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Sanii R, Patyk-Kaźmierczak E, Hua C, Darwish S, Pham T, Forrest KA, Space B, Zaworotko MJ. Toward an Understanding of the Propensity for Crystalline Hydrate Formation by Molecular Compounds. Part 2. Cryst Growth Des 2021; 21:4927-4939. [PMID: 34483749 PMCID: PMC8414477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The propensity of molecular organic compounds to form stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric crystalline hydrates remains a challenging aspect of crystal engineering and is of practical relevance to fields such as pharmaceutical science. In this work, we address the propensity for hydrate formation of a library of eight compounds comprised of 5- and 6-membered N-heterocyclic aromatics classified into three subgroups: linear dipyridyls, substituted Schiff bases, and tripodal molecules. Each molecular compound studied possesses strong hydrogen bond acceptors and is devoid of strong hydrogen bond donors. Four methods were used to screen for hydrate propensity using the anhydrate forms of the molecular compounds in our library: water slurry under ambient conditions, exposure to humidity, aqueous solvent drop grinding (SDG), and dynamic water vapor sorption (DVS). In addition, crystallization from mixed solvents was studied. Water slurry, aqueous SDG, and exposure to humidity were found to be the most effective methods for hydrate screening. Our study also involved a structural analysis using the Cambridge Structural Database, electrostatic potential (ESP) maps, full interaction maps (FIMs), and crystal packing motifs. The hydrate propensity of each compound studied was compared to a compound of the same type known to form a hydrate through a previous study of ours. Out of the eight newly studied compounds (herein numbered 4-11), three Schiff bases were observed to form hydrates. Three crystal structures (two hydrates and one anhydrate) were determined. Compound 6 crystallized as an isolated site hydrate in the monoclinic space group P21/a, while 7 and 10 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c as a channel tetrahydrate and an anhydrate, respectively. Whereas we did not find any direct correlation between the number of H-bond acceptors and either hydrate propensity or the stoichiometry of the resulting hydrates, analysis of FIMs suggested that hydrates tend to form when the corresponding anhydrate structure does not facilitate intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Sanii
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Co. Limerick Y94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ewa Patyk-Kaźmierczak
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Co. Limerick Y94T9PX, Ireland
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwerystetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Carol Hua
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Shaza Darwish
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Co. Limerick Y94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Tony Pham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Katherine A. Forrest
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Brian Space
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Michael J. Zaworotko
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Co. Limerick Y94T9PX, Ireland
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Wang C, Zhang X, Du W, Huang YH, Guo MX, Li Y, Zhang ZX, Hou BH, Yin QX. Effects of solvent and supersaturation on crystal morphology of cefaclor dihydrate: a combined experimental and computer simulation study. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01917j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The descriptors were determined, which can be most efficiently applied to virtual screening in order to provide answers to the following questions: 1) what is the propensity to form a solid state hydrate of a pharmaceutical compound, and 2) which coformer would provide for the highest stability with respect to relative humidity conditions?
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van de Streek J, Rantanen J, Bond AD. Structures of cefradine dihydrate and cefaclor dihydrate from DFT-D calculations. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:1229-33. [PMID: 24192164 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113026863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of cefradine dihydrate, C16H19N3O4S·2H2O, is considered in the pharmaceutical sciences to be the epitome of an isolated-site hydrate. The structure from single-crystal X-ray data was described in 1976, but atomic coordinates were not published. The atomic coordinates are determined here by combining the information available from the published single-crystal data with a dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D) method that has been validated to reproduce molecular crystal structures very accurately. Additional proof for the correctness of the structure comes from comparison with cefaclor dihydrate, C15H14ClN3O4S·2H2O, which is isomorphous and for which more complete single-crystal data are available. H-atom positions have not previously been published for either compound. The DFT-D calculations confirm that both cefradine and cefaclor are present in the zwitterionic form in the two dihydrate structures. A potential ambiguity concerning the orientation of the cyclohexadienyl ring in cefradine dihydrate is also clarified, and on the basis of the calculated energies it is shown that disorder should not be expected at room temperature. The DFT-D methods can be applied to recover full structural data in cases where only partial information is available, and where it may not be possible or desirable to obtain new experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco van de Streek
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang J, Qian J, Tong J, Zhang D, Hu C. Toxic Effects of Cephalosporins with Specific Functional Groups as Indicated by Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Testing. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1168-81. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400089y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingpu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqin Qian
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Tong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dousheng Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Changqin Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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7
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Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become an integral technique in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. This review focuses on the use of solid-state NMR techniques for the characterization of pharmaceutical solids (drug substance and dosage form). These techniques include methods for (1) studying structure and conformation, (2) analyzing molecular motions (relaxation and exchange spectroscopy), (3) assigning resonances (spectral editing and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy), and (4) measuring internuclear distances.
