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Tercel M, Lee HH, Mehta SY, Youte Tendoung JJ, Bai SY, Liyanage HDS, Pruijn FB. Influence of a Basic Side Chain on the Properties of Hypoxia-Selective Nitro Analogues of the Duocarmycins: Demonstration of Substantial Anticancer Activity in Combination with Irradiation or Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new series of nitro analogues of the duocarmycins was prepared and evaluated for hypoxia-selective anticancer activity. The compounds incorporate 13 different amine-containing side chains designed to bind in the minor groove of DNA while spanning a wide range of base strength from pKa 9.64 to 5.24. The most favorable in vitro properties were associated with strongly basic side chains, but the greatest in vivo antitumor activity was found for compounds containing a weakly basic morpholine. This applies to single-agent activity and for activity in combination with irradiation or chemotherapy (gemcitabine or docetaxel). In combination with a single dose of γ irradiation 50 at 42 μmol/kg eliminated detectable clonogens in some SiHa cervical carcinoma xenografts, and in combination with gemcitabine using a well-tolerated multidose schedule, the same compound caused regression of all treated A2780 ovarian tumor xenografts. In the latter experiment, three of seven animals receiving the combination treatment were completely tumor free at day 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ho H Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Y Mehta
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Jacques Youte Tendoung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sally Y Bai
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - H D Sarath Liyanage
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Frederik B Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Tercel M, Pruijn FB, O'Connor PD, Liyanage HDS, Atwell GJ, Alix SM. Mechanism of action of AminoCBIs: highly reactive but highly cytotoxic analogues of the duocarmycins. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1998-2006. [PMID: 25087870 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Duocarmycins are highly cytotoxic natural products that have potential for development into anticancer agents. Herein we describe proposed but previously unidentified NH analogues of the DNA-alkylating subunit and characterise these by solvolysis studies, NMR and computational modelling. These compounds are shown to be the exclusive intermediates in the solvolysis of their seco precursors and to possess very similar structural features to the widely studied O-based analogues, apart from an unusually high basicity. The measured pKa of 10.5 implies that the NH compounds are fully protonated under physiological conditions. Remarkably, their extremely high reactivity (calculated hydrolysis rate 10(8) times higher for protonated NH compared to the neutral O analogue) is still compatible with potent cytotoxicity, provided the active species is formed in the presence of cells. These surprising findings are of relevance to the design of duocarmycin-based tumour-selective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand).
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Tercel M, McManaway SP, Liyanage HDS, Pruijn FB. Preparation and properties of clickable amino analogues of the duocarmycins: factors that affect the efficiency of their fluorescent labelling of DNA. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2193-206. [PMID: 25044224 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of three DNA-alkylating amino analogues of the duocarmycins that carry an alkyne functional group suitable for copper-catalysed click chemistry. The alkyne-containing substituents are connected via a side chain position which projects away from the minor groove, and have only a small effect on DNA alkylation and cytotoxicity. The efficiency of click reactions with fluorophore azides was studied using alkylated ctDNA by analysing the adenine adducts produced after thermal depurination. Click reactions "on DNA" were sensitive to steric effects (tether length to the alkyne) and, surprisingly, to the nature of the fluorophore azide. With the best combination of click partners and reagents, adducts could be detected in the nuclei of treated cells by microscopy or flow cytometry, provided that an appropriate detergent (Triton X-100 and not Tween 20) was used for permeabilisation. The method is sensitive enough to detect adducts at physiologically relevant concentrations, and could have application in the development of nitro analogues of the duocarmycins as hypoxia-activated anticancer prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 9373-7502.
