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Malik Z, Parveen R, Zahiruddin S, Gautam G, Husain SA, Ahmad S. HPTLC Stability Indicating Analytical Method of Andrographolide and 5-fluorouracil with Network Pharmacology Analysis against Cancer. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:894-909. [PMID: 37303181 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230609104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal drugs when used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs can reduce the side effects and increase the efficacy by acting on multiple targets. Andrographolide (AG), a diterpene lactone isolated from Andrographis paniculata Nees, is a bioactive compound with anticancer potential, and 5-fluorouracil (FU), a pyrimidine analogue, is used in the treatment of cancer. Both drugs are used to formulate combination nanoformulation to increase absorption, thereby increasing their oral bioavailability. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to develop and validate stability indicating simultaneous HPTLC method for quantification of FU and AG in combination nanoformulation along with in silico docking and network pharmacology analysis to understand the interaction between the drugs and cancer targets. METHODS Chromatographic separation was performed using mobile phase chloroform: methanol: formic acid (9: 0.5: 0.5, v/v/v) on HPTLC silica plates 60 F254 as a stationary phase using UV-Vis detector and HPTLC scanner at 254 nm. Further, in silico docking analysis was performed to predict the binding affinity of AG and FU with different proteins and network pharmacology to find out the exact biomolecular relationship of AG and FU in alleviating cancer. RESULTS The data from the calibration curve showed a good linear regression relationship with r² = 0.9981 (FU) and r² = 0.9977 (AG) in the concentration range of 0.1-2.0 μg/mL. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. Stability studies showed changes in peak patterns and areas. Bioinformatic and network pharmacology analyses of AG and FU with target proteins and genes associated with cancer play a multimechanistic role in alleviating cancer. CONCLUSION The developed method has been concluded to be robust, simple, precise, reproducible, accurate, and stability indicating for simultaneous quantification of AG and FU, and the molecular interaction studies have further indicated that the combination nanoformulation of AG and FU could be effective against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Malik
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Sultan Zahiruddin
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
| | - Gaurav Gautam
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
| | - Syed Akhtar Husain
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
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Kawabata K, Muraoka H, Miyara M, Kotake Y, Nishi H. Photodegradation profiling of nitrendipine: evaluation of active pharmaceutical ingredient, tablets and its altered forms. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1791-1803. [PMID: 37540327 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrendipine (NTR) is a dihydropyridine drug, which is well-known as a photodegradable pharmaceutical. However, the photochemical reaction of NTR has not been evaluated in detail from now. In this study, we perform the photodegradation profiling of NTR for the elucidation of its photochemical behavior. NTR amounts during ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation were monitored using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). NTR was photodegraded almost completely within 24 h along with the generation of some photoproducts. Structural determination of two NTR photoproducts were carried out by means of electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Obtained results from this study clarified one novel NTR photoproduct, a nitroso pyridine analogue, in addition to a pyridine analogue. Furthermore, photodegradation pathway of NTR was speculated based on chemical structures of NTR photoproducts to clarify its photochemical behavior. It was proposed that a singlet oxygen molecule might withdraw two hydrogen radicals resulting in the form of a pyridine analogue, and the following reduction of its nitro group might produce a nitroso pyridine analogue. Finally, we evaluated the photostability of NTR tablets and its altered forms, indicating that the change of the dosage form led to a decrease of the photostability of NTR tablets. The obtained results will be helpful for the additional research to evaluate the effect of NTR photodegradation on its own biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawabata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
