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Spicer LJ, Schütz LF. Effects of grape phenolics, myricetin and piceatannol, on bovine granulosa and theca cell proliferation and steroid production in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113288. [PMID: 35820639 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myricetin (a flavonol) and piceatannol (a stilbenoid) are naturally occurring phenolic compounds in red wine with cardio-protective and anti-carcinogenic effects, but their potential reproductive effects have not been investigated. Thus, the present study was designed to determine if myricetin and piceatannol can directly affect ovarian function using bovine granulosa cells (GC) and theca cells (TC) as in vitro model systems to evaluate effects on cell proliferation and steroid production. In Experiment 1 and 2, myricetin and piceatannol at 30 μM blocked insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-induced progesterone production by GC without affecting GC numbers. In contrast, myricetin stimulated IGF1-induced estradiol production, whereas piceatannol at 30 μM inhibited IGF1-induced estradiol production by 90% in GC. In Experiment 3 and 4, TC androstenedione and progesterone production and TC proliferation was inhibited by myricetin and piceatannol at 30 μM. In Experiment 5, piceatannol (30 μM) reduced the Fusarium mycotoxin, beauvericin (6 μM)-induced inhibition on progesterone production and cell proliferation. Myricetin (30 μM) reduced the inhibitory effect of beauvericin on estradiol but not progesterone production or cell proliferation. In conclusion, the red wine phenols, myricetin and piceatannol, directly affected GC and TC steroidogenesis, and were able to reduce some of the inhibitory effects of beauvericin on GC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Luis F Schütz
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Case-Control Study of Nodding Syndrome in Acholiland: Urinary Multi-Mycotoxin Screening. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050313. [PMID: 33925470 PMCID: PMC8145943 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This case-control study adds to the growing body of knowledge on the medical, nutritional, and environmental factors associated with Nodding Syndrome (NS), a seizure disorder of children and adolescents in northern Uganda. Past research described a significant association between NS and prior history of measles infection, dependence on emergency food and, at head nodding onset, subsistence on moldy maize, which has the potential to harbor mycotoxins. We used LC-MS/MS to screen for current mycotoxin loads by evaluating nine analytes in urine samples from age-and-gender matched NS cases (n = 50) and Community Controls (CC, n = 50). The presence of the three mycotoxins identified in the screening was not significantly different between the two groups, so samples were combined to generate an overall view of exposure in this community during the study. Compared against subsequently run standards, α-zearalenol (43 ± 103 µg/L in 15 samples > limit of quantitation (LOQ); 0 (0/359) µg/L), T-2 toxin (39 ± 81 µg/L in 72 samples > LOQ; 0 (0/425) µg/L) and aflatoxin M1 (4 ± 10 µg/L in 15 samples > LOQ; 0 (0/45) µg/L) were detected and calculated as the average concentration ± SD; median (min/max). Ninety-five percent of the samples had at least one urinary mycotoxin; 87% were positive for two of the three compounds detected. While mycotoxin loads at NS onset years ago are and will remain unknown, this study showed that children with and without NS currently harbor foodborne mycotoxins, including those associated with maize.
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Perego MC, Morrell BC, Zhang L, Schütz LF, Spicer LJ. Developmental and hormonal regulation of ubiquitin-like with plant homeodomain and really interesting new gene finger domains 1 gene expression in ovarian granulosa and theca cells of cattle. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5866609. [PMID: 32614952 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like with plant homeodomain and really interesting new gene finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is a multi-domain nuclear protein that plays an important role in epigenetics and tumorigenesis, but its role in normal ovarian follicle development remains unknown. Thus, the present study evaluated if UHRF1 mRNA abundance in bovine follicular cells is developmentally and hormonally regulated, and if changes in UHRF1 are associated with changes in DNA methylation in follicular cells. Abundance of UHRF1 mRNA was greater in granulosa cells (GC) and theca cells (TC) from small (<6 mm) than large (≥8 mm) follicles and was greater in small-follicle GC than TC. In GC and TC, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) treatment increased (P < 0.05) UHRF1 expression by 2-fold. Also, luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) increased (P < 0.05) UHRF1 expression in TC by 2-fold, and forskolin (an adenylate cyclase inducer) alone or combined with IGF1 increased (P < 0.05) UHRF1 expression by 3-fold. An E2F transcription factor inhibitor (E2Fi) decreased (P < 0.05) UHRF1 expression by 44% in TC and by 99% in GC. Estradiol, progesterone, and dibutyryl-cAMP decreased (P < 0.05) UHRF1 mRNA abundance in GC. Treatment of GC with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) alone had no effect but when combined with IGF1 enhanced the UHRF1 mRNA abundance by 2.7-fold. Beauvericin (a mycotoxin) completely inhibited the FSH plus IGF1-induced UHRF1 expression in small-follicle GC. Treatments that increased UHRF1 mRNA (i.e., FGF9) in GC tended to decrease (by 63%; P < 0.10) global DNA methylation, and those that decreased UHRF1 mRNA (i.e., E2Fi) in GC tended to increase (by 2.4-fold; P < 0.10) global DNA methylation. Collectively, these results suggest that UHRF1 expression in both GC and TC is developmentally and hormonally regulated, and that UHRF1 may play a role in follicular growth and development as well as be involved in ovarian epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Breanne C Morrell
