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Dhuri K, Pradeep SP, Shi J, Anastasiadou E, Slack FJ, Gupta A, Zhong XB, Bahal R. Simultaneous Targeting of Multiple oncomiRs with Phosphorothioate or PNA-Based Anti-miRs in Lymphoma Cell Lines. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2709-2720. [PMID: 36071352 PMCID: PMC9879158 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (~ 22 nts) RNAs that regulate gene expression via binding to mRNA. MiRNAs promoting cancer are known as oncomiRs. Targeting oncomiRs is an emerging area of cancer therapy. OncomiR-21 and oncomiR-155 are highly upregulated in lymphoma cells, which are dependent on these oncomiRs for survival. Targeting specific miRNAs and determining their effect on cancer cell progression and metastasis have been the focus of various studies. Inhibiting a single miRNA can have a limited effect, as there may be other overexpressed miRNAs present that may promote tumor proliferation. Herein, we target miR-21 and miR-155 simultaneously using nanoparticles delivered two different classes of antimiRs: phosphorothioates (PS) and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and compared their efficacy in lymphoma cell lines. METHODS Poly-Lactic-co-Glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) containing PS and PNA-based antimiR-21 and -155 were formulated, and comprehensive NP characterizations: morphology (scanning electron microscopy), size (differential light scattering), and surface charge (zeta potential) were performed. Cellular uptake analysis was performed using a confocal microscope and flow cytometry analysis. The oncomiR knockdown and the effect on downstream targets were confirmed by gene expression (real time-polymerase chain reaction) assay. RESULTS We demonstrated that simultaneous targeting with NP delivered PS and PNA-based antimiRs resulted in significant knockdown of miR-21 and miR-155, as well as their downstream target genes followed by reduced cell viability ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS This project demonstrated that targeting miRNA-155 and miR-21 simultaneously using nanotechnology and a diverse class of antisense oligomers can be used as an effective approach for lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Dhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Sai Pallavi Pradeep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jason Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anisha Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, 06117, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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2
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Talap J, Zhao J, Shen M, Song Z, Zhou H, Kang Y, Sun L, Yu L, Zeng S, Cai S. Recent advances in therapeutic nucleic acids and their analytical methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114368. [PMID: 34571322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic nucleic acids are various chemically modified RNA or DNA with different functions, which mainly play roles at the gene level. Owing to its accurately targeting at pathogenic genes, nucleic acid based therapeutics have a wide range of application prospects. Recently, the improvement on chemical synthesis and delivery materials accelerated the development of therapeutic nucleic acids rapidly. Up to now, 17 nucleic acid based therapeutics approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA). The development of therapeutics raised higher requirements for analytical methods, both in quality control and in clinical research. The first part of this review introduces different classes of therapeutic nucleic acids, including antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), RNA interference (RNAi) therapy, mRNA, aptamer and other classes which are under research. The second part reviews the therapeutic nucleic acids commercialized from 2019 to now. The third part discusses the analytical methods for nucleic acid based therapeutics, including liquid chromatography-based methods, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), hybridization enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and other infrequently used methods. Finally, the advantages and shortcomings of these methods are summarized, and the future development of analysis methods are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadera Talap
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Minzhe Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zihan Song
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lianli Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Sheng Cai
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Abstract
The discovery of an ever-expanding plethora of coding and non-coding RNAs with nodal and causal roles in the regulation of lung physiology and disease is reinvigorating interest in the clinical utility of the oligonucleotide therapeutic class. This is strongly supported through recent advances in nucleic acids chemistry, synthetic oligonucleotide delivery and viral gene therapy that have succeeded in bringing to market at least three nucleic acid-based drugs. As a consequence, multiple new candidates such as RNA interference modulators, antisense, and splice switching compounds are now progressing through clinical evaluation. Here, manipulation of RNA for the treatment of lung disease is explored, with emphasis on robust pharmacological evidence aligned to the five pillars of drug development: exposure to the appropriate tissue, binding to the desired molecular target, evidence of the expected mode of action, activity in the relevant patient population and commercially viable value proposition.