| | - Haruka Muraoka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Miyara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
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Kawabata K, Masumoto M, Inagaki M, Nishi H. The evaluation of photochemical behavior of antihistaminic drug triprolidine in an aqueous media. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1813-1821. [PMID: 37679658 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation is widely known as a changer of both the quality and the quantity of several chemical compounds. In this study, we sought to examine the photochemical behavior of triprolidine (TRP), which is a member of the first-generation antihistamine and utilized for a relief of an allergic conditions, in an aqueous media. There are no reports focused on its potential photoproducts and photodegradation pathways in detail to the best of our knowledge. TRP photodegradation induced by ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation was monitored utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and structural elucidation of the TRP photoproduct was performed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Finally, the mechanism of TRP photodegradation was speculated based on the identified photoproduct. TRP was photodegraded dependent on the irradiation time of UV in proportion to the generation of one TRP photoproduct (TRP-P). Structural determination by LC-ESI-MS/MS and NMR clarified that TRP-P was the geometrical isomer of TRP, which was formed by the cis-trans conversion of double bond. UV irradiation experiment for TRP-P revealed the conversion from it to TRP. It is clarified that cis-trans conversion between TRP and TRP-P is photo-equilibrium reaction and TRP-P is predominant under the condition as this experiment. Toxicological potencies of TRP and TRP-P might not be observed by ProTox-II in silico toxicity evaluation. This is the first study evaluating the photochemical behavior of TRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawabata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi 6-13-1, Asaminami-Ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
| | - Misaki Masumoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi 6-13-1, Asaminami-Ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Masanori Inagaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi 6-13-1, Asaminami-Ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi 6-13-1, Asaminami-Ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
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KAWABATA K, NISHI H. Evaluation of Photostability of Medicines and Development of the Photostabilization of the Photosensitive Medicines. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2023. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2022.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Khurshid A, Ahmad I, Khan N, Usmani M, Anwar Z. Solvent effect on the photolysis of 5‐fluorouracil: A kinetic study. INT J CHEM KINET 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeela Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Nimra Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Muneeba Usmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
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Development of an HPLC-DAD Method for the Extraction and Quantification of 5-Fluorouracil, Uracil, and 5-Fluorodeoxyuridin Monophosphate in Cells and Culture Media of Lactococcus lactis. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a common cancer chemotherapeutic, presenting toxicity. Mild toxicity is treated with administration of probiotics. The interaction of these probiotics with the drug may have a crucial effect on its therapeutic efficacy. In the present work, a method for the quantification of uracil, 5-FU, and its active metabolite 5-fluorodeoxyuridin monophosphate in cells and culture medium of the probiotic L. lactis is presented. Extraction using H2O containing 0.05% v/v formic acid (1:5 v/v) was followed by ammonium sulphate protein precipitation and SPE. Analysis was conducted in a Nucleosil column using a gradient of water, formic acid, and acetonitrile. Calibration curves were constructed for 5-FU (5–100 μg/mL), uracil (5–20 μg/mL), and 5-fluorodeoxyuridin monophosphate (5–20 μg/mL) using 5-bromouracil as the internal standard (R2 ≥ 0.999). The photodegradation of 5-FU amounted to 36.2% at 96 h. An administration experiment in the dark revealed a decline in 5-FU concentration in the culture media (88.3%) and uptake by the cells, while the uracil and FdUMP levels increased in the cells. The inactive metabolite 5,6 dihydrofluorouracil was detected in the medium. Our results demonstrate that uptake and metabolism of 5-FU in L. lactis cells leads to a decline in the drug levels and in the formation of both the active and the inactive metabolites of the drug.