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | | | | | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
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Antimicrobial secondary metabolites from agriculturally important fungi as next biocontrol agents. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9287-9303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are chemical compounds produced mainly by mounds of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium on various grains and agricultural commodities at different stages in the field, before harvest, post-harvest, during processing, packaging, distribution, and storage. The production of mycotoxins depends on several environmental factors such as temperature and moisture. This chapter gives an overview about the major mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and Fusarium toxins), masked mycotoxins, and emerging mycotoxins. The toxicity of these mycotoxins and their negative economic impact was also discussed together with the effect of climate change on their production. A section on mycotoxins regulations by international agencies and organisms (WHO, FAO, EU, etc.) was discussed. Finally, the different strategies to reduce or eliminate the toxic effects of mycotoxins in contaminated foods and feeds by using chemical, physical, and biological/biotechnological methods or innovative approaches were explained.
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In vitro mechanisms of Beauvericin toxicity: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:537-545. [PMID: 29154952 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) is a mycotoxin produced by many species of fungus Fusarium and by Beauveria bassiana; BEA is a natural contaminant of cereals and cereals based products and possesses a wide variety of biological properties. The mechanism of action seems to be related to its ionophoric activity, that increases ion permeability in biological membranes. As a consequence, BEA causes cytotoxicity in several cell lines and is capable to produce oxidative stress at molecular level. Moreover, BEA is genotoxic (produces DNA fragmentation, chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus) and causes apoptosis with the involvement of mitochondrial pathway. However, several antioxidant mechanisms protect cells against oxidative stress produced by BEA. Despite its strong cytotoxicity, no risk assessment have been still carried out by authorities due to a lack of toxicity data, so research on BEA toxicological impact is still going on. This review reports information available regarding BEA mechanistic toxicology with the aim of updating information regarding last researches on this mycotoxin.
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Luz C, Saladino F, Luciano FB, Mañes J, Meca G. Occurrence, toxicity, bioaccessibility and mitigation strategies of beauvericin, a minor Fusarium mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:430-439. [PMID: 28720287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins include the toxic secondary metabolites fusaproliferin, enniatins, beauvericin (BEA), and moniliform. BEA is produced by some entomo- and phytopathogenic Fusarium species and occurs naturally on corn and corn-based foods and feeds infected by Fusarium spp. BEA has shown various biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal) and possesses toxic activity, including the induction of apoptosis, increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration and lead to DNA fragmentation in mammalian cell lines. Cereals food processing has an important effect on mycotoxin stability, leading to less-contaminated food compared to the raw materials. Different industrial processes have shown to be effective practices to reduce BEA contents due to thermal food processing applied, such as cooking, boiling, baking, frying, roasting and pasteurization. Some studies demonstrated the capacity of lactic acid bacteria to reduce the presence of the BEA in model solution and in food chain through fermentation processes, modifying this mycotoxin in a less toxic derivate. Prebiotic and probiotic ingredient can modulate the bioaccessibility of BEA reducing the risk of intake of this minor Fusarium mycotoxin. This review summarizes the existing data on occurrence, toxicity and especially on BEA reduction strategies in food and feed such as chemical reduction, biocontrol and food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F Saladino
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F B Luciano
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - G Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain.