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4
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Christian DA, Garbuzenko OB, Minko T, Discher DE. Polymer Vesicles with a Red Cell-like Surface Charge: Microvascular Imaging and in vivo Tracking with Near-Infrared Fluorescence. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 31:135-41. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Wei X, Dai G, Liu Z, Cheng H, Xie Z, Klisovic R, Marcucci G, Chan KK. Enzyme kinetics of GTI-2040, a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide targeting ribonucleotide reductase. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2227-33. [PMID: 18653746 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme kinetics of GTI-2040 (5'-GGC TAA ATC GCT CCA CCA AG-3'), a phosphorothioate ribonucleotide reductase antisense, were investigated for the first time in 3' exonuclease solution and human liver microsomes (HLMs), using the ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatogram method for quantification of the parent drug and two major 3'N-1 and 3'N-2 metabolites. Enzyme kinetics of GTI-2040 in 3'-exonuclease solution were found to be well characterized by the Michaelis-Menten model, using the sum of formation rates of 3'N-1 and 3'N-2 (approximately total metabolism) because of sequential metabolism. In HLMs, a biphasic binding was observed for GTI-2040 with high- and low-affinity constants (K(d)s) of 0.03 and 3.8 microM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics of GTI-2040 in HLMs were found to deviate from Michaelis-Menten kinetics when the total GTI-2040 substrate was used. However, after correction for the unbound fractions, the formation rate of total metabolites could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Using the free substrate fraction, the K(m) and V(max) of GTI-2040 were determined to be 6.33 +/- 3.2 microM and 16.5 +/- 8.4 nmol/mg/h, respectively. Using these values, in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) in HLM was estimated to be 2.61 +/- 0.56 ml/h. The CL(int) was then used to predict GTI-2040's in vivo intrinsic clearance in humans by a microsomal protein scaling factor, which gave a mean value of 182.7 l/h, representing 24.1% of the observed in vivo mean scaled hepatic intrinsic clearance of 758.7 l/h in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. We concluded that the saturable nonspecific binding of GTI-2040 in HLMs complicated the interpretation of its enzyme kinetics, and scaled intrinsic clearance from HLMs only partially predicted the in vivo intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Biodistribution and metabolism of immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide CPG 7909 in mouse and rat tissues following subcutaneous administration. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:981-91. [PMID: 15748709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution, CPG 7909, a 24-mer immunostimulatory fully phosphorothioated oligodeoxynucleotide (PS-ODN), was administered by subcutaneous injection at 2, 5 and 12.5mg/kg to mice and at 9mg/kg to rats. Parent compound and metabolites were isolated from plasma and tissues and quantified by capillary gel electrophoresis with UV detection (CGE-UV) and molecular masses were determined by matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization time of flight detection (MALDI-TOF). An established method for PS-ODN isolation from plasma and tissue was modified to prevent oxidation of the phosphorothioate bonds during the extraction process, significantly increasing sensitivity in the subsequent MALDI-TOF analysis. Concentrations of CPG 7909 and metabolites were highest at the injection site (>600mg/kg at 4h). Maximal concentrations in local (draining) lymph nodes (LLN), kidney and liver were 10-15% of that at the injection site. The highest total amount of PS-ODN (percentage of administered dose) was found in the liver (32% at 4h), followed closely by the injection site (23% at 4h). Only very low levels of CPG 7909 and metabolites were found in plasma and only during the first hours. Metabolites identified by MALDI-TOF were similar for both species and all analyzed tissues, although the relative amounts of the different metabolites varied with tissue and over time. Degradation of CPG 7909 in vivo occurred predominantly by 3'exonucleases with additional cleavage by endonucleases.