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Singaravelu I, Spitz H, Mahoney M, Dong Z, Kotagiri N. Antiandrogen Therapy Radiosensitizes Androgen Receptor-Positive Cancers to 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:1177-1183. [PMID: 34772792 PMCID: PMC9364347 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset (35%) of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) expresses androgen receptor (AR) activity. However, clinical trials with antiandrogen drugs have shown limited efficacy, with about a 19% clinical benefit rate. We investigated the therapeutic enhancement of antiandrogens as radiosensitizers in combination with 18F-FDG in TNBC. Methods: We screened 5 candidate drugs to evaluate shared toxicity when combined with either 18F-FDG, x-rays, or ultraviolet radiation, at doses below their respective half-maximal inhibitory concentrations. Cytotoxic enhancement of antiandrogen in combination with 18F-FDG was evaluated using cell proliferation and DNA damage assays. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of the combination treatment was evaluated in mouse tumor models of TNBC and prostate cancer. Results: Bicalutamide, an antiandrogen drug, was found to share similar toxicity in combination with either 18F-FDG or x-rays, indicating its sensitivity as a radiosensitizer to 18F-FDG. Cell proliferation assays demonstrated selective toxicity of combination bicalutamide-18F-FDG in AR-positive 22RV1 and MDA-MB-231 cells in comparison to AR-negative PC3 cells. Quantitative DNA damage and cell cycle arrest assays further confirmed radiation-induced damage to cells, suggesting the role of bicalutamide as a radiosensitizer to 18F-FDG-mediated radiation damage. Animal studies in MDA-MB-231, 22RV1, and PC3 mouse tumor models demonstrated significant attenuation of tumor growth through combination of bicalutamide and 18F-FDG in the AR-positive model in comparison to the AR-negative model. Histopathologic examination corroborated the in vitro and in vivo data and confirmed the absence of off-target toxicity to vital organs. Conclusion: These data provide evidence that 18F-FDG in conjunction with antiandrogens serving as radiosensitizers has utility as a radiotherapeutic agent in the ablation of AR-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indulekha Singaravelu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Henry Spitz
- Department of Nuclear and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mary Mahoney
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Zhongyun Dong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Nanoencapsulation of aptamer-functionalized 5-Fluorouracil liposomes using alginate/chitosan complex as a novel targeting strategy for colon-specific drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Kowalska J, Rok J, Rzepka Z, Wrześniok D. Drug-Induced Photosensitivity-From Light and Chemistry to Biological Reactions and Clinical Symptoms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:723. [PMID: 34451820 PMCID: PMC8401619 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosensitivity is one of the most common cutaneous adverse drug reactions. There are two types of drug-induced photosensitivity: photoallergy and phototoxicity. Currently, the number of photosensitization cases is constantly increasing due to excessive exposure to sunlight, the aesthetic value of a tan, and the increasing number of photosensitizing substances in food, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The risk of photosensitivity reactions relates to several hundred externally and systemically administered drugs, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, psychotropic, antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, and antineoplastic drugs. Photosensitivity reactions often lead to hospitalization, additional treatment, medical management, decrease in patient's comfort, and the limitations of drug usage. Mechanisms of drug-induced photosensitivity are complex and are observed at a cellular, molecular, and biochemical level. Photoexcitation and photoconversion of drugs trigger multidirectional biological reactions, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and changes in melanin synthesis. These effects contribute to the appearance of the following symptoms: erythema, swelling, blisters, exudation, peeling, burning, itching, and hyperpigmentation of the skin. This article reviews in detail the chemical and biological basis of drug-induced photosensitivity. The following factors are considered: the chemical properties, the influence of individual ranges of sunlight, the presence of melanin biopolymers, and the defense mechanisms of particular types of tested cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (J.K.); (J.R.); (Z.R.)
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Kawabata K, Akimoto S, Inagaki M, Nishi H. Structure determination of clinofibrate photoproducts generated by ultraviolet-light irradiation in aqueous media. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPhotodegradation of clinofibrate, which is one of the fibrate drugs, was evaluated and chemical structures of its photoproducts were determined. Clinofibrate in aqueous media was photodegraded gradually by the UV light emission with the generation of several photoproducts. The result of HPLC analysis indicated that some photoproducts were more photostable compared with the parent compound. After 14 days irradiation, clinofibrate was degraded completely while several photoproducts were remained in the test solution. Structure determination of nine photoproducts was performed by means of ESI-LC/MS/MS analysis. Main photoproduct of clinofibrate was 2-(4-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)phenoxy)-2-methylbutanoic acid. Structure determination of clinofibrate photoproducts made it possible the estimation of the photodegradation pathway. It was tempting to speculate that the main photoproduct was generated by the elimination of 2-methylbutanoic acid and other photoproducts were generated through several photochemical reactions including further elimination of 2-methylbutanoic acid and decarboxylation. The obtained results will be helpful for the further research focused on the evaluation of biological activities of clinofibrate photoproducts, photostability of clinofibrate in commercial tablets and changed formulations, and the photostabilization of them.