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Albonico M, Schutz LF, Caloni F, Cortinovis C, Spicer LJ. In vitro effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins fumonisin B1 and beauvericin on bovine granulosa cell proliferation and steroid production. Toxicon 2017; 128:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Blood-brain barrier transport kinetics of the cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:175-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Žužek MC, Grandič M, Jakovac Strajn B, Frangež R. Beauvericin Inhibits Neuromuscular Transmission and Skeletal Muscle Contractility in Mouse Hemidiaphragm Preparation. Toxicol Sci 2015; 150:283-91. [PMID: 26719372 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of Beauvericin (BEA) produced by the fungusBeauveria bassianaandFusariumsp. on neuromuscular transmission and contractility were determined in an isolated neuromuscular mouse hemidiaphragm preparation. BEA (5 µM) significantly inhibits indirectly elicited twitch amplitude. At higher concentrations (7.5 and 10 µM), BEA produces a significant reduction of directly elicited, or complete block of indirectly evoked, muscle contraction. BEA also appears to be myotoxic, as indicated by a slowly developing muscle contracture. Development of neuromuscular blockade and contracture is concentration dependent. BEA acted by presynaptically depressing spontaneous acetylcholine release as indicated by the reduction in the frequency of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs), while the membrane potential of muscle fibers remained unchanged. At higher concentrations (7.5 and 10 µM), BEA progressively reduces or completely blocks MEPPs and EPPs amplitudes. Changes in MEPPs and EPPs are associated with substantial depolarization of muscle fibers when exposed to 7.5 and 10 µM of BEA. These results indicate that BEA has neurotoxic and myotoxic effects, which overlap in a narrow range of concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Cecilija Žužek
- *Institute for physiology, pharmacology and toxicology, Veterinary faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Marjana Grandič
- Institute for hygiene and pathology of animal nutrition, Veterinary faculty, University of Ljubljana, Cesta v Mestni log 47, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Breda Jakovac Strajn
- Institute for hygiene and pathology of animal nutrition, Veterinary faculty, University of Ljubljana, Cesta v Mestni log 47, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Frangež
- *Institute for physiology, pharmacology and toxicology, Veterinary faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
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Hu L, Rychlik M. Occurrence of enniatins and beauvericin in 60 Chinese medicinal herbs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1240-5. [PMID: 24720681 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.913813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 60 Chinese medicinal herbs were examined for contamination of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (ENNs) A, A1, B, B1 and beauvericin (BEA). The herbs under study are commonly used in China as both medicines and food. The dried samples of herbs were randomly collected from traditional Chinese medicine stores in Zhejiang province, China. Sample preparation was achieved by methanol extraction, followed by a simple membrane filtration step; no tedious clean-ups were involved. ENNs A, A1, B, B1 and BEA were analysed by the recently developed stable isotope dilution assays, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). With limits of detection ranging between 0.8 and 1.2 µg kg(-1) for the analytes under study, 25% of all analysed samples were contaminated with at least one of the ENNs and BEA. BEA was the most frequently detected toxin with a 20% incidence in all samples. The percentages of ENN-positive samples were lower: each single ENN was detected in 6.7-11.7% of all samples. Considering the total amounts of the five mycotoxins in single samples, values between 2.5 and 751 µg kg(-1) were found. The mean total amount in positive samples was 126 µg kg(-1). Regarding ginger, the frequent occurrence of ENNs and BEA in dried ginger could be confirmed in samples from Germany. However, in fresh ginger root the toxins were not detectable. This is the first report on the presence of ENNs and BEA in Chinese medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- a Analytical Food Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
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Beauvericin, a bioactive compound produced by fungi: a short review. Molecules 2012; 17:2367-77. [PMID: 22367030 PMCID: PMC6269041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17032367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide mycotoxin, which has insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic activities. It is a potential agent for pesticides and medicines. This paper reviews the bioactivity, fermentation and biosynthesis of the fungal product beauvericin.
