1
|
Carlson ES, Upadhyaya P, Villalta PW, Ma B, Hecht SS. Analysis and Identification of 2'-Deoxyadenosine-Derived Adducts in Lung and Liver DNA of F-344 Rats Treated with the Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and Enantiomers of its Metabolite 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:358-370. [PMID: 29651838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are carcinogenic in animal models and are believed to play an important role in human lung carcinogenesis for cigarette smokers. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of these tobacco-specific nitrosamines produces reactive species that alkylate DNA in the form of pyridyloxobutyl (POB)- or pyridylhydroxybutyl (PHB)-DNA adducts. Understanding the formation mechanism and overall levels of these adducts can potentially enhance cancer prevention methods through the identification of particularly susceptible smokers. Previous studies have identified and measured a panel of POB- and PHB-DNA base adducts of dGuo, dCyd, and Thd; however, dAdo adducts have yet to be determined. In this study, we complete this DNA adduct panel by identifying and quantifying levels of NNK- and NNAL-derived dAdo adducts in vitro and in vivo. To accomplish this, we synthesized standards for expected dAdo-derived DNA adducts and used isotope-dilution LC-ESI+-MS/MS to identify POB adducts formed in vitro from the reaction of 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) with calf thymus DNA. Adduct levels were then quantified in lung and liver DNA of rats chronically treated with NNK or NNAL for 50 weeks using similar LC-MS detection methods. The in vitro studies identified N6-POB-dAdo and N1-POB-dIno as products of the reaction of NNKOAc with DNA, which supports our proposed mechanism of formation. Though both N6-dAdo and N1-dIno adducts were found in vitro, only N6-dAdo adducts were found in vivo, implying possible intervention by DNA repair mechanisms. Analogous to previous studies, levels of N6-POB-dAdo and N6-PHB-dAdo varied both with tissue and treatment type. Despite the adduct levels being relatively modest compared to most other POB- and PHB-DNA adducts, they may play a biological role and could be used in future studies as NNK- and NNAL-specific DNA damage biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Carlson
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , University of Minnesota Medical School , 321 Church Street SE , 6-120 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Váňa L, Vrzal L, Dvořáková H, Himl M, Linhart I. Direct Arylation of Adenine by Fluoro- and Chloronitrobenzenes: Effect of Microwaves. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.831902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
3
|
Shen LC, Chiang SY, Ho IT, Wu KY, Chung WS. Synthesis and Characterization of Adducts Formed in the Reactions of Safrole 2′,3′-Oxide with 2′-Deoxyadenosine, Adenine, and Calf Thymus DNA. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
4
|
Begemann P, Boysen G, Georgieva NI, Sangaiah R, Koshlap KM, Koc H, Zhang D, Golding BT, Gold A, Swenberg JA. Identification and characterization of 2'-deoxyadenosine adducts formed by isoprene monoepoxides in vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1048-61. [PMID: 21548641 PMCID: PMC3140868 DOI: 10.1021/tx200055c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene, the 2-methyl analogue of 1,3-butadiene, is ubiquitous in the environment, with major contributions to total isoprene emissions stemming from natural processes despite the compound being a bulk industrial chemical. Additionally, isoprene is a combustion product and a major component in cigarette smoke. Isoprene has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2B) by IARC and as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program. Isoprene, like butadiene, requires metabolic activation to reactive epoxides to exhibit its carcinogenic properties. The mode of action has been postulated to be that of a genotoxic carcinogen, with the formation of promutagenic DNA adducts being essential for mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. In rodents, isoprene-induced tumors show unique point mutations (A→T transversions) in the K-ras protooncogene at codon 61. Therefore, we investigated adducts formed after the reaction of 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo ) with the two monoepoxides of isoprene, 2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane (IP-1,2-O) and propen-2-yloxirane (IP-3,4-O), under physiological conditions. The formation of N1-2'-deoxyinosine (N1-dIno) due to the deamination of N1-dAdo adducts was of particular interest, since N1-dIno adducts are suspected to have high mutagenic potential based on in vitro experiments. Major stable adducts were identified by HPLC, UV-spectroscopy, and LC-MS/MS and characterized by (1)H NMR and (1)H,(13)C HSQC and HMBC NMR experiments. Adducts of IP-1,2-O that were fully identified are R,S-C1-N(6)-dAdo, R-C2-N(6)-dAdo, and S-C2-N(6)-dAdo; adducts of IP-3,4-O are S-C3-N(6)-dAdo, R-C3-N(6)-dAdo, R,S-C4-N(6)-dAdo, S-C4-N1-dIno, R-C4-N1-dIno, R-C3-N1-dIno, S-C3-N1-dIno, and C3-N7-Ade. Both monoepoxides formed adducts on the terminal and internal oxirane carbons. This is the first study to describe adducts of isoprene monoepoxides with dAdo. Characterization of adducts formed by isoprene monoepoxides with deoxynucleosides and subsequently with DNA represent the first step toward evaluating their potential for being converted into a mutation or as biomarkers of isoprene metabolism and exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Begemann