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KAWABATA K, AKIMOTO S, NISHI H. Photo-Conversion of Phenytoin to Ecotoxicological Substance Benzophenone by Ultraviolet Light Irradiation in Aqueous Media. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiori AKIMOTO
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Schmidt F, Wenzel J, Halland N, Güssregen S, Delafoy L, Czich A. Computational Investigation of Drug Phototoxicity: Photosafety Assessment, Photo-Toxophore Identification, and Machine Learning. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2338-2352. [PMID: 31625387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the most appreciated capabilities of computational toxicology is to support the design of pharmaceuticals with reduced toxicological hazard. To this end, we have strengthened our drug photosafety assessments by applying novel computer models for the anticipation of in vitro phototoxicity and human photosensitization. These models are typically used in pharmaceutical discovery projects as part of the compound toxicity assessments and compound optimization methods. To ensure good data quality and aiming at models with global applicability we separately compiled and curated highly chemically diverse data sets from 3T3 NRU phototoxicity reports (450 compounds) and clinical photosensitization alerts (1419 compounds) which are provided as supplements. The latter data gives rise to a comprehensive list of explanatory fragments for visual guidance, termed phototoxophores, by application of a Bayesian statistics approach. To extend beyond the domain of well sampled fragments we applied machine learning techniques based on explanatory descriptors such as pharmacophoric fingerprints or, more important, accurate electronic energy descriptors. Electronic descriptors were extracted from quantum chemical computations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. Accurate UV/vis spectral absorption descriptors and pharmacophoric fingerprints turned out to be necessary for predictive computer models, which were both derived from Deep Neural Networks but also the simpler Random Decision Forests approach. Model accuracies of 83-85% could typically be reached for diverse test data sets and other company in-house data, while model sensitivity (the capability of correctly detecting toxicants) was even better, reaching 86%-90%. Importantly, a computer model-triggered response-map allowed for graphical/chemical interpretability also in the case of previously unknown phototoxophores. The photosafety models described here are currently applied in a prospective manner for the hazard identification, prioritization, and optimization of newly designed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Sanofi R&D , Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Nis Halland
- Sanofi R&D , Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt , Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Czich
- Sanofi R&D , Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt , Germany
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Secrétan PH, Karoui M, Levi Y, Sadou Yayé H, Tortolano L, Solgadi A, Yagoubi N, Do B. Pemetrexed degradation by photocatalytic process: Kinetics, identification of transformation products and estimation of toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1082-1094. [PMID: 29625523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study employed a UV-A/visible/TiO2 system to investigate the degradation of pemetrexed, an antifolate agent used in chemotherapy. The laboratory-scale method employed a photostability chamber that could be used to study multiple samples. Reversed-phase HPLC coupled with high-resolution ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry was used to determine the transformation products (TPs) of PEME. Based on the identified TPs and existing chemical knowledge, the mechanism of degradation of the target compound was proposed. Concentrations were monitored as a function of time, and the degradation kinetics were compared. The structures of seven TPs, four of which have not been described to date, were proposed. Most of the TPs stemmed from OH radical additions to the dihydropyrrole moiety and oxidative decarboxylation of the glutamate residue. Based on the elucidated structures, a computational toxicity assessment was performed, showing that the TPs with higher log D values than the parent compound are more toxic than the PEME itself. To support these findings, the toxicities of irradiated samples on Vibrio fischeri were monitored over time. The experimental results corresponded well with the results of previous computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe-Henri Secrétan
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Department of Pharmacy, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Maher Karoui
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor, Department of Pharmacy, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Yves Levi
- University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8079, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Hassane Sadou Yayé
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Lionel Tortolano
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor, Department of Pharmacy, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Service d'Analyse des Médicaments et Métabolites, Institut d'Innovation Thérapeutique, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Najet Yagoubi
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Bernard Do
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor, Department of Pharmacy, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
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Macedo E, Santos MSF, Maldonado-Hódar FJ, Alves A, Madeira LM. Insights on Carbonaceous Materials Tailoring for Effective Removal of the Anticancer Drug 5-Fluorouracil from Contaminated Waters. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Macedo