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Qadri SM, Kucherenko Y, Lang F. Beauvericin induced erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling. Toxicology 2011; 283:24-31. [PMID: 21296643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin is a mycotoxin with antiviral, antibacterial, nematicidal, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and apoptotic activity. Similar to nucleated cells erythrocytes may undergo suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis may be triggered by energy depletion leading to increase of cytosolic Ca²+ activity. The present study thus explored whether beauvericin is able to trigger eryptosis and influence eryptosis following energy depletion. Cell membrane scrambling was estimated from binding of annexin V to phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface, cell volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis, cytosolic Ca²+ concentration from Fluo3 fluorescence, cytosolic ATP concentration from a luciferase-assay and ion channel activity with whole cell patch clamp. Exposure to beauvericin (≥ 5 μM) significantly decreased erythrocyte ATP concentration and increased cytosolic Ca²+ concentration as well as annexin V-binding. The effect of beauvericin on annexin V binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca²+. Glucose depletion (48 h) was followed by, increase of Fluo3 fluorescence, decrease of forward scatter and increase of annexin V-binding. Beauvericin (≥ 1 μM) augmented the effect of glucose withdrawal on Fluo3 fluorescence and annexin V-binding, but significantly blunted the effect of glucose withdrawal on forward scatter, an effect paralleled by inhibition of Ca²+ activated K+ channels. The present observations disclose novel effects of beauvericin, i.e. stimulation of Ca²+ entry with subsequent cell membrane scrambling and inhibition of Ca²+ activated K+ channels with blunting of cell shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Zinedine A, Meca G, Mañes J, Font G. Further data on the occurrence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), fusaproliferin and beauvericin in raw cereals commercialized in Morocco. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tedjiotsop Feudjio F, Dornetshuber R, Lemmens M, Hoffmann O, Lemmens-Gruber R, Berger W. Beauvericin and enniatin: emerging toxins and/or remedies? WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENN) are emerging Fusarium mycotoxins that are known to contaminate food and feed. BEA- and ENN-mediated cytotoxicity towards various mammalian and cancer cell lines is only partly understood yet and engages several cellular targets and molecular mechanisms. Thus, the channel forming ability of BEA and ENN selectively directs a flux of cations – particularly calcium – into the cell. The resulting increased intracellular calcium levels might be at least in part responsible for their cytotoxicity. Additionally, BEA and ENN activate programmed cell death via the internal mitochondrial pathway (release of cytochrome c, activation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and activation of caspases). Several cellular signalling pathways and regulators are influenced by these fusariotoxins including MAPK, NF-κB and p53. The in vitro cytotoxicity implicates that these compounds could be potentially used as cancer therapeutics. However, considering their high prevalence in grains destined for consumption, also potential systemic toxicity towards humans and animals has to be considered. Interestingly, the few studies that have addressed this issue in animals so far predominantly reported minor effects at least as far as acute toxicity is concerned. However, consequences especially of chronic exposure but also at pharmacologically active doses in humans/animals have not been explored in detail. Nevertheless, both compounds exhibit interesting pharmacological characteristics (as they are cytotoxic especially to cancer cells, inhibit drug efflux pumps, are non-mutagenic, inhibit bone resorption) which suggest them as potential drug candidates to fight disseminated cancer. Thus, detailed studies on the consequences of chronic and bolus BEA and ENN exposure are eagerly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Tedjiotsop Feudjio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Dornetshuber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Lemmens
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - O. Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Lemmens-Gruber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - W. Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Further data on the presence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins enniatins, fusaproliferin and beauvericin in cereals available on the Spanish markets. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1412-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Fumonisin B1 Neurotoxicity in Young Carp (Cyprinus CarpioL.)For years scientists have suspected that the environment plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Mycotoxin fumonisin B1(FB1) is produced by severalFusariumspecies, mainly byFusarium verticilioides, which is one of the most common fungi associated with corn worldwide. Fumonisins are known to cause equine leukoencephalomalacia, a disease associated with the consumption of corn-based feeds contaminated with FB1. Here we have reported chronic experimental toxicosis in one-year-old carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) receiving feed containing 100 mg kg-1or 10 mg kg-1of added FB1for 42 days. We focused on fumonisin toxicity in the fish brain. After staining with hemalaun-eosin, histology of the fish brain revealed vacuolated, degenerate, or necrotic neural cells, scattered around damaged blood capillaries and in the periventricular area. These findings suggest that fumonisin, although it is a hydrophilic molecule, permeated the blood-brain barrier of young carp and had a toxic effect on neuronal cells.