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
- Center of Environmental Health and Susceptibility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
| | - Nadia I. Georgieva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
| | - Ramiah Sangaiah
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
| | - Karl M. Koshlap
- School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Hasan Koc
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
| | - Daping Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU U.K
| | - Bernard T. Golding
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU U.K
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
| | - James A. Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
- Center of Environmental Health and Susceptibility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gates KS. An overview of chemical processes that damage cellular DNA: spontaneous hydrolysis, alkylation, and reactions with radicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1747-60. [PMID: 19757819 DOI: 10.1021/tx900242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of heterocyclic bases on the interior of the DNA double helix constitutes the genetic code that drives the operation of all living organisms. With this said, it is not surprising that chemical modification of cellular DNA can have profound biological consequences. Therefore, the organic chemistry of DNA damage is fundamentally important to diverse fields including medicinal chemistry, toxicology, and biotechnology. This review is designed to provide a brief overview of the common types of chemical reactions that lead to DNA damage under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent S Gates
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El Ashry ESH, Nadeem S, Shah MR, Kilany YE. Recent Advances in the Dimroth Rearrangement. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(10)01005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
7
|
Antunes AMM, Duarte MP, Santos PP, Gamboa da Costa G, Heinze TM, Beland FA, Marques MM. Synthesis and Characterization of DNA Adducts from the HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Nevirapine. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1443-56. [DOI: 10.1021/tx8000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Mariana P. Duarte
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Pedro P. Santos
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Thomas M. Heinze
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - M. Matilde Marques
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tompkins EM, Jones DJL, Lamb JH, Marsden DA, Farmer PB, Brown K. Simultaneous detection of five different 2-hydroxyethyl-DNA adducts formed by ethylene oxide exposure, using a high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry assay. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:19-28. [PMID: 18041793 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of five different 2-hydroxyethyl-DNA (HE-DNA) adducts that could be formed as a result of exposure to ethylene oxide (EO). In addition to the major N7-HE-guanine (N7-HEG) adducts this assay can also measure the less prevalent but potentially more biologically significant N1-HE-2'-deoxyadenosine (N1-HEdA), O(6)-HE-2'-deoxyguanosine (O(6)-HEdG), N(6)-HE-2'-deoxyadenosine (N(6)-HEdA) and N3-HE-2'-deoxyuridine adducts (N3-HEdU). The method involves the isolation of HE adducts from the unmodified nucleosides by either neutral thermal hydrolysis or enzymatic digestion, followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) purification, before detection and quantification by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using selective reaction monitoring (SRM). The limits of detection were in the range 0.5-25 fmol for each individual adduct, making this one of the most sensitive assays available for the detection of N7-HEG. To illustrate the possible applications of the assay, it has been employed in the measurement of endogenous/background and EO-induced HE adducts in a variety of DNA samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Tompkins