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica S. F. Santos
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - F. J. Maldonado-Hódar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis M. Madeira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Gómez-Canela C, Bolivar-Subirats G, Tauler R, Lacorte S. Powerful combination of analytical and chemometric methods for the photodegradation of 5-Fluorouracil. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Chang VWC, Lim TT. Direct and indirect photodegradation pathways of cytostatic drugs under UV germicidal irradiation: Process kinetics and influences of water matrix species and oxidant dosing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:481-488. [PMID: 27866763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing consumption of various cytostatic drugs (CSDs) has attracted growing public concern in recent years. The photodegradation of 8 CSDs was investigated using a low-pressure UV-254Hg lamp, resulting in fluence-based first-order kinetic rate constants in the range of (0.20-6.97)×10-4cm2mJ-1. The influence of water matrix components, including natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), bicarbonate (HCO3-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), and sulfate (SO42-), was investigated. The degradation rates of CSDs decrease in the presence of DOM due to the competition for the UV light, but increase with addition of NO3- due to an indirect production of HO. Further investigation was carried out to evaluate the viability of UV treatment performances using two real water samples, namely treated water from a water treatment plant and secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The primary photodegradation byproducts of CSDs were identified using LC/MS/MS to investigate the mechanism of direct UV photolysis and indirect NO3--induced and DOM-induced photolysis. The degradation rates of CSDs increase significantly with the addition of H2O2 or S2O82- under UV irradiation, due to the generation of non-selective HO or selective SO4-. As an electrophilic radical, SO4- mainly reacts via electron transfer and selectively attacks certain electron-donating functional groups of CSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Jiefeng Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Yongjun Xiao
- Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore 608576, Singapore
| | - Victor W C Chang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Teik-Thye Lim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
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17
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Koltsakidou Α, Antonopoulou M, Sykiotou M, Εvgenidou Ε, Konstantinou I, Lambropoulou DA. Photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes for the treatment of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil under simulated solar radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4791-4800. [PMID: 27981483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes were investigated for the degradation and mineralization of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). For the optimization of photo-Fenton treatment under simulated solar light (SSL) radiation, the effects of several operating parameters (i.e., 5-FU concentration, Fe3+, and oxidant concentration) on the treatment efficiency were studied. According to the results, SSL/[Fe(C2Ο4)3]3-/Η2Ο2 process was the most efficient, since faster degradation of 5-FU and higher mineralization percentages were achieved. All the applied processes followed quite similar transformation routes which include defluorination-hydroxylation as well as pyrimidine ring opening, as demonstrated by the transformation products identified by high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity of the treated solutions was evaluated using the Microtox assay. In general, low toxicity was recorded for the initial solution and the solution at the end of the photocatalytic treatment, while an increase in the overall toxicity was observed only at the first stages of SSL/Fe3+/Η2Ο2 and SSL/Fe3+/S2O82- processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Α Koltsakidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Antonopoulou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | - M Sykiotou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ε Εvgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - D A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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18
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Koltsakidou Α, Antonopoulou M, Εvgenidou Ε, Konstantinou I, Giannakas AE, Papadaki M, Bikiaris D, Lambropoulou DA. Photocatalytical removal of fluorouracil using TiO 2-P25 and N/S doped TiO 2 catalysts: A kinetic and mechanistic study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:257-267. [PMID: 27856058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-based photocatalysts toward degradation and mineralization of the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in aqueous phase was investigated under simulated solar and visible irradiation. Commercial TiO2 (P25) and N/S-doped TiO2 catalysts synthesized by a simple sol-gel method were used as photocatalysts. TiO2 P-25 was found to be the most photoactive catalyst for the removal of 5-FU, under simulated solar irradiation. Among N/S-doped TiO2 catalysts, the one with molar Ti:N/S ratio equal to 0.5 was the most efficient under simulated solar irradiation. In contrast, under visible irradiation the catalyst with equimolar Ti:N/S ratio showed the highest performance for the removal of 5-FU. Scavenging experiments revealed that HO radicals and h+ were the major reactive species mediating photocatalytic degradation of 5-FU using TiO2 P-25 and N/S-doped TiO2 catalysts, under simulated solar irradiation. On the other hand, the essential contribution of 1O2 and O2- in the degradation of 5-FU under visible light was proved. The transformation products (TPs) of 5-FU, were identified by LC-MS-TOF suggesting that defluorination followed by hydroxylation and oxidation are the main transformation pathways, under all the studied photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Α Koltsakidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Antonopoulou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Ε Εvgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - A E Giannakas
