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Weingartz T, Nagorny S, Adams J, Eitzeroth A, Schewe M, Rembe C, Schmidt A. Bis(thienyl)ethenes with α-methoxymethyl groups. Syntheses, spectroscopic Hammett plots, and stabilities in PMMA films. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25704-25716. [PMID: 37649660 PMCID: PMC10462923 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of bis(thienyl)ethenes (BTEs) possessing perfluorocyclopentene backbones and methoxymethyl groups (MOM) in the 2/2'-positions of the thiophenes was prepared and examined. The substitution pattern of the 5/5'-positions was varied, covering the range from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing. The substituent effects of the absorption wavelengths of the ring-opened and the ring-closed isomers, which are interconverted by reversible 6π-electrocyclizations and cycloreversions, are studied by means of the spectroscopic Hammett equation and the Hammett-Brown equation. Excellent correlations of these linear free energy relationships were found, when the σp values of the Hammett equation, which summarize inductive, mesomeric and field effects, were replaced to the Hammett-Brown σp+ and σp- values which also take direct conjugation into account. We studied solvent effects on the spectroscopic properties and embedded the BTEs into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coatings to examine their fatigue resistance. By our studies, the spectroscopic properties of BTEs can be adjusted by variation of the substitution pattern to a desired excitation wavelength for switching processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Weingartz
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Sven Nagorny
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jörg Adams
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - André Eitzeroth
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Marvin Schewe
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute for Electrical Information Technology Leibnizstraße 28 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Christian Rembe
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute for Electrical Information Technology Leibnizstraße 28 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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De Azevedo ODCC, Elliott PIP, Gabbutt CD, Heron BM, Jacquemin D, Rice CR, Scattergood PA. Quenching of the phosphorescence of thermally reversible photochromic naphthopyran Re(i) complexes initiated by either visible or ultraviolet radiation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:830-834. [PMID: 33427837 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04220j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Re(i) complexes bearing thermally reversible photochromic naphthopyran axial ligands undergo highly efficient, reversible phosphorescence quenching actuated by either visible or UV irradiation. The photoinduced quenching of the triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) emission is interpreted based on changes in the relative energies of the excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando D C C De Azevedo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
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Janhsen B, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Intra- versus intermolecular electron transfer in radical nucleophilic aromatic substitution of dihalo(hetero)arenes - a tool for estimating π-conjugation in aromatic systems. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3547-3553. [PMID: 28580099 PMCID: PMC5436300 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00100b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the application of the double radical nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SRN1) in various dihalogenated, mostly diiodinated, π-conjugated systems as a tool for qualitatively estimating their π-conjugation is described. This approach uses electron delocalisation as a measure of π-conjugation. Electron injection into the π-system is achieved via reaction of an intermediate aryl radical, itself generated from a dihalogenated π-system via SET-reduction of the C-I bond and subsequent reaction with a thiolate anion. The generated arene radical anion can then further react with the second aryl-halogen moiety within the π-system via an intramolecular electron transfer process. The efficiency of this intramolecular electron transfer is related to the π-conjugation of the radical anion. If the π-conjugation within the aromatic unit is weak, the arene radical anion reacts via an intermolecular ET with the starting dihalide. The intramolecular ET process delivers a product of a double SRN1 substitution whereas the intermolecular ET pathway provides a product of a mono- SRN1 substitution. By simple product analysis of mono- versus double substitution, π-conjugation can be qualitatively evaluated. This mechanistic tool is applied to various dihalogenated π-conjugated systems and the results are discussed within the context of π-conjugation. The conjugation mode within the π-system and the length of the aromatic system are varied, and the effect of relative positioning of the two halides within small π-systems is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Janhsen
- Organisch Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - C G Daniliuc
- Organisch Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - A Studer
- Organisch Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
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Chen M, Yang C, Wang Y, Li D, Xia W. UV Light Induced Direct Synthesis of Phenanthrene Derivatives from a Linear 3-Aryl-N-(arylsulfonyl) Propiolamides. Org Lett 2016; 18:2280-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Lab of Urban Water
Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water
Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yanpei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water
Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dazhi Li
- State Key Lab of Urban Water
Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water
Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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Escribano A, Steenbock T, Herrmann C, Heck J. Limits of Molecular Dithienylethene Switches Caused by Ferrocenyl Substitution. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1881-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Escribano