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, The Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sund P, Kronberg L. Reaction of epichlorohydrin with adenosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine and calf thymus DNA: identification of adducts. Bioorg Chem 2006; 34:115-30. [PMID: 16549090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epichlorohydrin (a probable human carcinogen) was allowed to react with adenosine and the adducts were characterized by NMR and UV spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The adduct initially formed was 1-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-adenosine, which subsequently ring closures to 1,N(6)-(2-hydroxypropyl)-adenosine at neutral and basic conditions. At acid conditions, the N-1 adduct undergoes a slow deamination to yield 1-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-inosine. Minor adducts identified were 7-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-adenosine and 3-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-adenosine which are easily deglycosylated, and an adduct where the epichlorohydrin residue was attached to the sugar moiety of adenosine. A diadduct, 1,N(6)-(2-hydroxypropyl)-N(6)-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-adenosine was also identified. The reaction of epichlorohydrin with calf thymus DNA gave 1,N(6)-(2-hydroxypropyl)-deoxyadenosine and 3-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-adenine (major adduct).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Sund
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Turkul Abo, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vodicka P, Koskinen M, Arand M, Oesch F, Hemminki K. Spectrum of styrene-induced DNA adducts: the relationship to other biomarkers and prospects in human biomonitoring. Mutat Res 2002; 511:239-54. [PMID: 12088719 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(02)00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Styrene is an important industrial chemical that has shown genotoxicity in many toxicology assays. This is believed to be related to the DNA-binding properties of styrene-7,8-oxide (SO), a major metabolite of styrene. In this review, we have summarized knowledge on various aspects of styrene genotoxicity, especially in order to understand the formation and removal of primary DNA lesions, and the usefulness of biomarkers for risk assessment. Biological significances of specific DNA adducts and their role in the cascade of genotoxic events are discussed. Links between markers of external and internal exposure are evaluated, as well as metabolic aspects leading to the formation of DNA adducts and influencing biomarkers of biological effect. Finally, we suggest a design of a population study, which may contribute to our understanding genotoxic events in the exposure either to single xenobiotic or complex mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vodicka
- Laboratory of Developmental and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academic Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 14220 4, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koskinen M, Vodicková L, Vodicka P, Warner SC, Hemminki K. Kinetics of formation of specific styrene oxide adducts in double-stranded DNA. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 138:111-24. [PMID: 11672695 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The possible carcinogenicity of styrene is believed to be related to the DNA-binding properties of styrene 7,8-oxide (SO). In order to compare the intrinsic reactivity of the different nucleophilic sites in DNA towards SO and to evaluate the candidates for human biomonitoring we have determined the second-order rate constants and stabilities of several SO-adducts in double-stranded DNA. These include alpha- and beta-isomers of N7-substituted and alphaN(2)-substituted guanines, alpha- and betaN3-substituted and alphaN(6)-substituted adenines as well as betaN3- and alphaN(4)-substituted cytosines. The highest rate constants were found for the spontaneously depurinating N7-guanines being ca. 3-15-fold higher than those for the stable adducts. When the relative proportions of different alkylation products were determined in course of time, after a single addition of SO, the labile N7-guanines and N3-adenines were the major products at early time points. After 144 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, alphaN(6)-SO-adenine and alphaN(2)-SO-guanine as well as betaN3-SO-uracil were the major adducts. Regarding human biomonitoring, the N7-substituted guanines should be one of the main targets because of the high reactivity of the N7-atom of guanine. However, in the case of chronic styrene exposures the chemically more stable DNA adducts may become important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Koskinen
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, S-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koskinen M, Vodicka P, Hemminki K. Identification of 1-adenine DNA adducts in workers occupationally exposed to styrene. J Occup Environ Med 2001; 43:694-700. [PMID: 11515252 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-200108000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Styrene is an extensively used industrial chemical that has been classified as a possible human carcinogen. The possible carcinogenicity may be related to the covalent DNA binding properties of styrene 7,8-oxide, a major metabolite of styrene. We have developed a sensitive and a highly specific phosphorus-32-postlabeling method for the determination of 1-styrene 7,8-oxide-adenine DNA adducts. These adducts were analyzed in white blood cells from workers exposed to styrene at mean level of 76.2 mg/m3. Three of nine exposed workers showed adducts above the detection limit; the mean was 0.79 +/- 0.14 1-styrene 7,8-oxide-adenine DNA adducts/10(9) nucleotides. None of the 11 control cells showed adducts above the detection limit, which was 0.4 adducts/10(9) nucleotides. The results show a potential of 1-adenine DNA adducts for predicting risks in the workers exposed to styrene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Koskinen