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7
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Liu Y, Weber SJ, Onua ET. Hepatic clearance and drug metabolism using isolated perfused rat liver. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2004; Chapter 7:Unit 7.9. [PMID: 22294125 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0709s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) has been extensively used as an intact organ model for determination of hepatic clearance and metabolism of drugs. The IPRL model can also be applied to determine physiologically based pharmacokinetics. Since the IPRL model avoids neural and hormonal interferences and excludes influences from absorption processes and non-hepatic elimination routes such as renal excretion and respiration, it provides a relatively clean hepatic system to study metabolism and pharmacokinetics. It is especially useful to model the hepatic uptake associated with plasma protein binding and transport. The viability of the liver can be evaluated based on the gross appearance, bile flow, perfusion pressure, lactate dehydrogenase release, and oxygen uptake. The protocol describes the surgical procedures for isolation of the rat liver, a hemoglobin-free perfusion method, and application of this model for determination of hepatic uptake and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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8
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Lischka K, Starke D, Failing K, Herling A, Kramer W, Petzinger E. Hepatobiliary elimination of bile acid-modified oligodeoxynucleotides in Wistar and TR- rats: evidence for mrp2 as carrier for oligodeoxynucleotides. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:565-77. [PMID: 12906921 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As therapeutic antisense tools, oligonucleotides (ODNs) must enter cells to bind to their target structures. ODNs distribute in nearly each tissue with relatively high concentrations in kidney and liver from where excretion into urine and bile occurs. To investigate mechanisms involved in hepatic ODN transport, normal mixed backbone phosphodiester/phosphorothioate ODNs (n-ODN) and two different bile acid-conjugated mixed backbone ODNs (1BA-ODN and 2BA-ODN) were applied to two different rat strains, normal Wistar rats and Wistar TR- rats. In normal Wistar rats, concentration-dependent hepatobiliary elimination of the ODNs was observed with a remarkable increase of excretion of the cholic acid BA-ODN conjugates. In contrast to normal Wistar rats, n-ODN excretion into bile by TR- rats, a mutant Wistar rat strain lacking a functional multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (mrp2) at the canalicular membrane, was strongly diminished, whereas these rats excreted an ODN conjugated with two cholic acid molecules (2BA-ODN) into bile. Concomitant application of substrates transported by mrp2 such as bromosulfophthalein (BSP) or the synthetic chlorogenic acid derivative S 3025 significantly reduced the biliary appearance of normal ODN and 2BA-ODN in Wistar rats and also in TR- rats. To inhibit the expression of cRNA derived from the Na+ -dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp), antisense ODNs were constructed which fully retained the antisense properties when coupled with two bile acid molecules. The results indicate that ODNs are secreted via the mrp2 into bile. In the absence of mrp2, further excretory transport systems with affinity for bile acids seem to be relevant for their excretion. The results further indicate that bile acid tagged ODNs are useful tools for liver specific antisense therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Lischka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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9
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Bijsterbosch MK, Manoharan M, Dorland R, Van Veghel R, Biessen EAL, Van Berkel TJC. bis-Cholesteryl-conjugated phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides are highly selectively taken up by the liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:619-26. [PMID: 12130724 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.302.2.