel LTA structure from Clostridium difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Reid
- National Research Council-Institute for Biological Sciences, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
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Martin CE, Weishaupt MW, Seeberger PH. Progress toward developing a carbohydrate-conjugate vaccine against Clostridium difficile ribotype 027: synthesis of the cell-surface polysaccharide PS-I repeating unit. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 47:10260-2. [PMID: 21998885 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13614c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile strain ribotype 027 is a hypervirulent pathogen that is responsible for recent, severe outbreaks of serious nosocomial infections. As a foundation for the development of a preventative carbohydrate-based vaccine, we have synthesized a pentasaccharide cell wall repeating unit from PS-I unique to this strain, by the linear assembly of four monosaccharide building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Martin
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Oberli MA, Hecht ML, Bindschädler P, Adibekian A, Adam T, Seeberger PH. A possible oligosaccharide-conjugate vaccine candidate for Clostridium difficile is antigenic and immunogenic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:580-8. [PMID: 21609839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections with the Gram-positive pathogen Clostridium difficile pose a major risk for hospitalized patients and result in significant costs to health care systems. Here, we present the chemical synthesis of a PS-II hapten of a cell wall polysaccharide of hypervirulent ribotype 027 of C. difficile. Mice were immunized with a conjugate consisting of the synthetic hexasaccharide and the diphtheria toxoid variant CRM(197). The immunogenicity of the glycan repeating unit was demonstrated by the presence of specific IgG antibodies in the serum of immunized mice. Murine monoclonal antibodies interact with the synthetic hexasaccharide, as determined by microarray analysis. Finally, we found that specific IgA antibodies in the stool of hospital patients infected with C. difficile recognize the synthetic PS-II hexasaccharide hapten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias A Oberli
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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