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, S-14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kanuri M, Finneman J, Harris CM, Harris TM, Lloyd RS. Efficient nonmutagenic replication bypass of DNAs containing beta-adducts of styrene oxide at adenine N(6). ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2001; 38:357-360. [PMID: 11774368 DOI: 10.1002/em.10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kanuri
- Sealy Center for Molecular Science, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1071, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koskinen M, Plná K. Specific DNA adducts induced by some mono-substituted epoxides in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2000; 129:209-29. [PMID: 11137062 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl epoxides are important intermediates in the chemical industry. They are also formed in vivo during the detoxification of alkenes. Alkyl epoxides have shown genotoxicity in many toxicology assays which has been associated with their covalent binding to DNA. Here aspects of the formation and properties of DNA adducts, induced by some industrially important alkenes and mono-substituted epoxides are discussed. These include propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, allyl glycidyl ether and the epoxy metabolites of styrene and butadiene. The major DNA adducts formed by epoxides are 7-substituted guanines, 1- and 3-substituted adenines and 3-substituted cytosines. In addition, styrene oxide and butadiene monoepoxide are able to modify exocyclic sites in the DNA bases, the sites being in the case of styrene oxide N(2)- and O(6)-positions of guanine, N(6)-adenine as well as N(4)-and O(2)-cytosine. In vivo the main adduct is the 7-substituted guanines. The 1-substituted adenines have also shown marked levels, and these adducts should also be targets in biomonitoring of human exposures. Due to its low mutagenicity, 7-substituted guanines are considered as a surrogate marker for other mutagenic lesions, e.g. those of 1-adenine or 3-uracil adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Koskinen
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, S-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moon KY, Kim YS. A one-pot preparation of 1-benzyl-2'-deoxyinosine from ionized 2'-deoxyinosine. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:1135-43. [PMID: 10999253 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008035036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and one step synthetic method for the formation of 1-benzyl-2'-deoxyinosine was developed by direct benzylation of ionized 2'-deoxyinosine. Treatment of 2'-deoxyinosine, in the presence of NaOH, with benzyl bromide in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) or N,N-dimethylaetamide (DMA) gave 1-benzyl-2'-deoxyinosine in 35% and 80% yields, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Y Moon
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Koskinen M, Calebiro D, Hemminki K. Styrene oxide-induced 2'-deoxycytidine adducts: implications for the mutagenicity of styrene oxide. Chem Biol Interact 2000; 126:201-13. [PMID: 10862818 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between 2'-deoxycytidine and styrene 7,8-oxide (SO) resulted in alkylation at the 3-position and at the O(2)-position through the alpha- and beta-carbons of the epoxide but at the N(4)-position only through the alpha-carbon. The 3-alkylated adducts were found to deaminate to the corresponding 2'-deoxyuridine adducts (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) with half-lives of 6 min and 2.4 h for the alpha- and beta-isomers, respectively. The N(4)-alkylated products were stable at neutral pH. The O(2)-alkylated products were unstable being prone to depyrimidation and to isomerisation between alpha- and beta-isomers. In SO-treated double-stranded DNA, enzymatic hydrolysis allowed the identification of the beta3-deoxyuridine and alphaN(4)-deoxycytidine adducts (1.9 and 0.5% of total alkylation, respectively), in addition to the previously identified DNA-adducts. The 3-substituted uracil may have implications for the mutagenicity of SO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Koskinen
- Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, S-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Koskinen M, Vodicka P, Hemminki K. Adenine N3 is a main alkylation site of styrene oxide in double-stranded DNA. Chem Biol Interact 2000; 124:13-27. [PMID: 10658899 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(99)00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Styrene 7,8-oxide (SO), a major metabolite of styrene, is classified as a probable human carcinogen. In the present work, salmon testis DNA was reacted with SO and the alkylation products were analysed after sequential depurination in neutral or acidic conditions followed by HPLC separation and UV-detection. A novel finding was that the N-3 position of adenine was the next most reactive alkylation site in double-stranded DNA, comprising 4% of the total alkylation, as compared to alkylation at the N-7 position of guanine, 93% of the total alkylation. Both alpha- and beta-products of SO were formed at these two sites. Other modified sites were N2-guanine (1.5%, alpha-isomer), 1-adenine (0.4%, both isomers) and N6-adenine (0.7%, both isomers) as well as 1-hypoxanthine (0.1%, alpha-isomer), formed by deamination of the corresponding 1-adenine adduct. The results indicated that in double-stranded DNA N-7 of guanine and N-3 of adenine account for 97% of alkylation by SO. However, these abundant adducts are not stable, the half-life of depurination in DNA for 3-substituted adenines being approximately 10 and approximately 20 h, for alpha- and beta-isomers, respectively, and 51 h for both isomers of 7-substituted guanines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Koskinen
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Plna K, Nilsson R, Koskinen M, Segerbäck D. 32P-postlabelling of propylene oxide 1- and N(6)-substituted adenine and 3-substituted cytosine/uracil: formation and persistence in vitro and in vivo. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:2025-32. [PMID: 10506120 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.10.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Propylene oxide, a widely used monofunctional alkylating agent, has been shown to be genotoxic in in vitro test systems and induces tumors in the nasal tissues of experimental animals. Propylene oxide, like related alkylating agents, forms several different adducts with DNA bases, but predominantly at the 7-position of guanine. We have previously described the in vitro and in vivo formation and stability of this major adduct. The aim of the present study was to perform a similar investigation of other adducts of propylene oxide. 1-(2-Hydroxypropyl)adenine (1-HP-adenine) and 3-(2-hydroxypropyl)cytosine (3-HP-cytosine), as well as their rearrangement products to N(6)-(2-hydroxypropyl)adenine (N(6)-HP-adenine) and 3-(2-hydroxypropyl)uracil (3-HP-uracil), respectively, were analysed by a very sensitive (32)P-postlabelling method involving nuclease P1 enhancement and radioisotope detector-coupled HPLC separation. All four adducts could be detected in DNA treated in vitro with propylene oxide. The sum of the levels of 1- and N(6)-HP-adenine amounted to 3.5% and the sum of 3-HP-cytosine and 3-HP-uracil to 1.7%, respectively, of 7-(2-hydroxypropyl)guanine (7-HP-guanine). In male Fischer 344 rats exposed to 500 p.p.m. propylene oxide by inhalation for 20 days, 1-HP-adenine was detected in all analysed tissues, including nasal epithelium, lung and lymphocytes, whereas N(6)-HP-adenine was only found in the tissues of the nasal cavities. The highest level of 1-HP-adenine (2.0 mol/10(6) mol of normal nucleotides, i.e. 2% of 7-HP-guanine) was found in the respiratory nasal epithelium, which also represents the major target for tumour induction in the rat following inhalation of propylene oxide. The levels of this adduct in the lung and in the lymphocytes were considerably lower, amounting to 15 and 9%, respectively, of that of the respiratory nasal epithelium. In rats killed 3 days after cessation of exposure, practically no decrease in 1-HP-adenine was observed, indicating no or very slow repair. 3-HP-uracil could only be detected in the respiratory nasal epithelia of propylene-exposed rats and its concentration was as low as 0.02 mol/10(6) mol of normal nucleotides (0.02% of 7-HP-guanine). Since 3-HP-uracil was chemically much more stable than the latter, the obtained animal data suggest repair of the cytosine and/or uracil adducts. Incubation of propylene oxide-reacted DNA with a protein extract from mammalian cells indicated that an enzymatic repair mechanism exists for removal of 3-HP-cytosine, but not for 3-HP-uracil or 1- and N(6)-HP-adenine. Another finding was that uracil glycosylase is probably not involved. The level of 1-HP-adenine in the propylene oxide-exposed rats was approximately 50 times lower than that of 7-HP-guanine. Nevertheless, this adduct is conveniently analysed and has high chemical stability and recovery, which results in high sensitivity (detection limit 0.3 mol/10(9) mol of normal nucleotides using 10 microgram DNA). 1-HP-adenine might, therefore, be considered as an alternative to 7-HP-guanine for monitoring exposure to propylene oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Plna
- Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institute, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bigger CA. In memoriam: Anthony Dipple. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1999; 34:227-232. [PMID: 10618169 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1999)34:4<227::aid-em1>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Bigger
- Division of Antiviral Drug Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|