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - M Papadaki
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - D Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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19
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Photodegradation of aqueous argatroban investigated by LC/MS n: Photoproducts, transformation processes and potential implications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:223-232. [PMID: 27599353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Argatroban (ARGA), used as intravenous anticoagulant drug, has been reported to photodegrade under light exposure, requiring specific precautions at handling, storage and administration. Thus, for the first time, aqueous ARGA photodegradation under aerobic conditions has been described in terms of photoproducts, phototransformation processes and potential implications. ARGA significant photoproducts were successfully separated and characterized by gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (LC/HR-MSn). Hitherto still not available in literature, ARGA in-depth fragmentation study was conducted so as to thoroughly sort out the main mechanisms specific to the molecule and therefore, to propose a fragmentation pattern relevant to the identification of ARGA related substances. Thereafter, in view of the structural characteristics of the photoproducts formed, ARGA photodegradation pathways could be worked out, showing that whether by direct photolysis or through photosensitization, the methyltetrahydroquinoline nitrogen and that of guanidine group would be mainly involved in photolysis initiation reactions, through one-electron oxidation along with proton loss. Desulfonation, cyclisation affording compounds of diazinane type, and/or rearrangements with transfer of the methyltetrahydroquinoline group toward the guanidine function were observed accordingly. Having a good insight into ARGA photodegradation pathways allows for consistent measures in view of mitigating or avoiding the drug decay and the related potential effects.
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20
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Fiszka Borzyszkowska A, Pieczyńska A, Ofiarska A, Nikiforow K, Stepnowski P, Siedlecka E. Bi-B-TiO2-based photocatalytic decomposition of cytostatic drugs under simulated sunlight treatments. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Spanò V, Parrino B, Carbone A, Montalbano A, Salvador A, Brun P, Vedaldi D, Diana P, Cirrincione G, Barraja P. Pyrazolo[3,4-h]quinolines promising photosensitizing agents in the treatment of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:334-51. [PMID: 26295175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new series of pyrazolo[3,4-h]quinolines, heteroanalogues of angelicin was conveniently prepared with a broad substitution pattern. A large number of derivatives was obtained and the cellular photocytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro against 5 different human tumor cell lines with GI50 values reaching the nanomolar level (14.52-0.04 μM). Selected compounds were able to photoinduce a massive cell death with the involvement of mitochondria. Their photodamage cellular targets were proteins and lipids and they did not cause any kind of DNA photodamage. This latter event is of considerable importance in the modulation of long term side effects, generally associated with the use of classical furocoumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Salvador
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Vedaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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22
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Haddad T, Baginska E, Kümmerer K. Transformation products of antibiotic and cytostatic drugs in the aquatic cycle that result from effluent treatment and abiotic/biotic reactions in the environment: an increasing challenge calling for higher emphasis on measures at the beginning of the pipe. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:75-126. [PMID: 25600206 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals may undergo transformation into new products during almost all possible processes along their life-cycle. This could either take place in the natural water environment and/or during water treatment processes. Numerous studies that address the issue of such transformation products (TPs) have been published, describing selected aspects of TPs in the environment and their formation within effluent and water treatment processes. In order to exemplify the number and quality of information published on TPs, we selected 21 active pharmaceutical ingredients from the groups of antibiotics and antineoplastics, and assessed the knowledge about their TPs that has been published until the end of May 2012. The goal of this work was to demonstrate, that the quality of data on pharmaceutical TPs greatly differs in terms of the availability of chemical structures for each TP, rather than to provide an exhaustive database of available TPs. The aim was to point out the challenge going along with so many TPs formed under different