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously modulated, by conjugating a single cholesterol, plasma protein binding and liver cell uptake of a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (PS-ODN). In this study, we investigated the biological fate of a PS-ODN, denoted ISIS-9389 (3',5'-bis-cholesteryl-conjugated ISIS 3082), provided with two cholesteryl moieties. After intravenous injection of into rats, [(3)H]ISIS-9389 was cleared from plasma with a half-life of 23.6 +/- 0.3 min. After 90 min (approximately 95% cleared), the liver contained 83.0 +/- 0.8% of the dose. Spleen and bone (marrow), which constitute with the liver the reticuloendothelial system, contained 3.1 +/- 0.3 and 4.3 +/- 0.2%, respectively. All other tissues accumulated together <5% of the dose. The hepatic uptake of [(3)H]ISIS-9389 occurred mainly by endothelial cells (51.9 +/- 6.4% of the liver uptake). Parenchymal and Kupffer cells were responsible for 24.9 +/- 7.7 and 23.3 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Preinjected polyinosinic acid and polyadenylic acid reduced hepatic uptake, albeit the latter was less effective. This finding suggests implication of (multiple) scavenger receptors in liver uptake of ISIS-9389. The interaction of ISIS-9389 with plasma proteins, analyzed by size exclusion chromatography, differs from that of unconjugated PS-ODN and PS-ODN with a single cholesterol. Plasma-incubated ISIS-9389 was mainly recovered as a high molecular weight complex. In conclusion, conjugation of PS-ODNs with two cholesteryl moieties results in almost quantitative uptake by the liver. The liver targeting exceeds the already impressive gain in liver uptake achieved by conjugation of a single cholesterol, and is expected to increase the therapeutic activity against liver-associated targets and reduce side effects in nonhepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Bijsterbosch
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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10
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Rusckowski M, Qu T, Roskey A, Agrawal S. Biodistribution and metabolism of a mixed backbone oligonucleotide (GEM 231) following single and multiple dose administration in mice. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2000; 10:333-45. [PMID: 11079573 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.2000.10.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biodistribution and metabolism of a mixed backbone oligonucleotide (MBO), GEM 231, targeted to the RIalpha subunit of protein kinase A has been studied in normal and tumor xenografted mice. The study has been carried out using [35S]-labeled MBO following single and multiple administrations of doses varying from 2 to 50 mg/kg. MBO showed wide tissue distribution following intravenous and subcutaneous administration. The highest concentration of MBO was in the kidney and liver. The general disposition of MBO was followed by digitized autoradiographic pictures of tumored mice and further confirmed wide tissue disposition and also showed defined intratumor uptake of MBO. Multiple dose administration showed increased disposition in the majority of the tissues/organs, with the exception of the kidneys. Analysis of the extracted MBO by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed the presence of primarily intact MBO along with its degraded forms. Based on our radioactivity levels, the primary route of excretion was in urine, analysis of which showed mainly degraded forms of MBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rusckowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
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Bijsterbosch MK, Rump ET, De Vrueh RL, Dorland R, van Veghel R, Tivel KL, Biessen EA, van Berkel TJ, Manoharan M. Modulation of plasma protein binding and in vivo liver cell uptake of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides by cholesterol conjugation. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:2717-25. [PMID: 10908328 PMCID: PMC102653 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.14.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2000] [Revised: 05/26/2000] [Accepted: 05/26/2000] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown improved efficacy of cholesteryl-conjugated phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. To gain insight into the mechanisms of the improved efficacy in vivo, we investigated the disposition of ISIS-9388, the 3'-cholesterol analog of the ICAM-1-specific phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide ISIS-3082, in rats. Intravenously injected [(3)H]ISIS-9388 was cleared from the circulation with a half-life of 49.9 +/- 2.2 min (ISIS-3082, 23.3 +/- 3.8 min). At 3 h after injection, the liver contained 63.7 +/- 3. 3% of the dose. Compared to ISIS-3082, the hepatic uptake of ISIS-9388 is approximately 2-fold higher. Endothelial, Kupffer and parenchymal cells accounted for 45.7 +/- 5.7, 33.0 +/- 5.9 and 21.3 +/- 2.6% of the liver uptake of [(3)H]ISIS-9388, respectively, and intracellular concentrations of approximately 2, 75 and 50 microM, respectively, could be reached in these cells (1 mg/kg dose). Preinjection with polyinosinic acid or poly-adenylic acid reduced the hepatic uptake of [(3)H]ISIS-9388, which suggests the involvement of (multiple) scavenger receptors. Size exclusion chromatography of mixtures of the oligonucleotides and rat plasma indicated that ISIS-9388 binds to a larger extent to high molecular weight proteins than ISIS-3082. Analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis indicated that ISIS-9388 binds more tightly to plasma proteins than ISIS-3082. The different interaction of the oligonucleotides with plasma proteins possibly explains their different dispositions. We conclude that cholesterol conjugation results in high accumulation of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides in various liver cell types, which is likely to be beneficial for antisense therapy of liver-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bijsterbosch