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Chen BS, Peng H, Wu SN. Dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic agonist, inhibits neuronal delayed-rectifier potassium current and sodium current. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:244-54. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zhong JJ, Xiao JH. Secondary metabolites from higher fungi: discovery, bioactivity, and bioproduction. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 113:79-150. [PMID: 19475376 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal higher fungi such as Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum have been used as an alternative medicine remedy to promote health and longevity for people in China and other regions of the world since ancient times. Nowadays there is an increasing public interest in the secondary metabolites of those higher fungi for discovering new drugs or lead compounds. Current research in drug discovery from medicinal higher fungi involves a multifaceted approach combining mycological, biochemical, pharmacological, metabolic, biosynthetic and molecular techniques. In recent years, many new secondary metabolites from higher fungi have been isolated and are more likely to provide lead compounds for new drug discovery, which may include chemopreventive agents possessing the bioactivity of immunomodulatory, anticancer, etc. However, numerous challenges of secondary metabolites from higher fungi are encountered including bioseparation, identification, biosynthetic metabolism, and screening model issues, etc. Commercial production of secondary metabolites from medicinal mushrooms is still limited mainly due to less information about secondary metabolism and its regulation. Strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite production by medicinal mushroom fermentation include two-stage cultivation combining liquid fermentation and static culture, two-stage dissolved oxygen control, etc. Purification of bioactive secondary metabolites, such as ganoderic acids from G. lucidum, is also very important to pharmacological study and future pharmaceutical application. This review outlines typical examples of the discovery, bioactivity, and bioproduction of secondary metabolites of higher fungi origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jiang Zhong
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China,
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The synergistic inhibitory actions of oxcarbazepine on voltage-gated sodium and potassium currents in differentiated NG108-15 neuronal cells and model neurons. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:597-610. [PMID: 18184444 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145707008346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxcarbazepine (OXC), one of the newer anti-epileptic drugs, has been demonstrating its efficacy on wide-spectrum neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the ionic mechanism of OXC actions in neurons remains incompletely understood. With the aid of patch-clamp technology, we first investigated the effects of OXC on ion currents in NG108-15 neuronal cells differentiated with cyclic AMP. We found OXC (0.3-30 microm) caused a reversible reduction in the amplitude of voltage-gated Na+ current (INa). The IC50 value required for the inhibition of INa by OXC was 3.1 microm. OXC (3 microm) could shift the steady-state inactivation of INa to a more negative membrane potential by approximately -9 mV with no effect on the slope of the inactivation curve, and produce a significant prolongation in the recovery of INa inactivation. Additionally, OXC was effective in suppressing persistent INa (INa(P)) elicited by long ramp pulses. The blockade of INa by OXC does not simply reduce current magnitude, but alters current kinetics. Moreover, OXC could suppress the amplitude of delayed rectifier K+ current (IK(DR)), with no effect on M-type K+ current (IK(M)). In current-clamp configuration, OXC could reduce the amplitude of action potentials and prolong action-potential duration. Furthermore, the simulations, based on hippocampal pyramidal neurons (Pinsky-Rinzel model) and a network of the Hodgkin-Huxley model, were analysed to investigate the effect of OXC on action potentials. Taken together, our results suggest that the synergistic blocking effects on INa and IK(DR) may contribute to the underlying mechanisms through which OXC affects neuronal function in vivo.
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Jestoi M. EmergingFusarium-Mycotoxins Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin, Enniatins, And Moniliformin—A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:21-49. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390601062021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Jestoi
- a Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Department of Animal Diseases and Food Safety Research, Chemistry and Toxicology Unit , Mustialankatu 3, FIN-00790 , Helsinki , Finland
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Kamyar MR, Kouri K, Rawnduzi P, Studenik C, Lemmens-Gruber R. Effects of moniliformin in presence of cyclohexadepsipeptides on isolated mammalian tissue and cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:1284-91. [PMID: 16621435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. including beauvericin, enniatin and moniliformin are mycotoxins identified in cereal samples. The two cyclohexadepsipeptide mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatin have cytotoxic, antibiotic, insecticidal and ionophoric properties, while moniliformin primarily acts as a cardiotoxic mycotoxin. In this study, we examined the electromechanical and electrophysiological effects of moniliformin and moniliformin with ionophoric mycotoxins on cells (ventricular myocytes, Caco-2 cells) and in multicellular preparations (papillary muscles and terminal ilea of the guinea pig). Additionally, we investigated the influence of moniliformin on cell homeostasis in absence and presence of the cyclodepsipeptide mycotoxins (ventricular myocytes, Caco-2 cells). Experiments were performed using isometric measurements of contractility, intracellular microelectrode and patch-clamp techniques, and fluorescence imaging. While ionophoric cyclohexadepsipeptides affect action potential parameters and cell homeostasis, moniliformin did not change spontaneous rates of activity