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8
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Abstract
The physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids is an integral aspect of the drug development process. This review summarizes the use of solid-state spectroscopy techniques used in the physical characterization of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, excipients, physical mixtures, and the final dosage form. A brief introduction to infrared, Raman, and solid-state NMR experimental techniques are described as well as a more thorough description of qualitative and quantitative applications. The use of solid-state imaging techniques such as IR, Raman, and TOF-SIMS is also introduced to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Bugay
- SSCI Inc., 3065 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
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MARUBAYASHI N, MIZUKI K, HIRAYAMA N. Crystal Structure of (5S,6R,7R)-(4-Methoxyphenyl)methyl 3-hydroxy-7-(2-phenylacetylamino)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate 5-oxide. ANAL SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kouichi MIZUKI
- Research Laboratories, Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Noriaki HIRAYAMA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokai University
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Abstract
PURPOSE The application of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of three crystalline forms (VIII, XI, XII) and the amorphous form V of delavirdine mesylate (DLV-M) is presented. METHODS Conventional 13CCP (cross-polarization)/MAS (magic angle spinning) NMR and related spectral editing methods were employed. NMR relaxation times (T1pH, T1H, and T1C) were also measured. RESULTS Distinctly different spectral features among the four solid forms were observed, indicating high sensitivity of 13C NMR to the variations in solid structure. Assessment based on NMR data suggests that both anhydrous forms VIII and XI may contain one molecule per asymmetric unit. DLV may adopt a similar molecular conformation in the two forms. In contrast, form XII is found to consist of two molecules per asymmetric unit. Molecule conformation of DLV in forms VIII, XI, and XII is altered from the dominant conformer in solution. The amorphous form V may contain DLV molecules of a variety of conformations. NMR relaxation times (T1PH, T1H, and T1C) provide valuable information about the motional characteristics in these solids. Values and the rank order of T1pH, T1H, and T1C also reveal significant differences in local environments and the short range order among the four forms. CONCLUSIONS Four solid forms of DLV-M (V, VIII, XI, and XII) can be distinctly differentiated by 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and their structural difference can be partially revealed without obtaining single crystal data. NMR relaxation times reveal motion dynamics and aid structural elucidation for these forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gao
- Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA.
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Abstract
Since drugs in clinical use are mostly synthetic or natural products, NMR spectroscopy has been mainly used for the elucidation and confirmation of structures. For the last decade, NMR methods have been introduced to quantitative analysis in order to determine the impurity profile of a drug, to characteristic the composition of drug products, and to investigate metabolites of drugs in body fluids. For pharmaceutical technologists, solid state measurements can provide information about polymorphism of drug powders, conformation of drugs in tablets etc. Micro-imaging can be used to study the dissolution of tablets, and whole-body imaging is a powerful tool in clinical diagnostics. Taken together, this review covers applications of NMR spectroscopy in drugs analysis, in particular, methods of international pharmacopoeiae, pharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. The authors have repeated many of the methods describe in their own laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holzgrabe
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Germany.
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Baertschi SW, Dorman DE, Occolowitz JL, Collins MW, Spangle LA, Stephenson GA, Lorenz LJ. Isolation and structure elucidation of the major degradation products of cefaclor formed under aqueous acidic conditions. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:526-39. [PMID: 9145375 DOI: 10.1021/js960427x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous acidic degradation of the oral cephalosporin cefaclor was investigated. A number of degradation products were isolated and characterized. The degradation products can be loosely classified into three categories: thiazole derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, and simple hydrolysis or rearrangement products. Degradation pathways are proposed that involve (1) hydrolysis of the beta-lactam carbonyl with subsequent rearrangement, (2) ring contraction of the six-membered cephem nucleus to five-membered thiazole derivatives through an episulfonium ion intermediate, and (3) attack of the primary amine of the phenylglycyl side chain on the "masked aldehyde" at carbon-6 to form fluorescent substituted pyrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Baertschi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Ledwidge MT, Draper SM, Wilcock DJ, Corrigan OI. Physicochemical characterization of diclofenac N-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine: anhydrate and dihydrate crystalline forms. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85:16-21. [PMID: 8926577 DOI: 10.1021/js950301k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study on diclofenac N-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine (DHEP) characterizes and compares the anhydrate (DHEPA) and dihydrate (DHEPH) solid state forms using powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopic, and thermal analyses. Heats of solution and intrinsic dissolution rates are determined. The thermodynamics of hydration are discussed and the entropic cost of dihydrate formation is calculated. Reported differences in the solution behavior of DHEP crystallized from different solvents are explained. The molecular structures of both solid forms were determined and are presented. Crystal data for DHEPA: triclinic, space group P-1 (No 2), a = 11.662(2) A, b = 11.874(2) A, c = 15.296(3) A, alpha = 76.183(14) degrees, beta = 84.575(12) degrees, gamma = 87.028(12) degrees V = 2046.8(6)A3, Z = 4. Crystal data for DHEPH: triclinic, space group P-1 (No 2), a = 9.356(3) A, b = 9.920(2) A, c = 13.5413(12) A, alpha = 69.915(12) degrees, beta = 82.05(2) degrees, gamma = 71.51(2) degrees, V = 1118.9(4) A3, Z = 2. The experimentally observed ease of dehydration under conditions of nitrogen purge is explained in terms of crystal packing within the dihydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ledwidge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Abstract
The theory of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is reviewed, with specific discussions of magnetic interactions in the solid state. Each magnetic interaction (Zeeman, dipole-dipole, chemical-shift, spin-spin, and quadrupolar) is addressed and manifestations of these interactions in the solid state NMR spectrum are explained. The techniques of high-power decoupling, magic-angle spinning, and cross-polarization, used to acquire highly resolved solid-state NMR spectra, are also illustrated. Application of solid-state NMR to pharmaceutical problem solving and methods development is then briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Bugay
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191
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