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Petzinger E, Wickboldt A, Pagels P, Starke D, Kramer W. Hepatobiliary transport of bile acid amino acid, bile acid peptide, and bile acid oligonucleotide conjugates in rats. Hepatology 1999; 30:1257-68. [PMID: 10534348 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510300529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of drugs by bile acid carriers could account for the selectivity of drug actions in the gut and liver. We have previously shown that conjugation of xenobiotics with bile acids facilitates their transfer to hepatocytes and ileal enterocytes. In this study L-alanine and 2 biooligomers, the tetrapeptide L-(ala)(4) and a 15 mer oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) were coupled covalently via linker molecules to the 3-position of bile acids. The L-alanine-coupled bile acid conjugates were rapidly taken up by the liver and efficiently eliminated into bile. These compounds mimicked hepatic transport of bile acids. Also in case of the tetrapeptide (ala)(4), bile acid conjugation significantly improved hepatic and intestinal cell uptake and rendered the peptide conjugate resistant to peptidases. Because uptake by isolated hepatocytes was not dependent on sodium ions and was blocked by ochratoxin A, we assume basolateral transport by an oatp-type bile acid carrier. In the case of the 15 mer ODN, normal and bile acid-conjugated oligodeoxynucleotide appeared intact in bile but without marked improvement of hepatocellular uptake and biliary elimination. We conclude that bile acids can deliver small peptides to gut and parenchymal liver cells via bile acid transport pathways, whereas in the case of oligonucleotides an attached bile acid was not sufficient to shuttle them successfully into hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Petzinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Schmajuk G, Sierakowska H, Kole R. Antisense oligonucleotides with different backbones. Modification of splicing pathways and efficacy of uptake. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:21783-9. [PMID: 10419493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, positive read-out assay that quantifies only sequence-specific nuclear activity of antisense oligonucleotides was used to evaluate morpholino and 2'-O-methyl sugar-phosphate oligonucleotides. The assay is based on modification of the splicing pathway of human beta-globin pre-mRNA. In addition, scrape-loading of cells with oligonucleotides allows the separate assessment of intracellular antisense activity of the oligonucleotides and their ability to penetrate the cell membrane barrier. The results show that, with scrape-loading, the morpholino oligonucleotides were approximately 3-fold more effective in their intrinsic antisense activity than alternating phosphodiester/phosphorothioate 2'-O-methyl-oligoribonucleotides and 6-9- and almost 200-fold more effective than the exclusively phosphorothioate and phosphodiester derivatives, respectively. The morpholino oligonucleotides were over 20-fold more effective than the phosphorothioate 2'-O-methyl-oligoribonucleotides in free uptake from the culture media. The antisense activity of the morpholino oligonucleotides was detectable not only in monolayer HeLa cells but also in suspension K562 cells. Time course experiments suggest that both the free uptake and efflux of morpholino oligonucleotides are slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schmajuk
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Juliano RL, Alahari S, Yoo H, Kole R, Cho M. Antisense pharmacodynamics: critical issues in the transport and delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. Pharm Res 1999; 16:494-502. [PMID: 10227702 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011958726518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review critically examines current understanding of the kinetics and biodistribution of antisense oligonucleotides, both at the cellular level and at the level of the intact organism. The pharmacodynamic relationships between biodistribution and the ultimate biological effects of antisense agents are considered. The problems and advantages inherent in the use of delivery systems are discussed in the light of further enhancing in vivo pharmacological actions of oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Juliano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
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