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Hebels ER, van Steenbergen MJ, Haegebaert R, Seinen CW, Mesquita BS, van den Dikkenberg A, Remaut K, Rijcken CJF, van Ravensteijn BGP, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. Mechanistic Study on the Degradation of Hydrolysable Core-Crosslinked Polymeric Micelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12132-12143. [PMID: 37581242 PMCID: PMC10469444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Core-crosslinked polymeric micelles (CCPMs) are an attractive class of nanocarriers for drug delivery. Two crosslinking approaches to form CCPMs exist: either via a low-molecular-weight crosslinking agent to connect homogeneous polymer chains with reactive handles or via cross-reactive handles on polymers to link them to each other (complementary polymers). Previously, CCPMs based on methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide-lactate] (mPEG-b-PHPMAmLacn) modified with thioesters were crosslinked via native chemical ligation (NCL, a reaction between a cysteine residue and thioester resulting in an amide bond) using a bifunctional cysteine containing crosslinker. These CCPMs are degradable under physiological conditions due to hydrolysis of the ester groups present in the crosslinks. The rapid onset of degradation observed previously, as measured by the light scattering intensity, questions the effectiveness of crosslinking via a bifunctional agent. Particularly due to the possibility of intrachain crosslinks that can occur using such a small crosslinker, we investigated the degradation mechanism of CCPMs generated via both approaches using various analytical techniques. CCPMs based on complementary polymers degraded slower at pH 7.4 and 37 °C than CCPMs with a crosslinker (the half-life of the light scattering intensity was approximately 170 h versus 80 h, respectively). Through comparative analysis of the degradation profiles of the two different CCPMs, we conclude that partially ineffective intrachain crosslinks are likely formed using the small crosslinker, which contributed to more rapid CCPM degradation. Overall, this study shows that the type of crosslinking approach can significantly affect degradation kinetics, and this should be taken into consideration when developing new degradable CCPM platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R. Hebels
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mies J. van Steenbergen
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ragna Haegebaert
- Laboratory
for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Cornelis W. Seinen
- Division
Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, Central Diagnostic
Lab, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara S. Mesquita
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette van den Dikkenberg
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory
for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Bas G. P. van Ravensteijn
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Spears RJ, Chudasama V. Recent advances in N- and C-terminus cysteine protein bioconjugation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102306. [PMID: 37236135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the site-specific chemical modification of proteins, also referred to as protein bioconjugation, have proved instrumental in revolutionary approaches to designing new protein-based therapeutics. Of the sites available for protein modification, cysteine residues or the termini of proteins have proved especially popular owing to their favorable properties for site-specific modification. Strategies that, therefore, specifically target cysteine at the termini offer a combination of these favorable properties of cysteine and termini bioconjugation. In this review, we discuss these strategies with a particular focus on those reported recently and provide our opinion on the future direction of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Spears
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, UK.
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Hvasanov D, Nam EV, Peterson JR, Pornsaksit D, Wiedenmann J, Marquis CP, Thordarson P. One-Pot Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Synthetic Heteroprotein Dimers Driven by Charge Complementarity Electrostatic Interactions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9594-602. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501713t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Wiedenmann
- National
Oceanography Center, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
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Wang HC, Yu CC, Liang CF, Huang LD, Hwu JR, Lin CC. Site-Selective Protein Immobilization through 2-Cyanobenzothiazole-Cysteine Condensation. Chembiochem 2014; 15:829-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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De Rosa L, Russomanno A, Romanelli A, D’Andrea LD. Semi-synthesis of labeled proteins for spectroscopic applications. Molecules 2013; 18:440-65. [PMID: 23282535 PMCID: PMC6269674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of SPPS by Merrifield in the 60s, peptide chemists have considered the possibility of preparing large proteins. The introduction of native chemical ligation in the 90s and then of expressed protein ligation have opened the way to the preparation of synthetic proteins without size limitations. This review focuses on semi-synthetic strategies useful to prepare proteins decorated with spectroscopic probes, like fluorescent labels and stable isotopes, and their biophysical applications. We show that expressed protein ligation, combining the advantages of organic chemistry with the easy and size limitless recombinant protein expression, is an excellent strategy for the chemical synthesis of labeled proteins, enabling a single protein to be functionalized at one or even more distinct positions with different probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli 80134, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Russomanno
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli 80134, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Romanelli
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli 80134, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Luca Domenico D’Andrea
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli 80134, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.R.); (A.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-081-253-6679; Fax: +39-081-253-4574
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Xiao J, Hamilton BS, Tolbert TJ. Synthesis of N-terminally linked protein and peptide dimers by native chemical ligation. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1943-7. [PMID: 20973495 DOI: 10.1021/bc100370j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dimerization can be utilized to double the molecular weight of proteins and peptides and potentially increase their avidity of binding to target receptors. These dimerization effects may be utilized to increase in vivo half-lives in a manner similar to PEGylation and may also improve biological activity. In this paper, we report a new strategy for the synthesis of N-terminally linked protein and peptide homodimers utilizing native chemical ligation to conjugate a short dithioester linker to the N-terminal cysteines of protein and peptide monomers to form dimers in a single step. This strategy is general and has been applied to the production of dimers from three recombinantly expressed polypeptides, the IgG binding domain Protein G, an HIV entry inhibitor peptide C37H6, and human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). The biological activities of the C37H6 and IL-1ra dimers produced by these methods were retained or even slightly increased when compared to their corresponding monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, United States
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Xiao J, Tolbert TJ. Synthesis of N-terminally linked protein dimers and trimers by a combined native chemical ligation-CuAAC click chemistry strategy. Org Lett 2010; 11:4144-7. [PMID: 19705863 DOI: 10.1021/ol9016468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of N-terminally linked protein multimers is reported. Azide and alkyne thioesters were synthesized for the N-terminal modification of expressed proteins using native chemical ligation (NCL). Proteins modified by these moieties can be joined together to form homodimers and homotrimers via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry. The orthogonal nature of this reaction allows the production of protein heteromultimers, and this is demonstrated by synthesis of a protein heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Xiao
- Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Graduate Program and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Incorporation of non-natural modules into proteins: structural features beyond the genetic code. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:1129-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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