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Torben Steenbock
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Heck
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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Bakkar A, Cobo S, Lafolet F, Roldan D, Jacquet M, Bucher C, Royal G, Saint-Aman E. Dimethyldihydropyrene–cyclophanediene photochromic couple functionalized with terpyridyl metal complexes as multi-addressable redox- and photo-switches. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13700-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00843g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of dimethyldihydropyrene-appended metal complexes has been synthesized and thoroughly characterized using electrochemical and spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assil Bakkar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- DCM UMR 5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | - Saioa Cobo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- DCM UMR 5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | | | - Diego Roldan
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- DCM UMR 5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Margot Jacquet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- DCM UMR 5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie (UMR5182)
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon/CNRS Université de Lyon 1
- Lyon
- France
| | - Guy Royal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- DCM UMR 5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
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McMahon S, Amirjalayer S, Buma WJ, Halpin Y, Long C, Rooney AD, Woutersen S, Pryce MT. An investigation into the photochemistry of, and the electrochemically induced CO-loss from, [(CO)5MC(OMe)Me](M = Cr or W) using low-temperature matrix isolation, picosecond infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and time-dependent density functional theory. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15424-34. [PMID: 26089130 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01568e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics and photochemistry of [(CO)5MC(OMe)Me] (M = Cr or W) were investigated using picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (M = Cr or W), low-temperature matrix isolation techniques (M = Cr), and time-dependent density functional calculations (M = Cr or W). These studies provide unambiguous evidence for the photochemical formation of a long-lived, 18-electron metallaketene species capable of acting as a synthetically useful intermediate. For the Cr complex, an intermediate metallacyclopropanone singlet excited state was detected on the reaction path to the metallaketene species. This metallacyclopropanone excited state species has a lifetime of less than 100 ps and a characteristic bridging carbonyl band at 1770 cm(-1). The tungsten ketene species was also detected but in contrast to the chromium system, this forms directly from a low-lying triplet excited state. The electrochemical release of CO showed a greater efficiency for the chromium complex when compared to the tungsten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne McMahon
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Herder M, Schmidt BM, Grubert L, Pätzel M, Schwarz J, Hecht S. Improving the fatigue resistance of diarylethene switches. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2738-47. [PMID: 25679768 DOI: 10.1021/ja513027s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When applying photochromic switches as functional units in light-responsive materials or devices, an often disregarded yet crucial property is their resistance to fatigue during photoisomerization. In the large family of diarylethene photoswitches, formation of an annulated isomer as a byproduct of the photochromic reaction turns out to prevent the desired high reversibility for many different derivatives. To overcome this general problem, we have synthesized and thoroughly investigated the fatigue behavior of a series of diarylethenes, varying the nature of the hetaryl moieties, the bridging units, and the substituents. By analysis of photokinetic data, a quantification of the tendency for byproduct formation in terms of quantum yields could be achieved, and a strong dependency on the electronic properties of the substituents was observed. In particular, substitution with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl or 3,5-bis(pentafluorosulfanyl)phenyl groups strongly suppresses the byproduct formation and opens up a general strategy to construct highly fatigue-resistant diarylethene photochromic systems with a large structural flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Herder
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Kandasamy YS, Cai J, Beler A, Sang MSJ, Andrews PD, Murphy RS. Photocontrol of ion permeation in lipid vesicles with amphiphilic dithienylethenes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2652-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02382j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrical amphiphilic dithienylethenes have been prepared and photocontrol of ion permeation was observed in lipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna S. Kandasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Research and Innovation Centre
- University of Regina
- Regina
- Canada
| | - Jianxin Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Research and Innovation Centre
- University of Regina
- Regina
- Canada
| | - Alisha Beler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Research and Innovation Centre
- University of Regina
- Regina
- Canada
| | - M.-S. Jemeli Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Research and Innovation Centre
- University of Regina
- Regina
- Canada
| | - Patrick D. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Research and Innovation Centre
- University of Regina
- Regina
- Canada
| | - R. Scott Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Research and Innovation Centre
- University of Regina
- Regina
- Canada
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Transition metal functionalized photo- and redox-switchable diarylethene based molecular switches. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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