or cardiac action potentials. Furthermore, moniliformin had no effect on intracellular concentrations of ions and ATP, and did not affect pH. Moniliformin reduced contractility in papillary muscle, terminal ileum, the aorta and the pulmonary artery. However, moniliformin did not alter beauvericin and enniatin induced effects. From our studies, we conclude that moniliformin is not solely a cardiotoxic secondary metabolite, but also exerts its effects on smooth muscle. Moreover, there is no synergistic relationship between moniliformin and the concurrently produced cyclohexadepsipeptide mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kamyar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Pharmacy Centre, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Chen BF, Tsai MC, Jow GM. Induction of calcium influx from extracellular fluid by beauvericin in human leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 340:134-9. [PMID: 16343425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin, a cyclic hexadepsipeptide, is a mycotoxin that can induce cell death in human lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM cells. Our previous data have shown that beauvericin induces cell death in CCRF-CEM cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and that this beauvericin-induced cell death can be prevented by administration of intracellular calcium chelator-BAPTA. Therefore, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) may play an important role in beauvericin-induced cell death in CCRF-CEM cells. In this study, the effect of beauvericin on [Ca2+]i and the possible mechanism responsible for the changes of [Ca2+]i in CCRF-CEM cells were investigated. Beauvericin caused a rapid and sustained [Ca2+]i rise in a dose-dependent manner. Excess extracellular Ca2+ facilitated beauvericin-induced [Ca2+]i rise by adding 1 mM CaCl2 in the bathing medium. On the other hand, beauvericin-induced [Ca2+]i rise was prevented in Ca2+-free Tyrode's solution by 200 microM EGTA. In addition, beauvericin-induced [Ca2+]i rise was also attenuated by intracellular Ca2+ chelator-BAPTA/AM. It is worthy to note that neither the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel blocker, nimodipine, nor depletion of intracellular Ca2+ with thapsigargin, an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor, has any effect on beauvericin-induced [Ca2+]i rise. The data from present study indicate that beauvericin acts as a potent Ca2+ mobilizer by stimulating extracellular Ca2+ influx CCRF-CEM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Fang Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Chung-Cheng Rd., Hsin-Chuang, Taipei, Hsien 24205, Taiwan
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Jow GM, Chou CJ, Chen BF, Tsai JH. Beauvericin induces cytotoxic effects in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation: the causative role of calcium. Cancer Lett 2004; 216:165-73. [PMID: 15533592 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA), a cyclic hexadepsipeptide, induces cell death in human leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) and the process of BEA-induced cell death has been speculated to undergo an apoptotic pathway. In the present study, several well-characterized factors, known to play important roles in apoptotic pathway, were investigated in BEA-induced CCRF-CEM cell death. CCRF-CEM cells were treated with BEA at concentrations from 1 to 10 microM for up to 24 h. The incidence of nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic body formation in the cells, cytosolic caspase-3 activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) from mitochondria in BEA-treated cells were determined and compared with that in untreated cells. Moreover, to investigate the role of intracellular Ca++ in this cell death process, CCRF-CEM cells were primed with 3 microM of BAPTA/AM, a Ca++ chelator, to exclude intracellular Ca++ prior to the BEA treatment. The data revealed that BEA-induced cell death in CCRF-CEM cells exhibited a dose- and time-dependent manner. The incidence of nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic body formation was significantly increased in CCRF-CEM cells treated with BEA at concentrations of 1 microM or greater. Increase of cytosolic caspase-3 activity was also observed in BEA-treated cells with a dose-dependent manner. In addition, increased release of Cyt c from mitochondria was also observed in the cells treated with 10 microM BEA in a time-dependent pattern. The BAPTA/AM pretreatment partially blocked BEA-induced cell death in CCRF-CEM cells, indicating that intracellular Ca++ plays an important role, maybe as a mediator in cell death signaling, in this cell death pathway. The results support the notion that BEA-induced cell death in CCRF-CEM cells likely undergo through an apoptotic pathway on the basis of increase of release of Cyt c from mitochondria, increase of caspase-3 activity, and some observed typical apoptotic cellular changes in morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guey-Mei Jow
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Chung-Cheng Road, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei Hsien 242, Taiwan.
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Kouri K, Lemmens M, Lemmens-Gruber R. Beauvericin-induced channels in ventricular myocytes and liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1609:203-10. [PMID: 12543382 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(02)00689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic Beauvericin (BEA) was previously shown to express ionophoric properties under simple experimental systems. Its channel-forming activity was examined in inside-out patches of ventricular myocytes and synthetic membranes with the patch clamp and fluorescence imaging techniques. Current transitions to several open state levels were evident after wash-in. The BEA channel is cation-selective. Conductance and kinetics are presented for K(+) and Na(+) substates and main states. The pore was blocked by La(3+). In myocytes, the [K(+)](i) was reduced, while [Na(+)](i) and [Ca(2+)](i) increased, leading to cytolysis. These results indicate that BEA forms cation-selective channels in lipid membranes, which can affect the ionic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kouri
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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