treatment and environmental conditions. An extensive review in the form of a table showing the existing data on 158 TPs for 15 compounds, out of 21 investigated, was presented. Numerous TPs are the result of different treatments and environmental processes. However, also numerous different TPs may be formed within only one type of treatment, applied under sometimes even very similar treatment conditions and treatments times. In general, the growing number of elucidated TPs is rationalized by ineffective removal treatments. Our results demonstrate a severe risk of drowning in much unrelated and non-assessable data, both from a scientific and from a technical treatment-related point of view. Therefore, limiting the input of pharmaceuticals into effluents as well as improving their (bio) degradability and elimination behavior, instead of only relying on advanced effluent treatments, is urgently needed. Solutions that focus on this "beginning of the pipe" approach should minimize the adverse effects of parent compounds by reducing and formation of TPs and their entrance into the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Haddad
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
| | - Ewelina Baginska
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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23
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Legay R, Massou S, Azéma J, Martino R, Malet-Martino M. Hydrolytic pathway of 5-fluorouracil in aqueous solutions for clinical use. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:446-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Dall’Acqua S, Vedaldi D, Salvador A. Isolation and structure elucidation of the main UV-A photoproducts of vandetanib. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 84:196-200. [PMID: 23850934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Kawabata K, Sugihara K, Sanoh S, Kitamura S, Ohta S. Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment by sunlight and UV-A, -B and -C irradiation. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:215-23. [PMID: 23535400 DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of sunlight on the persistence and ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals contaminating the aquatic environment, we exposed nine pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen (AA), amiodarone (AM), dapsone (DP), dexamethasone (DX), indomethacin (IM), naproxen (NP), phenytoin (PH), raloxifene (RL), and sulindac (SL)) in aqueous media to sunlight and to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 254, 302 or 365 nm (UV-C, UV-B or UV-A, respectively). Degradation of the pharmaceuticals was monitored by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sunlight completely degraded AM, DP and DX within 6 hr, and partly degraded the other pharmaceuticals, except AA and PH, which were not degraded. Similar results were obtained with UV-B, while UV-A was less effective (both UV-A and -B are components of sunlight). All the pharmaceuticals were photodegraded by UV-C, which is used for sterilization in sewage treatment plants. Thus, the photodegradation rates of pharmaceuticals are dependent on both chemical structure and the wavelength of UV exposure. Toxicity assay using the luminescent bacteria test (ISO11348) indicated that UV irradiation reduced the toxicity of some pharmaceuticals to aquatic organisms by decreasing their amount (photodegradation) and increased the toxicity of others by generating toxic photoproduct(s). These results indicate the importance of investigating not only parent compounds, but also photoproducts in the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawabata
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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26
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Fluorouracil in the environment: analysis, occurrence, degradation and transformation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1290:62-72. [PMID: 23578484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a fluorinated pyrimidine analogue important in the treatment of cancer whose fate in the environment is yet to be fully addressed. Due to its high polarity 5-FU requires challenging sample preparation and therefore we thoroughly investigated different solid phase extraction mechanisms (ion pair, ion exchange, reversed phase), sorbents and derivatisation agents to enable trace-level analysis of 5-FU based on GC-MS/MS in natural and wastewaters. Ion pair and ion exchange retention mechanisms enable the extraction of 5-FU from deionised water, but were inappropriate for complex environmental matrices, where the reversed phase sorbent Isolute ENV+ gave the best extraction efficiencies (53% and 93% for wastewaters and surface waters, respectively). Further, alkylation was rejected in favour of silylation with MTBSTFA. The achieved limits of quantification (LOQ) for waste and surface waters were 1.6 ng/L and 0.54 ng/L, respectively. The method was used to analyse samples of hospital, wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent and surface waters. 5-FU was quantified in four out of the twelve samples of oncological ward wastewaters and municipal wastewater treatment plant influents in concentrations from 4.7 ng/L to 92 ng/L. This work is also the first to study the environmental transformation of 5-FU and its prodrug capecitabine (CAP). Their removal and transformation was simulated using a series of biodegradation and photodegradation experiments, where 5-FU proved more degradable in comparison to CAP. Transformation of 5-FU and CAP was studied by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqTOF). Overall, six transformation products for 5-FU and ten for CAP are proposed; 13 of these are to our knowledge published for the first time.
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