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Ashoorzadeh A, Atwell GJ, Pruijn FB, Wilson WR, Tercel M, Denny WA, Stevenson RJ. The effect of sulfonate leaving groups on the hypoxia-selective toxicity of nitro analogs of the duocarmycins. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4851-60. [PMID: 21767954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted (5-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]indol-1-yl)methyl sulfonate (nitroCBI) prodrugs containing sulfonate leaving groups undergo hypoxia-selective metabolism to form potent DNA minor groove alkylating agents. They were evaluated (along with chloride leaving group analogs for comparison) for their cytotoxicity against cultures of SKOV3 and HT29 human tumor cell lines under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Sulfonates with neutral side chains (e.g., 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole; TMI) show consistently higher hypoxic cytotoxicity ratios (HCRs) (34-246) than the corresponding chloro analogs (2.8-3.1) in SKOV3 cells, but these trends do not hold for compounds with cationic or polar neutral side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ashoorzadeh
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Tercel M, Atwell GJ, Yang S, Stevenson RJ, Botting KJ, Boyd M, Smith E, Anderson RF, Denny WA, Wilson WR, Pruijn FB. Hypoxia-Activated Prodrugs: Substituent Effects on the Properties of Nitro seco-1,2,9,9a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (nitroCBI) Prodrugs of DNA Minor Groove Alkylating Agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7258-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901202b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Graham J. Atwell
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Shangjin Yang
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ralph J. Stevenson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - K. Jane Botting
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Maruta Boyd
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eileen Smith
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert F. Anderson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William R. Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Frederik B. Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Wilson WR, Stribbling SM, Pruijn FB, Syddall SP, Patterson AV, Liyanage HS, Smith E, Botting KJ, Tercel M. Nitro-chloromethylbenzindolines: hypoxia-activated prodrugs of potent adenine N3 DNA minor groove alkylators. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2903-13. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rankin GO, Anestis DK, Valentovic MA, Sun H, Triest WE. Nephrotoxicity induced by the R- and S-enantiomers of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and their sulfate conjugates in male Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 2007; 240:38-47. [PMID: 17728037 PMCID: PMC2063576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The agricultural fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) induces nephrotoxicity characterized as polyuric renal failure and mediated via metabolites arising from oxidation of the succinimide ring. Recent findings have suggested that the stereochemical nature of NDPS metabolites may be an important factor in NDPS metabolite-induced nephrotoxicity. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of stereochemistry in the in vivo nephrotoxicity induced by R-(+)- and S-(-)-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (R- and S-NDHS) and the in vitro nephrotoxicity induced by their enantiomeric sulfate conjugates, R-(-)- and S-(+)-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide-O-sulfate (R- and S-NSC). Male Fischer 344 rats (four rats/group) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) an enantiomer of NDHS (0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 mmol/kg) or vehicle, and renal function monitored for 48 h. R-NDHS (0.1 or 0.2 mmol/kg) had little effect on renal function. In contrast, S-NDHS (0.1 mmol/kg) induced marked nephrotoxicity. The nephrotoxic potential of R- and S-NSC (0.5, 0.75 or 1.0mM) was determined using freshly isolated rat renal cortical cells (IRCC, 3-4 x 10(6)cells/ml). Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at the end of a 1h incubation period. The LDH release observed in these studies was similar between R- and S-NSC. These results indicate that stereochemistry is an important factor for NDPS metabolite nephrotoxicity and that the role of stereochemistry, at least for NSC, occurs at extra-renal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary O Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Strekowski L, Cegla MT, Honkan V, Buczak H, Winkeljohn WR, Baumstark AL, Wilson WD. Chiral discrimination in binding of enantiomers of 2-(aminoalkoxy)-substituted 4-(2-thienyl)pyrimidines and 4,6-bis(2-thienyl)pyrimidines with duplex DNA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2720-3. [PMID: 15878270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thienylpyrimidines substituted at position 2 of the pyrimidine with a chiral aminoalkoxy group were synthesized. Upon interaction with duplex DNA, the unfused heteroaromatic system of these compounds intercalates with DNA base pairs and the protonated side chain is located in the major groove. The S-enantiomers bind more strongly than their R-counterparts with enantiomeric discrimination, as measured by a ratio of binding constants K(S)/K(R), ranging from 1.2 to 2.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucjan Strekowski
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 0302-4098, USA.
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Rankin GO, Sun H, Anestis DK, Noe O, Ball JG, Valentovic MA, Brown PI, Hubbard JL. Role of stereochemistry in N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA) nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 2001; 168:241-50. [PMID: 11684321 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nephrotoxicity induced by the agricultural fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) is mediated through oxidative metabolites of NDPS. Oxidation of the succinimide ring in NDPS yields the nephrotoxic metabolites N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and its hydrolysis product N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA). The oxidation of NDPS on the succinimide ring also introduces an asymmetric carbon atom into these NDPS metabolites, so that R- and S- enantiomers of NDHS and 2-NDHSA are possible. The purpose of this study was to begin to explore the importance of the stereochemical orientation at the asymmetric carbon atom for the nephrotoxicity induced by NDPS metabolites. Male Fischer 344 rats were administered a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of R-(+)- or S-(-)-2-NDHSA (0.05, 0.1 or 2.0 mmol/kg) or vehicle, and renal function was monitored for 48 h. R-2-NDHSA (0.1 mmol/kg) administration had little effect on renal function. R-2-NDHSA (0.2 mmol/kg) treatment induced mild diuresis on day 1, increased proteinuria, and a small increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, but no change in kidney weight or glucosuria. S-2-NDHSA (0.1 mmol/kg) induced marked nephrotoxicity as evidenced by diuresis on both post-treatment days, increased proteinuria, glucosuria, and increased kidney weight and BUN concentration. No evidence of hepatotoxicity was obtained in any treated group. Thus, the S-isomer of 2-NDHSA is a more potent nephrotoxicant than the R-isomer, and stereochemistry may play a role in NDPS metabolite-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington, WV 25704-9388, USA.
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